Amplification of early drought responses caused by volatile cues emitted from neighboring tea plants

Plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to survive in dynamic environments.Plants can communicate via volatile organic compounds(VOCs)to warn neighboring plants of threats.In most cases,VOCs act as positive regulators of plant defense.However,the communication and role of volatiles in response to drought stress are poorly understood.Here,we showed that tea plants release numerous VOCs.Among them,methyl salicylate(MeSA),benzyl alcohol,and phenethyl alcohol markedly increased under drought stress.Interestingly,further experiments revealed that drought-induced MeSA lowered the abscisic acid(ABA)content in neighboring plants by reducing 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase(NCED)gene expression,resulting in inhibition of stomatal closure and ultimately decreasing early drought tolerance in neighboring plants.Exogenous application of ABA reduced the wilting of tea plants caused by MeSA exposure.Exposure of Nicotiana benthamiana to MeSA also led to severe wilting,indicating that the ability of drought-induced MeSA to reduce early drought tolerance in neighboring plants may be conserved in other plant species.Taken together,these results provide evidence that drought-induced volatiles can reduce early drought tolerance in neighboring plants and lay a novel theoretical foundation for optimizing plant density and spacing.

Basic Features of the Crustal Structure in the Lower Yangtze and Its Neighboring Area in the Chinese Mainland： Review of Deep Seismic Sounding Research

The Deep Seismic Sounding( DSS) projects carried out from the 1970 s in the lower Yangtze region and its neighboring area were reviewed in this paper,then the basic wave group features of those wide angle reflection / refraction record sections,and of the crustal structure are summarized. It shows that there were in total five clear wave groups on the record sections,which include the first arrival Pg,the reflection P1 from the bottom interface of the upper crust,the reflection P3 from the bottom interface of the middle crust,the strong reflection Pm from the Moho boundary,and the refraction Pn from uppermost mantle. In general,these phases are easily consistently traced and compared,despite some first arrivals being delayed or arriving earlier than normal due to the shallow sedimentary cover or bedrocks. In particular,in the Dabie Mountain region the seismic events of a few gathered shots always have weak reflection energy,are twisted,or exhibit disorganized waveforms, which could be attributed to the disruption variations of reflection depth,the broken Moho,and the discontinuity of the reflection boundary within crust. The regional crustal structures are composed of the upper,middle and lower crust,of which the middle and lower layers can be divided into two weak reflection ones. The crustal thickness of the North China and Yangtze platform are 30km- 36 km,and the Moho exhibits a flat geometry despite some local uplifts. The average pressure velocity in lower crust beneath this two tectonic area is 6. 7 ± 0. 3km / s. Nevertheless,beneath the Dabieshan area the crustal thickness is 32km- 41 km,the Moho bends down sharply andtakes an abrupt 4km- 7km dislocation in the vertical direction. The average pressure velocity in the lower crust beneath the Dabieshan area is 6. 8 ± 0. 2km / s.

Frequency and Correlation of Nearest Neighboring Nucleotides in Human Genome

Zipf＇s approach in linguistics is utilized to analyze the statistical features of frequency and correlation of 16 nearest neighboring nucleotides （AA, AC, AG, …, TT） in 12 human chro- mosomes （Y, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, and 12）. It is found that these statistical features of nearest neighboring nucleotides in human genome： （i） the frequency distribution is a linear function, and （ii） the correlation distribution is an inverse function. The coefficients of the linear function and inverse function depend on the GC content. It proposes the correlation distribution of nearest neighboring nucleotides for the first time and extends the descriptor about nearest neighboring nueleotides.

What can the changes in shield resistance tell us during the period of shearer's cutting and neighboring shields' advance?

In order to determine the influence of shearer's cutting and neighboring shields' advance on the support resistance variation, leg pressure data of all 235 shields in the panel LW61 of Cumberland coal mine were analyzed. The results show that the relationship between the leg pressure increment and the distance from shield to front drum of shearer is a quadratic function and that the higher leg pressure increment before shield advance tends to be related to adverse roof conditions. In addition, the three proposed leg pressure increment-related parameters and the three traditional parameters(time-weighted average pressure, setting pressure, and final pressure) of approximately 32000 shield supporting cycles were calculated by a self-developed software package to analyze the correlation between them. The results show that there is a powerful connection between them, and that the three proposed leg pressure increment-related parameters could be used as the indexes to evaluate the interaction between shields and the roof, and to identify the periodic weighting.

Correction: Amplification of early drought responses caused by volatile cues emitted from neighboring tea plants

After the publication of this article 1,the authors became aware that the word of“tea”was not mentioned in the title.To make the title clear and complete,the word‘tea’is added to the title.

Effects of tooth rotation on neighboring teeth and periodontal tissues

In the present experiment,we investigate the effects of orthodontic tooth rotation onneighboring teeth and periodontal tissues.The second maxillary incisors of 16 randomly selecteddogs were subjected to rotation at a magnitude of 100 grams and a moment of 550 g·mm in a du-ration of 3 to 56 days.Then sections were prepared for histological examination.The findings re-vealed that,due to tooth rotation,neighboring teeth were drifted and rotated(82%),and therewere disarrangement and hyalinization of the periodontal ligament(88%),remodeling of the pe-riodontium(86%)and root resorption(32%)were also observed.These results demonstratethat tooth rotation may exert marked effects on neighboring teeth and periodontal tissues,whichmay be of important clinical significance.

Influence of Neighboring Layers on Interfacial Energy of Adjacent Layers

The binding energy and generalized stacking-fault energy (GSFE) are two critical interface properties of two dimensional layered materials, and it is still unclear how neighboring layers affect the interface energy of adjacent layers. Here, we investigate the effect of neighboring layers by comparing the differences of binding energy and GSFE between trilayer heterostructures (graphene/graphene/graphene, graphene/graphene/boron nitride,boron nitride/graphene/boron nitride) and bilayer heterostructures (graphene/graphene,graphene/boron nitride) using density functional theory. The binding energy of the adjacent layers changes from -2.3% to 22.55% due to the effect of neighboring layer, with a very small change of the interlayer distance. Neighboring layers also make a change from -2% to 10% change the GSFE, depending on the property of the interface between adjacent layers. In addition, a new simple expression is proven to describe the GSFE landscape of graphene-like structure with high accuracy.

REAIZATION OF THE NEIGHBORING LOGIC SYMMETRY FOR BOOLEAN ORDERED SET

By means of Logic symmetric relation,the single neighboring Logic path for Ndimensions Boolean ordered set is solved.A new method of determining any logic neighboringsubset in limited dimension is proposed.Its results are intuitional and realizable for computer.

An Analysis of Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Mechanism in China’s Neighboring Diplomacy

The Indochina Peninsula is of special and important significance to China's geopolitical strategy,which is the foothold of China's strategy in Southeast Asia and even the whole Asia-Pacific region,as well as the strategic springboard of*China s global development.In 2016,China led the establishment of the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation mechanism,and achieved remarkable results in terms of institutional development,project implementation and the construction of international relations among member states in the short term.The establishment and rapid development of the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation is based on member states,strong willingness to cooperate.It also benefits from the rational design of their institutional structures,geographical advantages,strong and complementary economies,and close sociocultural similarities.On the other hand,the further development of the Lancang?Mekong Cooperation is facing many risks and challenges as a result of the complexities of the internal environment of the Indochina Peninsula and the geopolitical competition of extraterritorial forces in the region.In this regard,China should make more efforts to improve relevant institutional arrangements for the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation,broaden the areas and enrich the content of cooperation,coordinate with extraterritorial forces and increase the number of stakeholders.

Sexual competition and kin recognition co-shape the traits of neighboring dioecious Diospyros morrisiana seedlings

Plants respond differently to the identity of their neighbors,such as their sex and kinship,showing plasticity in their traits.However,how the functional traits of dioecious trees are shaped by the recognition of neighbors with different sex and kinship remains unknown.In this study,we set up an experiment with different kin/nonkin and inter/intrasexual combinations for a dioecious tree species,Diospyros morrisiana.The results showed that plants grew better with nonkin and intrasexual neighbors than with kin and intersexual neighbors.Kin combinations had significantly shorter root length in the resource-overlapping zone than nonkin combinations,suggesting that kin tended to reduce competition by adjusting their root distribution,especially among female siblings.Our study suggested that the seedling growth of D.morrisiana was affected by both the relatedness and sexual identity of neighboring plants.Further analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the root exudate composition of female seedlings differed from that of male seedlings.Root exudates may play important roles in sex competition in dioecious plants.This study indicates that sex-specific competition and kin recognition interact and co-shape the traits of D.morrisiana seedlings,while intrasexual and nonkin neighbors facilitate the growth of seedlings.Our study implies that kin-and sex-related interactions depend on different mechanisms,kin selection,and niche partitioning,respectively.These results are critical for understanding how species coexist and how traits are shaped in nature.

Adaptive Neighboring Selection Algorithm Based on Curvature Prediction in Manifold Learning

Recently manifold learning algorithm for dimensionality reduction attracts more and more interests, and various linear and nonlinear,global and local algorithms are proposed. The key step of manifold learning algorithm is the neighboring region selection. However,so far for the references we know,few of which propose a generally accepted algorithm to well select the neighboring region. So in this paper,we propose an adaptive neighboring selection algorithm,which successfully applies the LLE and ISOMAP algorithms in the test. It is an algorithm that can find the optimal K nearest neighbors of the data points on the manifold. And the theoretical basis of the algorithm is the approximated curvature of the data point on the manifold. Based on Riemann Geometry,Jacob matrix is a proper mathematical concept to predict the approximated curvature. By verifying the proposed algorithm on embedding Swiss roll from R3 to R2 based on LLE and ISOMAP algorithm,the simulation results show that the proposed adaptive neighboring selection algorithm is feasible and able to find the optimal value of K,making the residual variance relatively small and better visualization of the results. By quantitative analysis,the embedding quality measured by residual variance is increased 45. 45% after using the proposed algorithm in LLE.

Neighboring AP discovery and information exchange methods in Plug-and-Play WLAN system

To overcome the problem of existing neighboring access point （AP） discovery methods in WLAN, for example they （PnP） of mul proposed. Us can not provide the accurate neighboring APs information needed for the Plug-and-Play ti-mode APs, three kinds of neighboring AP discovery and information exchange methods are ing these three neighboring AP discovery methods, passive discovery method, active discovery method and station assistant discovery method, the multi-mode AP can discover all neighboring APs and obtain needed information. We further propose two whole process flows, which combine three discovery methods in different manner, to achieve different goals. One process flow is to discover the neighboring AP as fast as possible, called fast discovery process flow. The other is to discover the neighboring AP with minimal interference to neighboring and accuracy of the method is confirmed APs, called the minimal interference process flow. The validity by the simulation.

Ethnic Issues of China's Neighboring Countries and Their Impact on National Security

In the international community,the internal ethnic issues of one country can easily spread out of its borders through the impact of internal and external factors to affect the national security of other countries,known as the spillover effect.Presently,the ethnic issues of China's neighboring countries that have real consequences on the country's national security break down mainly into four types:the internal ethnic conflict,the transnational ethnic issue,the issues related with immigrants and the collaboration of the Three Forces.The risk of spillover can be summed up according to the intensity of its effect in five categories:infiltration,springboard,spillover,immigration and harassment.As diverse ethnic issues of the neighboring countries have different effects on China's national security,the Chinese government must grasp the core element of each issue to formulate specific policies.

Seismic pounding and collapse behavior of neighboring buildings with different natural periods

Seismic pounding phenomena, particularly the collision of neighboring buildings under long-period ground motion, are becoming a significant issue in Japan. We focused on a specific apartment structure called the Nuevo Leon buildings in the Tlatelolco district of Mexico City, which consisted of three similar buildings built consecutively with narrow expansion joints between the buildings. Two out of the three buildings collapsed completely in the 1985 Mexican earthquake. Using a finite element code based on the adaptively shifted integration (ASI)-Gauss technique, a seismic pounding analysis is performed on a simulated model of the Nuevo Leon buildings to understand the impact and collapse behavior of structures built near each other. The numerical code used in the analysis provides a higher computational efficiency than the conventional code for this type of problem and enables us to address dynamic behavior with strong nonlinearities, including phenomena such as member fracture and elemental contact. Contact release and recontact algorithms are developed and implemented in the code to understand the complex behaviors of structural members during seismic pounding and the collapse sequence. According to the numerical results, the collision of the buildings may be a result of the difference of natural periods between the neighboring buildings. This difference was detected in similar buildings from the damages caused by previous earthquakes. By setting the natural period of the north building to be 25% longer than the other periods, the ground motion, which hada relatively long period of 2 s, first caused the collision between the north and the center buildings. This collision eventually led to the collapse of the centerbuilding, followed by the destruction of the north building.

Reflections on China's Neighboring Security Environment

There is a Chinese saying that goes like this, when stormy weather comes, a giant dragon will rise. It is the feature of the present era. When China begins to rise, it will advance at an enormous inertial force. It has become the important factor that influences world future trend. In the meanwhile, changes in international situation also exerted increasing influence on China. Therefore it is of special significance to discuss and assess the international environment that China faces.

Thoughts on China's Relations with Neighboring Countries

Preface One question frequently raised in discussions with colleagues from neighboring countries,and with European and American scholars who follow closely China’s neighboring relations is,how does China define its relations with neighboring countries?Although as early as sixty years ago,the Chinese government already provided the answer of five principles of peaceful

Discussion on Deep Tectonic Background of Moderately Strong Earthquake in Anhui Province and Its Neighboring Areas Using Results of Seismic Tomography

Using the latest results of seismic tomography, we studied the deep tectonic settings of the moderate and strong earthquakes in Anhul Province and its neighboring areas （28° - 39°N, 112°- 124°E）. The results are as follows： （1） There exists a certain correlation between the location of moderate-strong earthquake, the geologic structure of the surface and the partitioning of active tectonic elements with the upper-crust velocity structure. Most earthquakes recording M ≥ 6.0 occur in high-velocity zones or in the transitional areas between high-velocity and low-velocity zones in the upper crust. Seismicity in the low-velocity zone has a lesser impact. Earthquakes occuring in the high-velocity zone are distributed mainly in the velocity variation area. The boundary belts and the interior of the North China plain fault block are the main active sites of moderate-strong earthquakes. Beneath the fault basins in the western and northern sides of the block, the upper crust is characterized by a wide discontinuous distribution in the low-velocity zone, and in the transition zone from the low- to high velocities, the moderate strong seismicity shows a zonal distribution where active faults are developed. The NW-extension Zhoukou-Hefei-Xuancheng low-velocity zone separates the highvelocity zones of Dabieshan Mountains and west Shandong-Anhul, and moderate-strong earthquakes on its northern side bordering the high-velocity zones are relatively frequent. This low-velocity zone is probably an important and deeply structured boundary between the North China and the South China tectonic provinces. （2） The frequent moderate-strong earthquake recorded in the past and the recent small earthquake activities in the Huoshan-Lu＇ an area are the result of a low-velocity zone in the middle crust beneath the central part of Dabieshan and the two sets of deep faults that cut through the crust. （3） In terms of deep structures, the distribution of moderate-strong earthquake in Anhui Province has an obvious regional feature. Based on historical earthquake recurrence intervals and analogue principles of deep seismogenic tectonics, the potential earthquake risk zones recording Ms5.0 in Anhui Province are determined.

Analysis of Space-time Characteristics of Energy Field of Seismicity in Jiangsu and Its Neighboring Areas

The paper analyzes the variation characteristics of energy fields of seismicity 2.1≤M L ≤4.5 in Jiangsu and its neighboring areas during the period between January 1970 and December 2007.It also analyzes the variations of time "weight" coefficients of the major typical energy fields,using random function theory with seismic energy fields as a space-time random function field based on Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) expansion methods.The results show that the expansion accuracy of the first seven typical fields is 0.9244.The strength of seismic energy varies remarkably in different tectonic blocks in the study area.High value areas are in middle and southern Jiangsu,and the south Yellow Sea.The distribution of the typical fields also shows that it is an area that affects most significantly the seismic energy fields of the study region.The time "weight" coefficients of the first six typical fields vary with time,and the amplitude of the variations has strong temporal correlations with moderate-strong earthquakes in the region.

A Delegation of Friendly People from Neighboring Countries Visited China

At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a17-member delegation of friendly people from the political circle,NGOs,think tanks and media of Bangladesh,Nepal,Indonesia,the Philippines and Brunei visited China during July 19 and28.The members of the delegation were either old friends or new acquaintances of China,and therefore all boasted a lot of close links

NGO Leaders from Four Neighboring Countries Visit China

正At the invitation of CAFIU, a 24-member delegation consisting of NGO leaders from four neighboring countries visited China from May 13 to 26. The four NGOs are Bangladesh-China People's Friendship Association (BCPFA), Delhi Study Group (DSG)of India, Nepal Council