Meteorological elements and CO_(2) fluxes over alpine meadow ecosystem were observed continuously from 2004 to 2005 in Damxung Alpine Meadow Flux Station,China Flux Network.Based on the eddy covariance CO_(2) fluxes a...Meteorological elements and CO_(2) fluxes over alpine meadow ecosystem were observed continuously from 2004 to 2005 in Damxung Alpine Meadow Flux Station,China Flux Network.Based on the eddy covariance CO_(2) fluxes and meteorological data obtained,the relationships among the CO_(2) fluxes,the cloud amount,and the meteorological factors in alpine meadow ecosystem were explored and analyzed.Some conclusions can be drawn from the discussion with previous researches as following:(1)the cloud amount can affect the net ecosystem CO_(2) exchange(NEE)of alpine meadow on Tibetan Plateau;(2)the soil temperature sensitive to the cloud amount,is a major environmental controlling factor for NEE,and closely relates to the maximum of NEE.In the moming period with large cloud amount,the NEE reaches its maximum when the clearness index ranges from 0.5 to 0.7;yet in the afternoon it comes to the maximum with the index from 0.2 to 0.35.The span of soil temperature covers from 12 to 15℃as the NEE at its highest;(3)the scatterplots between NEE and photosynthetic available radiation(PAR)was a significant inverse triangle in the clear day,two different kinds of concave curves in the cloudy day,and strongly convergent rectangular hyperbola in the overcast day.These differences were controlled by the changes of light radiation and soil temperature.展开更多
The Arctic ecosystem, especially High Arctic tundra, plays a unique role in the global carbon cycle because of amplified warming in the region. However, relatively little research has been conducted in High Arctic tun...The Arctic ecosystem, especially High Arctic tundra, plays a unique role in the global carbon cycle because of amplified warming in the region. However, relatively little research has been conducted in High Arctic tundra compared with other global ecosystems. In the present work, summertime net ecosystem exchange （NEE）, ecosystem respiration （ER）, and photosynthesis were investigated at six tundra sites （DM1-DM6） on Ny-A.lesund in the High Arctic. NEE at the tundra sites varied between a weak sink and strong source （-3.3 to 19.0 mg CO2·m-2.h-1）. ER and gross photosynthesis were 42.8 to 92.9 mg CO2·m-2·h-1 and 54.7 to 108.7 mg CO2·m-2·h-1, respectively. The NEE variations showed a significant correlation with photosynthesis rates, whereas no significant correlation was found with ecosystem respiration, indicating that NEE variations across the region were controlled by differences in net uptake of CO2 owing to photosynthesis, rather than by variations in ER. A Qm value of 1.80 indicated weak temperature sensitivity of tundra ER and its response to future global warming. NEE and gross photosynthesis also showed relatively strong correlations with C/N ratio. The tundra ER, NEE, and gross photosynthesis showed variations over slightly waterlogged wetland tundra, mesic and dry tundra. Overall, soil temperature, nutrients and moisture can be key effects on CO2 fluxes, ecosystem respiration, and NEE in the High Arctic.展开更多
Estuarial saline wetlands have been recognized as a vital role in CO_2 cycling.However,insufficient attention has been paid to estimating CO_2 fluxes from estuarial saline wetlands.In this study,the static chamber-gas...Estuarial saline wetlands have been recognized as a vital role in CO_2 cycling.However,insufficient attention has been paid to estimating CO_2 fluxes from estuarial saline wetlands.In this study,the static chamber-gas chromatography(GC) method was used to quantify CO_2 budget of an estuarial saline reed(Phragmites australis) wetland in Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao City of Shandong Province,China during the reed growing season(May to October) in 2014.The CO_2 budget study involved net ecosystem CO_2 exchange(NEE),ecosystem respiration(Reco) and gross primary production(GPP).Temporal variation in CO_2 budget and the impact of air/soil temperature,illumination intensity and aboveground biomass exerted on CO_2 budget were analyzed.Results indicated that the wetland was acting as a net sink of 1129.16 g/m^2 during the entire growing season.Moreover,the values of Reco and GPP were 1744.89 g/m^2 and 2874.05 g/m^2,respectively;the ratio of Reco and GPP was 0.61.Diurnal and monthly patterns of CO_2 budget varied significantly during the study period.Reco showed exponential relationships with air temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm,10 cm,20 cm depths,and soil temperature at 5 cm depth was the most crucial influence factor among them.Meanwhile,temperature sensitivity(Q10) of Reco was negatively correlated with soil temperature.Light and temperature exerted strong controls over NEE and GPP.Aboveground biomass over the whole growing season showed non-linear relationships with CO_2 budget,while those during the early and peak growing season showed significant linear relationships with CO_2 budget.This research provides valuable reference for CO_2 exchange in estuarial saline wetland ecosystem.展开更多
Aims Humid savannas,as a result of high precipitation amounts,are highly productive.they are also hotspots for land use change and potential sources of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))due to the large soil carbon(C)stocks.under...Aims Humid savannas,as a result of high precipitation amounts,are highly productive.they are also hotspots for land use change and potential sources of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))due to the large soil carbon(C)stocks.understanding how ecosystem CO_(2) exchange is influenced by changes arising from agricultural land use is vital in future management of these ecosystems and in responding to the ongoing shifts in manage-ment and climate.the aim of this study was to identify how ecosystem CO_(2) exchange and biomass productivity of the herbaceous layer of a humid savanna in Kenya respond to current management practices.Methods We used flux chambers to quantify CO_(2) fluxes,while monthly harvests were undertaken to determine biomass development of the herba-ceous layer of three sites that were(i)fenced to exclude livestock graz-ing,(ii)subjected to grazing by livestock and(iii)abandoned after being cultivated for maize production and also open to grazing by livestock.Important findingsthe peak aboveground biomass ranged between 380 and 1449 g m−2 and biomass production was significantly(P<0.05)lower in the grazed and abandoned plots.the maximum gross primary production(gPP)and net ecosystem CO_(2) exchange(NEE)ranged between 21.8±1.3 to 32.5±2.7 and−9.6±0.7 to−17.9±4.8μmol m−2 s−1,respectively.seasonal NEE fluctuations ranged between 10 and 21μmol m−2s−1,while spatial(among sites)differences ranged between 2 and 10μmol m−2 s−1.Ecosystem respiration(Reco)fluc-tuated between 5 and 10μmol m−2 s−1 during the growing sea-son.Reco was,however,not significantly different among the sites.unlike in other similar ecosystems where ecosystem respiration is determined by the ambient temperature,we did not find any rela-tionship between Reco and temperature in this savanna.Instead,soil moisture accounted for 38-88%of the spatial and seasonal fluc-tuations in ecosystem CO_(2) fluxes and aboveground biomass pro-duction.management influenced the maximum gPP and NEE rates through modification of soil moisture,plant species composition and aboveground biomass.We concluded that soil moisture is the key determinant of ecosystem CO_(2) exchange and productivity in this tropical savanna.management,however,significantly modifies C fluxes and productivity through its influence on soil moisture,plant species composition and aboveground green biomass and should be taken into consideration in future similar studies.展开更多
采用涡度相关法,对2018年下半年辽河口国家级自然保护区内滨海芦苇湿地的净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)、总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸(R_(eco))进行测量分析,研究海洋保护区内典型芦苇湿地生态系统-大气CO_(2)交换的变化规律及其环境调...采用涡度相关法,对2018年下半年辽河口国家级自然保护区内滨海芦苇湿地的净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)、总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸(R_(eco))进行测量分析,研究海洋保护区内典型芦苇湿地生态系统-大气CO_(2)交换的变化规律及其环境调控。结果表明,有芦苇生长的7月-10月,各月NEE日变化曲线呈相似的"U"形,但变化幅度存在较大差异;非芦苇生长季的11月-12月,生态系统表现为微弱的净CO_(2)释放,NEE日变化轨迹与温度波动一致。该芦苇湿地生态系统的GPP、R_(eco)和NEE均呈现7月-10月数值较大、11月-12月数值较小的规律。7月-10月,白天CO_(2)交换主要受芦苇光合作用的影响,各月白天NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间呈直角双曲线关系,PAR可以解释白天NEE变化的45%~54%。7月-12月,夜间R_(eco)与气温呈指数关系,气温可以解释R_(eco)变化的62%,生态系统呼吸敏感性(Q_(10))为2.20。2018年下半年,辽河口国家级自然保护区内芦苇湿地生态系统累计GPP总值达到359.67 g C/m^(2),累计Reco达到278.29 g C/m^(2),总净固碳量为81.38g C/m^(2)。展开更多
Background:The accurate estimation of carbon-water flux is critical for understanding the carbon and water cycles of terrestrial ecosystems and further mitigating climate change.Model simulations and observations have...Background:The accurate estimation of carbon-water flux is critical for understanding the carbon and water cycles of terrestrial ecosystems and further mitigating climate change.Model simulations and observations have been widely used to research water and carbon cycles of terrestrial ecosystems.Given the advantages and limitations of each method,combining simulations and observations through a data assimilation technique has been proven to be highly promising for improving carbon-water flux simulation.However,to the best of our knowledge,few studies have accomplished both parameter optimization and the updating of model state variables through data assimilation for carbon-water flux simulation in multiple vegetation types.And little is known about the variation of the performance of data assimilation for carbon-water flux simulation in different vegetation types.Methods:In this study,we assimilated leaf area index(LAI)time-series observations into a biogeochemical model(Biome-BGC)using different assimilation algorithms(ensemble Kalman filter algorithm(EnKF)and unscented Kalman filter(UKF))in different vegetation types(deciduous broad-leaved forest(DBF),evergreen broad-leaved forest(EBF)and grassland(GL))to simulate carbon-water flux.Results:The validation of the results against the eddy covariance measurements indicated that,overall,compared with the original simulation,assimilating the LAI into the Biome-BGC model improved the carbon-water flux simulations(R^(2)increased by 35%,root mean square error decreased by 10%;the sum of the absolute error decreased by 8%)but more significantly,improved the water flux simulations(R^(2)increased by 31%,root mean square error decreased by 18%;the sum of the absolute error decreased by 16%).Among the different forest types,the data assimilation techniques(both EnKF and UKF)achieved the best performance towards carbon-water flux in EBF(R^(2)increased by 44%,root mean square error decreased by 24%;the sum of the absolute error decreased by 28%),and the performances of EnKF and UKF showed slightly different when simulating carbon fluxes.Conclusion:We suggest that to reduce the uncertainty in global carbon-water flux quantification,forthcoming data assimilation treatment should consider the vegetation types where the data assimilation experiments are carried out,the simulated objectives and the assimilation algorithms.展开更多
Introduction:Understanding the differences in carbon and water vapor fluxes of spatially distributed evergreen needleleaf forests(ENFs)is crucial for accurately estimating regional or global carbon and water budgets a...Introduction:Understanding the differences in carbon and water vapor fluxes of spatially distributed evergreen needleleaf forests(ENFs)is crucial for accurately estimating regional or global carbon and water budgets and when predicting the responses of ENFs to current and future climate.Methods:We compared the fluxes of ten AmeriFlux ENF sites to investigate cross-site variability in net ecosystem exchange of carbon(NEE),gross primary production(GPP),and evapotranspiration(ET).We used wavelet cross-correlation analysis to examine responses of NEE and ET to common climatic drivers over multiple timescales and also determined optimum values of air temperature(T_(a))and vapor pressure deficit(VPD)for NEE and ET.Results:We found larger differences in the NEE spectra than in the ET spectra across sites,demonstrating that spatial(site-to-site)variability was larger for NEE than for ET.The NEE and ET were decoupled differently across ENF sites because the wavelet cospectra between ET and climate variables were similar at all sites,while the wavelet cospectra between NEE and climate variables were higher(i.e.,closer coupling between NEE and climatic drivers)in semi-arid and Mediterranean sites than in other sites.Ecosystem water use efficiency(EWUE)based on annual GPP/ET ranged from 1.3±0.18 to 4.08±0.62 g C mm^(−1) ET,while EWUE based on annual net ecosystem production(NEP)/ET ranged from 0.06±0.04 to 1.02±0.16 g C mm^(−1) ET)among ENFs.Responses of NEE and ET to T_(a) varied across climatic zones.In particular,for ENF sites in semi-arid and Mediterranean climates,the maximum NEE and ET occurred at lower ranges of T_(a) than in sites with warm and humid summers.The optimum T_(a) and VPD values were higher for ET than for NEE,and ET was less sensitive to high values of T_(a) and VPD.Conclusions:Large spatial variability in carbon and water vapor fluxes among ENFs and large variations in responses of NEE and ET to major climate variables among climatic zones necessitate sub-plant functional type parameterization based on climatic zones to better represent climate sensitivity of ENFs and to reduce uncertainty in model predictions.展开更多
湿地生态系统是吸收全球大气二氧化碳(CO_(2))的汇,同时土壤厌氧环境造成其是大气甲烷(CH_(4))的源。尽管有证据表明,湿地生态系统CH_(4)排放部分抵消其对大气CO_(2)的净吸收,但目前未见全球尺度湿地CH_(4)排放对其净生态系统CO_(2)交换...湿地生态系统是吸收全球大气二氧化碳(CO_(2))的汇,同时土壤厌氧环境造成其是大气甲烷(CH_(4))的源。尽管有证据表明,湿地生态系统CH_(4)排放部分抵消其对大气CO_(2)的净吸收,但目前未见全球尺度湿地CH_(4)排放对其净生态系统CO_(2)交换(NEE)抵消效应的研究。本研究分析了全球内陆湿地(泥炭湿地和非泥炭湿地)以及滨海湿地(海草床、盐沼和红树林)中同时测定湿地NEE和CH_(4)排放通量的数据。结果表明:各类型湿地生态系统均为大气CO_(2)的汇,NEE值排序为红树林(-2011.0 g CO_(2)·m^(-2)·a^(-1))<盐沼(-1636.6 g CO_(2)·m^(-2)·a^(-1))<非泥炭地(-870.8 g CO_(2)·m^(-2)·a^(-1))<泥炭地(-510.7 g CO_(2)·m^(-2)·a^(-1))<海草床(-61.6 g CO_(2)·m^(-2)·a^(-1))。基于100年尺度CH_(4)全球变暖潜势将CH_(4)排放通量转换成CO_(2)当量通量(CO_(2)-eq flux)发现,CH_(4)排放分别抵消海草床、盐沼、红树林、非泥炭地和泥炭地生态系统净CO_(2)吸收的19.4%、14.0%、36.1%、64.9%和60.1%,而在未来20年尺度上,它们分别抵消CO_(2)吸收的57.3%、41.4%、107.0%、192.0%和177.3%,部分红树林、泥炭地和非泥炭地是净CO_(2)当量源。100年尺度各类湿地生态系统净温室气体平衡仍为负值,说明即使考虑CH_(4)排放,在100年尺度各类湿地生态系统仍为碳汇。明晰湿地生态系统CH_(4)排放主要调控机制并提出合理的减排对策,对于维系湿地生态系统碳汇功能,减缓气候变暖至关重要。展开更多
基金Under the auspices of the Major Basic Research Development Program of China(Grant no.2005CB422005)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant no.KSCXZ-YW-N-44)
文摘Meteorological elements and CO_(2) fluxes over alpine meadow ecosystem were observed continuously from 2004 to 2005 in Damxung Alpine Meadow Flux Station,China Flux Network.Based on the eddy covariance CO_(2) fluxes and meteorological data obtained,the relationships among the CO_(2) fluxes,the cloud amount,and the meteorological factors in alpine meadow ecosystem were explored and analyzed.Some conclusions can be drawn from the discussion with previous researches as following:(1)the cloud amount can affect the net ecosystem CO_(2) exchange(NEE)of alpine meadow on Tibetan Plateau;(2)the soil temperature sensitive to the cloud amount,is a major environmental controlling factor for NEE,and closely relates to the maximum of NEE.In the moming period with large cloud amount,the NEE reaches its maximum when the clearness index ranges from 0.5 to 0.7;yet in the afternoon it comes to the maximum with the index from 0.2 to 0.35.The span of soil temperature covers from 12 to 15℃as the NEE at its highest;(3)the scatterplots between NEE and photosynthetic available radiation(PAR)was a significant inverse triangle in the clear day,two different kinds of concave curves in the cloudy day,and strongly convergent rectangular hyperbola in the overcast day.These differences were controlled by the changes of light radiation and soil temperature.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos.41576181 and 41176171)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant no.20123402110026)
文摘The Arctic ecosystem, especially High Arctic tundra, plays a unique role in the global carbon cycle because of amplified warming in the region. However, relatively little research has been conducted in High Arctic tundra compared with other global ecosystems. In the present work, summertime net ecosystem exchange （NEE）, ecosystem respiration （ER）, and photosynthesis were investigated at six tundra sites （DM1-DM6） on Ny-A.lesund in the High Arctic. NEE at the tundra sites varied between a weak sink and strong source （-3.3 to 19.0 mg CO2·m-2.h-1）. ER and gross photosynthesis were 42.8 to 92.9 mg CO2·m-2·h-1 and 54.7 to 108.7 mg CO2·m-2·h-1, respectively. The NEE variations showed a significant correlation with photosynthesis rates, whereas no significant correlation was found with ecosystem respiration, indicating that NEE variations across the region were controlled by differences in net uptake of CO2 owing to photosynthesis, rather than by variations in ER. A Qm value of 1.80 indicated weak temperature sensitivity of tundra ER and its response to future global warming. NEE and gross photosynthesis also showed relatively strong correlations with C/N ratio. The tundra ER, NEE, and gross photosynthesis showed variations over slightly waterlogged wetland tundra, mesic and dry tundra. Overall, soil temperature, nutrients and moisture can be key effects on CO2 fluxes, ecosystem respiration, and NEE in the High Arctic.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41101080)Shandong Natural Science Foundation of China(No.ZR2014DQ028,ZR2015DM004)
文摘Estuarial saline wetlands have been recognized as a vital role in CO_2 cycling.However,insufficient attention has been paid to estimating CO_2 fluxes from estuarial saline wetlands.In this study,the static chamber-gas chromatography(GC) method was used to quantify CO_2 budget of an estuarial saline reed(Phragmites australis) wetland in Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao City of Shandong Province,China during the reed growing season(May to October) in 2014.The CO_2 budget study involved net ecosystem CO_2 exchange(NEE),ecosystem respiration(Reco) and gross primary production(GPP).Temporal variation in CO_2 budget and the impact of air/soil temperature,illumination intensity and aboveground biomass exerted on CO_2 budget were analyzed.Results indicated that the wetland was acting as a net sink of 1129.16 g/m^2 during the entire growing season.Moreover,the values of Reco and GPP were 1744.89 g/m^2 and 2874.05 g/m^2,respectively;the ratio of Reco and GPP was 0.61.Diurnal and monthly patterns of CO_2 budget varied significantly during the study period.Reco showed exponential relationships with air temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm,10 cm,20 cm depths,and soil temperature at 5 cm depth was the most crucial influence factor among them.Meanwhile,temperature sensitivity(Q10) of Reco was negatively correlated with soil temperature.Light and temperature exerted strong controls over NEE and GPP.Aboveground biomass over the whole growing season showed non-linear relationships with CO_2 budget,while those during the early and peak growing season showed significant linear relationships with CO_2 budget.This research provides valuable reference for CO_2 exchange in estuarial saline wetland ecosystem.
文摘Aims Humid savannas,as a result of high precipitation amounts,are highly productive.they are also hotspots for land use change and potential sources of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))due to the large soil carbon(C)stocks.understanding how ecosystem CO_(2) exchange is influenced by changes arising from agricultural land use is vital in future management of these ecosystems and in responding to the ongoing shifts in manage-ment and climate.the aim of this study was to identify how ecosystem CO_(2) exchange and biomass productivity of the herbaceous layer of a humid savanna in Kenya respond to current management practices.Methods We used flux chambers to quantify CO_(2) fluxes,while monthly harvests were undertaken to determine biomass development of the herba-ceous layer of three sites that were(i)fenced to exclude livestock graz-ing,(ii)subjected to grazing by livestock and(iii)abandoned after being cultivated for maize production and also open to grazing by livestock.Important findingsthe peak aboveground biomass ranged between 380 and 1449 g m−2 and biomass production was significantly(P<0.05)lower in the grazed and abandoned plots.the maximum gross primary production(gPP)and net ecosystem CO_(2) exchange(NEE)ranged between 21.8±1.3 to 32.5±2.7 and−9.6±0.7 to−17.9±4.8μmol m−2 s−1,respectively.seasonal NEE fluctuations ranged between 10 and 21μmol m−2s−1,while spatial(among sites)differences ranged between 2 and 10μmol m−2 s−1.Ecosystem respiration(Reco)fluc-tuated between 5 and 10μmol m−2 s−1 during the growing sea-son.Reco was,however,not significantly different among the sites.unlike in other similar ecosystems where ecosystem respiration is determined by the ambient temperature,we did not find any rela-tionship between Reco and temperature in this savanna.Instead,soil moisture accounted for 38-88%of the spatial and seasonal fluc-tuations in ecosystem CO_(2) fluxes and aboveground biomass pro-duction.management influenced the maximum gPP and NEE rates through modification of soil moisture,plant species composition and aboveground biomass.We concluded that soil moisture is the key determinant of ecosystem CO_(2) exchange and productivity in this tropical savanna.management,however,significantly modifies C fluxes and productivity through its influence on soil moisture,plant species composition and aboveground green biomass and should be taken into consideration in future similar studies.
文摘采用涡度相关法,对2018年下半年辽河口国家级自然保护区内滨海芦苇湿地的净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)、总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸(R_(eco))进行测量分析,研究海洋保护区内典型芦苇湿地生态系统-大气CO_(2)交换的变化规律及其环境调控。结果表明,有芦苇生长的7月-10月,各月NEE日变化曲线呈相似的"U"形,但变化幅度存在较大差异;非芦苇生长季的11月-12月,生态系统表现为微弱的净CO_(2)释放,NEE日变化轨迹与温度波动一致。该芦苇湿地生态系统的GPP、R_(eco)和NEE均呈现7月-10月数值较大、11月-12月数值较小的规律。7月-10月,白天CO_(2)交换主要受芦苇光合作用的影响,各月白天NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间呈直角双曲线关系,PAR可以解释白天NEE变化的45%~54%。7月-12月,夜间R_(eco)与气温呈指数关系,气温可以解释R_(eco)变化的62%,生态系统呼吸敏感性(Q_(10))为2.20。2018年下半年,辽河口国家级自然保护区内芦苇湿地生态系统累计GPP总值达到359.67 g C/m^(2),累计Reco达到278.29 g C/m^(2),总净固碳量为81.38g C/m^(2)。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41301451).
文摘Background:The accurate estimation of carbon-water flux is critical for understanding the carbon and water cycles of terrestrial ecosystems and further mitigating climate change.Model simulations and observations have been widely used to research water and carbon cycles of terrestrial ecosystems.Given the advantages and limitations of each method,combining simulations and observations through a data assimilation technique has been proven to be highly promising for improving carbon-water flux simulation.However,to the best of our knowledge,few studies have accomplished both parameter optimization and the updating of model state variables through data assimilation for carbon-water flux simulation in multiple vegetation types.And little is known about the variation of the performance of data assimilation for carbon-water flux simulation in different vegetation types.Methods:In this study,we assimilated leaf area index(LAI)time-series observations into a biogeochemical model(Biome-BGC)using different assimilation algorithms(ensemble Kalman filter algorithm(EnKF)and unscented Kalman filter(UKF))in different vegetation types(deciduous broad-leaved forest(DBF),evergreen broad-leaved forest(EBF)and grassland(GL))to simulate carbon-water flux.Results:The validation of the results against the eddy covariance measurements indicated that,overall,compared with the original simulation,assimilating the LAI into the Biome-BGC model improved the carbon-water flux simulations(R^(2)increased by 35%,root mean square error decreased by 10%;the sum of the absolute error decreased by 8%)but more significantly,improved the water flux simulations(R^(2)increased by 31%,root mean square error decreased by 18%;the sum of the absolute error decreased by 16%).Among the different forest types,the data assimilation techniques(both EnKF and UKF)achieved the best performance towards carbon-water flux in EBF(R^(2)increased by 44%,root mean square error decreased by 24%;the sum of the absolute error decreased by 28%),and the performances of EnKF and UKF showed slightly different when simulating carbon fluxes.Conclusion:We suggest that to reduce the uncertainty in global carbon-water flux quantification,forthcoming data assimilation treatment should consider the vegetation types where the data assimilation experiments are carried out,the simulated objectives and the assimilation algorithms.
基金supported in part by grants from the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative of the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture(NIFA,Grant No.2013-69002 to P.Wagle,X.Xiao,and P.Gowda,and Grant No.2013-67003-20652 to B.Law)the National Science Foundation EPSCoR(IIA-1301789 to X.Xiao)+8 种基金supported by US Department of Energy(Grant No.65076)to B.Lawsupported by the North American Carbon Program/USDA CREES NRI(2004-35111-15057,2008-35101-19076)Science Foundation Arizona(CAA 0-203-08)to T.Kolbsupported by grants from US Department of Energy[the National Institute for Climate Change Research(NICCR)and Terrestrial Carbon Processes Program(TCP)]the National Science Foundation Environmental Biology(Grant 0918565)supported by an agreement among the University of Washington,the Pacific Northwest Research Station,and the Gifford Pinchot National Forestsupported by DOE BER-TES awards number 7090112 and 11-DE-SC-0006700USDA NIFA CAP 560 Award 2011-68002-30185USDA Forest Service Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Grant 08-JV-11330147-038。
文摘Introduction:Understanding the differences in carbon and water vapor fluxes of spatially distributed evergreen needleleaf forests(ENFs)is crucial for accurately estimating regional or global carbon and water budgets and when predicting the responses of ENFs to current and future climate.Methods:We compared the fluxes of ten AmeriFlux ENF sites to investigate cross-site variability in net ecosystem exchange of carbon(NEE),gross primary production(GPP),and evapotranspiration(ET).We used wavelet cross-correlation analysis to examine responses of NEE and ET to common climatic drivers over multiple timescales and also determined optimum values of air temperature(T_(a))and vapor pressure deficit(VPD)for NEE and ET.Results:We found larger differences in the NEE spectra than in the ET spectra across sites,demonstrating that spatial(site-to-site)variability was larger for NEE than for ET.The NEE and ET were decoupled differently across ENF sites because the wavelet cospectra between ET and climate variables were similar at all sites,while the wavelet cospectra between NEE and climate variables were higher(i.e.,closer coupling between NEE and climatic drivers)in semi-arid and Mediterranean sites than in other sites.Ecosystem water use efficiency(EWUE)based on annual GPP/ET ranged from 1.3±0.18 to 4.08±0.62 g C mm^(−1) ET,while EWUE based on annual net ecosystem production(NEP)/ET ranged from 0.06±0.04 to 1.02±0.16 g C mm^(−1) ET)among ENFs.Responses of NEE and ET to T_(a) varied across climatic zones.In particular,for ENF sites in semi-arid and Mediterranean climates,the maximum NEE and ET occurred at lower ranges of T_(a) than in sites with warm and humid summers.The optimum T_(a) and VPD values were higher for ET than for NEE,and ET was less sensitive to high values of T_(a) and VPD.Conclusions:Large spatial variability in carbon and water vapor fluxes among ENFs and large variations in responses of NEE and ET to major climate variables among climatic zones necessitate sub-plant functional type parameterization based on climatic zones to better represent climate sensitivity of ENFs and to reduce uncertainty in model predictions.
文摘湿地生态系统是吸收全球大气二氧化碳(CO_(2))的汇,同时土壤厌氧环境造成其是大气甲烷(CH_(4))的源。尽管有证据表明,湿地生态系统CH_(4)排放部分抵消其对大气CO_(2)的净吸收,但目前未见全球尺度湿地CH_(4)排放对其净生态系统CO_(2)交换(NEE)抵消效应的研究。本研究分析了全球内陆湿地(泥炭湿地和非泥炭湿地)以及滨海湿地(海草床、盐沼和红树林)中同时测定湿地NEE和CH_(4)排放通量的数据。结果表明:各类型湿地生态系统均为大气CO_(2)的汇,NEE值排序为红树林(-2011.0 g CO_(2)·m^(-2)·a^(-1))<盐沼(-1636.6 g CO_(2)·m^(-2)·a^(-1))<非泥炭地(-870.8 g CO_(2)·m^(-2)·a^(-1))<泥炭地(-510.7 g CO_(2)·m^(-2)·a^(-1))<海草床(-61.6 g CO_(2)·m^(-2)·a^(-1))。基于100年尺度CH_(4)全球变暖潜势将CH_(4)排放通量转换成CO_(2)当量通量(CO_(2)-eq flux)发现,CH_(4)排放分别抵消海草床、盐沼、红树林、非泥炭地和泥炭地生态系统净CO_(2)吸收的19.4%、14.0%、36.1%、64.9%和60.1%,而在未来20年尺度上,它们分别抵消CO_(2)吸收的57.3%、41.4%、107.0%、192.0%和177.3%,部分红树林、泥炭地和非泥炭地是净CO_(2)当量源。100年尺度各类湿地生态系统净温室气体平衡仍为负值,说明即使考虑CH_(4)排放,在100年尺度各类湿地生态系统仍为碳汇。明晰湿地生态系统CH_(4)排放主要调控机制并提出合理的减排对策,对于维系湿地生态系统碳汇功能,减缓气候变暖至关重要。
