LIGHT ION REFLECTION STUDIED BY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION AND TRANSPORT THEORY

The reflection of light ions, such as H+,3He+ and 4He+, with energies of 0.1- 10 keV, from Cu and Ni surface has been studied by Monte Carlo simulation and transport theory. The Monte Carlo simulation gives the detail energy spectra for the reflected particles and their angular distribution for different incident angles. It shows that the reflected particle energy spectra can be approximately described by an analytical formula for the whole energy range, all the incident angles and different ion- target combination studied here. The reflected particle energy vs its average reflection angle to the surface normal can almost be expressed by a universal curve for all cases studied here. The reflection energy spectra are used for the calculation of the reflection coefficient by transport theory including the realistic surface correction. The present work is compared with both experimental measurement and other simulation codes.

Critical emancipatory reflection on a practice-based issue in relation to the working relationship between doctors and nurses in China

Objective: Reflection is viewed as the most significant skill and should be advocated for lifelong learning. In order to grasp the process of reflection and embrace the reflective skill, one of the authors of this paper reflects on a practice-based issue in relation to the communication between doctors and nurses, to gain new understanding and thus improve the authors' clinical practice.Methods: Smyth's framework with four stages is utilized as an ideal framework to guide the author's reflection on the practice-based issue to free the author from her entrenched assumptions and the oppressive forces that limit her practice.Results: The espoused and enacted theory, together with the critical reflection theory, are used to explore the values and beliefs that essentially govern the author's practice and how these are distinct from the author's worldviews. Following this, critical emancipatory reflection is undertaken to explore the dominant power structures within the author's workplace. Furthermore, given the hegemonic and chaotic working context of this issue, hegemony and symbolic interaction theory are applied to unearth the various hidden constraining and oppressive forces. Additionally, socialization theory is utilized to help the author achieve professional identity.Conclusions: Reconstructing the practice-based issue empowers the author to realize that in the future, she should act as a reflective practitioner, creating a daily habit, staying alert to practice, seeing things freshly, finding support systems, improving communication skills, conducting reflective research, and reifying reflective practice. Ultimately, the author will be sufficiently equipped to be able to transform her practice and change its outcomes.

Improved Microwave Ocean Emissivity and Reflectivity Models Derived from Two-Scale Roughness Theory

The Geometrical Optics(GO)approach and the FAST Emissivity Model(FASTEM)are widely used to estimate the surface radiative components in atmospheric radiative transfer simulations,but their applications are limited in specific conditions.In this study,a two-scale reflectivity model(TSRM)and a two-scale emissivity model(TSEM)are developed from the two-scale roughness theory.Unlike GO which only computes six non-zero elements in the reflectivity matrix,The TSRM includes 16 elements of Stokes reflectivity matrix which are important for improving radiative transfer simulation accuracy in a scattering atmosphere.It covers the frequency range from L-to W-bands.The dependences of all TSRM elements on zenith angle,wind speed,and frequency are derived and analyzed in details.For a set of downwelling radiances in microwave frequencies,the reflected upwelling brightness temperature(BTs)are calculated from both TSRM and GO and compared for analyzing their discrepancies.The TSRM not only includes the effects of GO but also accounts for the small-scale Bragg scattering effect in an order of several degrees in Kelvins in brightness temperature.Also,the third and fourth components of the Stokes vector can only be produced from the TSRM.For the emitted radiation,BT differences in vertical polarization between a TSEM and FASTEM are generally less than 5 K when the satellite zenith angle is less than 40°,whereas those for the horizontal component can be quite significant,greater than 20 K.

Wave reflection in semiconductor nanostructures

Based on nonlocal thermoelastic theory, this article studies the reflection of waves in nanometersemi-conductor media. Firstly, the governing equations are established based on couplednonlocal elasticity theory, plasma diffusion equation, and moving equation. Then, using theharmonic method, the solution of the dissipation equation and the analytic expression of thereflection coefficient rate are obtained. Finally, the influences of nonlocal parameters on wavevelocities are showed graphically. It is found that after the introduction of nonlocal effect, thephase and group velocities all show the attenuation, and as the frequency increases, the nonlocalparameter is bigger, and the decay rate is faster. The reflection coefficient rate varies greatly withdifferent theories, with different reflection coefficient rates depending on the incident angle.

A critical reflection on the discipline of nursing based on the correct analysis of the relationship between medicine and nursing

As nursing becomes a first-level discipline, the central focus of the development process of nursing science is the independent exploration of the future path of nursing care. Although many countries have made efforts to develop nursing as an independent discipline, no remarkable advancement has been achieved due to the incorrect understanding of the relationship between nursing and medicine and the improper comprehension of other factors involved in the process of nursing reform. Teaching and practicing nursing also face many problems. Based on our understanding of the relationship between nursing and medicine and through a careful analysis of the existing problems in the current nursing discipline, this paper provides some insights into the future directions of nursing development by exploring the independently developing nursing discipline in foreign countries.

A critical reflection on improving effective team communication

Objective: This paper aims at critically reflecting on the author's personal experience in the context of communication within a nursing team and exploring relevant existing constraints with a view to improving practice and achieving more effective outcomes in team communication.Methods: Critical emancipatory reflection is used to evaluate and interpret the author's practice. Smyth's model serves as a framework to guide critical reflection step by step in this paper. Relevant theoretical perspectives help to make sense of the author's performance in terms of team communication.Results: It is identified via emancipatory reflection that the author endorses the ideas of equality, respect, trust, and collaboration, which were formed and established during the process of professional socialization. However, different constraints, such as sociocultural,historical, political, and personal factors, impede the author from performing more effectively in terms of team communication.Reconstruction provides the author opportunities to take actions to rectify constraints and avoid the reemergence of previous situations in the future.Conclusions: Reflection is an effective way to gather knowledge and develop comprehensive understanding of practice. Alternative actions for effective team communication are recommended, including formulating ground rules for discussion, guiding nurses in the correct way, transforming conflicts within a team, being an active and reflective listener, and motivating nurses to actively create.

Reflection of thermo-elastic wave in semiconductor nanostructures nonlocal porous medium

The current work is an extension of the nonlocal elasticity theory to fractional order thermo-elasticity in semiconducting nanostructure medium with voids.The analysis is made on the reflection phenomena in context of three-phase-lag thermo-elastic model.It is observed that,four-coupled longitudinal waves and an independent shear vertical wave exist in the medium which is dispersive in nature.It is seen that longitudinal waves are damped,and shear wave is un-damped when angular frequency is less than the cut-off frequency.The voids,thermal and non-local parameter affect the dilatational waves whereas shear wave is only depending upon non-local parameter.It is found that reflection coefficients are affected by nonlocal and fractional order parameters.Reflection coefficients are calculated analytically and computed numerically for a material,silicon and discussed graphically in details.The results for local(classical)theory are obtained as a special case.The study may be useful in semiconductor nanostructure,geology and seismology in addition to semiconductor nanostructure devices.

Complex spherical-wave elastic inversion using amplitude and phase reflection information

Unlike the real-valued plane wave reflection coefficient(PRC)at the pre-critical incident angles,the frequency-and depth-dependent spherical-wave reflection coefficient(SRC)is more accurate and always a complex value,which contains more reflection amplitude and phase information.In near field,the imaginary part of complex SRC(phase)cannot be ignored,but it is rarely considered in seismic inversion.To promote the practical application of spherical-wave seismic inversion,a novel spherical-wave inversion strategy is implemented.The complex-valued spherical-wave synthetic seismograms can be obtained by using a simple harmonic superposition model.It is assumed that geophone can only record the real part of complex-valued seismogram.The imaginary part can be further obtained by the Hilbert transform operator.We also propose the concept of complex spherical-wave elastic impedance(EI)and the complex spherical-wave EI equation.Finally,a novel complex spherical-wave EI inversion approach is proposed,which can fully use the reflection information of amplitude,phase,and frequency.With the inverted complex spherical-wave EI,the velocities and density can be further extracted.Synthetic data and field data examples show that the elastic parameters can be reasonably estimated,which illustrate the potential of our spherical-wave inversion approach in practical applications.

Kubelka-Munk Revised Theory for High Solar Reflectance and High Long-wave Emissivity Coatings Designing

The Kubelka-Munk revised theory was adopted to derive the mix design theory of high solar reflectance and high emissivity coatings.When the concentration of each colorant is within 20%,and the width of the coating is more than 200 μm,each colorant has enough covering power in visible and near-infrared spectral range.It can be assumed that the addition of colorants in coatings can only change the solar spectral absorption ratio rather than solar spectral scattering coefficient.The spectral scattering coefficient of coatings tends to a constant.The spectral absorption-scattering property of each colorant can be characterized through one parameter.The spectral absorption-scattering coefficient of coatings can be calculated with the multivariate linear relationship of each pigment.Moreover,the results can be expanded for high solar reflectivity and high long-wave emissivity coating preparation.The accuracy of Kubelka-Munk revised theory has been tested and verified through comparison between the calculated value and tested value of coating reflectance.

Critical reflection on the role of theater nurses in a multidisciplinary team for perioperative care in China

Objective: The aim of this article is to reflect on the role of theater nurses in a multidisciplinary team, understand the factors that have influenced theater nurses' practice, and improve the authors' clinical practice ultimately.Methods: The author used Smyth's model to guide the process of reflection on the practice issue. Critical reflection, critical emancipatory theory, reflexivity, and critical social theory were used to help the author analyze the factors that have affected theater nurses' practice in the organization.Results: There are gaps between the espoused and enacted theories. A theater nurse's practice is determined by multiple factors, such as political, structural, social, historical, cultural issues, and so on. The hierarchy of the health context could hinder possible changes in theater nurses' practice. To better understand our practice and implement transformation, we should shape a supportive environment,bear in mind the practice motto of "patient-centered" care, and improve our knowledge and reflection skills.Conclusions: Reflection plays a significant role in the advancing of practice among theater nurses and needs to be combined with clinical practice. To provide the best service of care to perioperative patients, a theater nurse should have an insightful understanding of the factors that have influenced her/his behaviors historically, socially, and culturally. By improving their critical reflection skills,practitioners could gain knowledge from experience.

The Mathematical Modelling for Studying the Influence of the Initial Stresses and Relaxation Times on Reflection and Refraction Waves in Piezothermoelastic Half-Space

The present paper concentrates on the study of reflection and refraction phenomena of waves in pyroelectric and piezo-electric media under initial stresses and two relaxation times influence by apply suitable conditions. The generalized theories of linear piezo-thermoelasticity have been employed to investigate the problem. In two-dimensional model of transversely isotropic piezothermoelastic medium, there are four types of plane waves quasi-longitudinal (qP), quasi-transverse (qSV), thermal wave (T-mode), and potential electric waves (φ-mode) The amplitude ratios of reflection and refraction waves have been obtained. Finally, the results in each case are presented graphically.

Nanostructured Anti-Reflection Coatings for Enhancing Transmission of Light

Nanostructured, sub-wavelength anti-reflection layers (NALs) have attracted much attention as a new generation of anti-reflection surfaces. Among different designs, sub-wavelength periodic nanostructures are capable of enhancing transmission of coherent light through an interface without inducing scattering. In this work, we have explored a new profile for periodic NALs capable of transmitting IR light with higher efficiency compared to NALs based on a parabolic profile. To achieve high transmission and low diffraction, the profile and pitch of the nanostructured NALs are calculated using a combination of a multi-layer modeling and Rigorous Coupled Wave (RCWA) analysis.

Analysis of reflection coefficient for coated optical waveguide devices

From an ordinary condition,using a full three-dimensional model theory and an infinite perturbation expansion method,an exact solution of the reflection coefficient for the coated narrow stripe-geometry optical waveguide devices has been derived.All six components and the vector property of the electromagnetic field have been considered.The results are suitable for the symmetric and asymmetric waveguides.

Application of BDRM Theory in the Two-AXIS Underwater Channel

Two-axis underwater channel often exists in deep ocean. Because of the coupling between surface channel and SOFAR channel, sound propagation in the two-axis underwater channel is complex and so its calculations of acoustic fields are difficult. The beam-displacement ray-mode （BDRM） theory is a normal mode method for propagation modeling in the common horizontally stratified shallow water. We improve the theory, proposing a new method for computing the upper boundary reflection coefficient, and apply it to calculate the acoustic fields of two-axis underwater channel. Transmission losses in the two-axis underwater channel are calculated by the BDRM theory. The results are in good agreement with the KRAKEN code and the computational speed excels those of the other methods.

Monitoring the change in horizontal stress with multi-wave time-lapse seismic response based on nonlinear elasticity theory

Monitoring the change in horizontal stress from the geophysical data is a tough challenge, and it has a crucial impact on broad practical scenarios which involve reservoir exploration and development, carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) injection and storage, shallow surface prospecting and deep-earth structure description. The change in in-situ stress induced by hydrocarbon production and localized tectonic movements causes the changes in rock mechanic properties (e.g. wave velocities, density and anisotropy) and further causes the changes in seismic amplitudes, phases and travel times. In this study, the nonlinear elasticity theory that regards the rock skeleton (solid phase) and pore fluid as an effective whole is used to characterize the effect of horizontal principal stress on rock overall elastic properties and the stress-dependent anisotropy parameters are therefore formulated. Then the approximate P-wave, SV-wave and SH-wave angle-dependent reflection coefficient equations for the horizontal-stress-induced anisotropic media are proposed. It is shown that, on the different reflectors, the stress-induced relative changes in reflectivities (i.e., relative difference) of elastic parameters (i.e., P- and S-wave velocities and density) are much less than the changes in contrasts of anisotropy parameters. Therefore, the effects of stress change on the reflectivities of three elastic parameters are reasonably neglected to further propose an AVO inversion approach incorporating P-, SH- and SV-wave information to estimate the change in horizontal principal stress from the corresponding time-lapse seismic data. Compared with the existing methods, our method eliminates the need for man-made rock-physical or fitting parameters, providing more stable predictive power. 1D test illustrates that the estimated result from time-lapse P-wave reflection data shows the most reasonable agreement with the real model, while the estimated result from SH-wave reflection data shows the largest bias. 2D test illustrates the feasibility of the proposed inversion method for estimating the change in horizontal stress from P-wave time-lapse seismic data.

Sound propagation in two-axis underwater channel based on beam-displacement ray-mode theory

Sound propagation in a deep ocean two-axis underwater channel is often complex and difficult to simulate between surface channel and sound fixing and ranging (SOFAR) channel. The beam-displacement ray-mode (BDRM) theory is a normal mode method for propagation modeling in horizontally stratified shallow water. An improved method for computing the upper boundary reflection coefficient in the BDRM is proposed and applied to calculate the acoustic fields of a two-axis underwater channel. Transmission losses in the two-axis underwater channel are calculated in the new BDRM. The corresponding results are in good agreement with those from the Kraken code, and furthermore the computed speed of the new BDRM excels the other methods.

Development of the Emerging Theory of Encountering Nursing in a Nurse-Nursed Dyadic Relationship (ThENNDyR)

Encounters are celebrated experiences between persons with connectedness in human situations as expectation. While being in a human dynamic and rhythmic interaction, nursing encounters are dyadic relationships illuminated as patterns of an interconnected relationship moving between the nurse and the nursed, and reflecting person-and-otherness events. The purpose of this paper is to describe the theory of Encountering Nursing in a Nurse-Nursed Dyadic Relationship (ThENNDyR) and to illuminate the four nursing practice processes on which the theory is founded: Knowing as appreciating relational moments;Reflecting as engaging moments;Realizing as patterns of living moments;and Transcending as celebrating moments. Nursing practice occurs in moments in which dyadic relationships transpire as nursing encounters. As fleeting as moments are, the four processes of nursing simultaneously take place as understanding conditions that the who and what of the person warrants persons. “Encountering nursing” is a momentary co-existence of persons in a person-and-otherness situation communicating connectedness-interconnectedness in distinct patterning. Interactions in nursing exist as persons remain wholes and complete in the moment.

Research on the Problem of Art Production Theory Since the New Period

The issue of art production is an important topic discussed in China’s academia. The article first discusses thetheoretical issues of early art production in China, mainly taking Mr. Dong Xuewen’s views as an example. Second,scholars have their own views on the discussion of the unbalanced development of art production and materialproduction in the 1970s and 1980s. Third, this article uses the art production theory to construct the contemporaryliterary art form, and raises the art production theory to the essentialism to discuss the art production theory and thereflection theory. Fourth, the relationship between art production and art consumption is in large-scalecomprehensive systematic research.

Toward a Local Theory of Light

Quantum mechanics is a probabilistic theory of the universe suggestive of a mean value theory similar to thermodynamics prior to the introduction of the atomic theory. If QM will follow a similar path to thermodynamics, then a local deterministic theory must be developed which matches QM predictions. There have been four tough barriers to a local theory of light, of which Bell’s Theorem has been considered the ultimate barrier. The other three barriers are explaining spontaneous emission, the reflection of a small fraction of light at a dielectric interface and the splitting action of a polarizer on polarized light (Malus’ Law). The challenge is that in a local theory of light, everything must have a specific cause and effect. There can be nothing spontaneous or hidden. Local solutions to all four of these barriers are presented in this paper, integrating results from two previous papers and adding the solution paths to the third and fourth barriers as well, which are nearly identical. A previous paper [1] used results from Einstein’s famous 1917 paper on stimulated emission to provide a deterministic local model for spontaneous emission. A second paper [2] showed that QM predictions in tests of Bell’s theorem could be matched with a local model by modifying the definition of entanglement in a manner invisible to quantum mechanics. This paper summarizes and extends those two results and then presents a deterministic model of reflection from a dielectric interface and transmission of polarized light through a polarizer that both match quantum mechanics. As the framework of a local theory of light emerges, it is not surprising that we find corners of physics where small disagreements with quantum mechanics are predicted. A new Bell type test is described in this paper which can distinguish the local from the nonlocal theory, giving predictions that must disagree slightly but significantly with quantum mechanics. If such experiments are proven to disagree with quantum mechanics, then the door to a local theory of light will be opened.