Spatial diff erence in net growth rate of Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis revealed by an aquaculture ecosystem model

Identifying the main factors on spatial diff erences in net growth rate of Yesso scallop(Patinopecten yessoensis)in culture system is the key to eff ective aquaculture management and development.Coupling a 3D ecosystem model(ROMS-CoSiNE)with a dynamic energy budget model for scallops,a Yesso scallop culture ecosystem(YeSCE)model was established with which scallop growth was simulated with real seeding density and juvenile size from local aquaculture experiments from December 1,2012 to November 30,2013.Results show that the YeSCE model has reasonably simulated the environmental variation and scallop net growth rate in the Changhai sea area.The growth of scallops was slow in winter and midsummer and was limited mainly by temperature.Food availability was a key factor that contributed to the fast growth of the scallops during spring to early summer and in autumn.Generally,the scallops cultured in the north part of the Changhai sea area grew faster than those in the south;and the net growth rate for scallops cultured near the island was signifi cantly higher compare to the others,which is probably correlated to the spatial distribution of food availability.Based on the correlation analysis,the spatial diff erences of the net growth rate were largely aff ected by the length of the match timing of temperatures and food availability.The results of this study provide a scientifi c support for optimizing bottom culture planning and adjusting bottom culture methods.

Magmatism during continental collision, subduction, exhumation and mountain collapse in collisional orogenic belts and continental net growth: A perspective

Continental orogens on Earth can be classified into accretionary orogen and collisional orogen.Magmatism in orogens occurs in every periods of an orogenic cycle,from oceanic subduction,continental collision to orogenic collapse.Continental collision requires the existence of prior oceanic subduction zone.It is generally assumed that the prerequisite of continental deep subduction is oceanic subduction and its drag force to the connecting passive-margin continental lithosphere during continental collision.Continental subduction and collision lead to the thickening and uplift of crust,but the formation time of the related magmatism in orogens depends on the heating mechanism of lithosphere.The accretionary orogens,on the other hand,have no strong continental collision,deep subduction,no large scale of crustal thrusting,thickening and uplift,and no UHP eclogite-facies metamorphic rocks related to continental deep subduction.Even though arc crust could be significantly thickened during oceanic subduction,it is still doubtful that syn-or post-collisional magmatism would be generated.In collisional orogens,due to continental deep subduction and significant crustal thickening,the UHP metamorphosed oceanic and continental crusts will experience decompression melting during exhumation,generating syn-collisional magmatism.During the orogen unrooting and collapse,post-collisional magmatism develops in response to lithosphere extension and upwelling of asthenospheric mantle,marking the end of an orogenic cycle.Therefore,magmatism in orogens can occur during the continental deep subduction,exhumation and uplift after detachment of subducted oceanic crust from continental crust,and extensional collapse.The time span from continental collision to collapse and erosion of orogens(the end of orogenic cycle)is 50–85 Myr.Collisional orogens are the key sites for understanding continental deep subduction,exhumation,uplift and orogenic collapse.Magmatism in collisional orogens plays important roles in continental reworking and net growth.

Net protein and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance and growth of early-weaned Dorper crossbred male lambs

Background： Dorper is an important breed for meat purpose and widely used in the livestock industry of the world.However, the protein requirement of Dorper crossbred has not been investigated. The current paper reports the net protein（NP） and metabolizable protein（MP） requirements of Dorper crossbred ram lambs from 20 to 35 kg BW.Methods： Thirty-five Dorper × thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs weaned at approximately 50 d of age（20.3 ± 2.15 kg of BW） were used. Seven lambs of 25 kg BW were slaughtered as the baseline animals at the start of the trial. An intermediate group of seven randomly selected lambs fed ad libitum was slaughtered at 28.6 kg BW. The remaining 21 lambs were randomly divided into three levels of dry matter intake： ad libitum or 70% or 40% of ad libitum intake. Those lambs were slaughtered when the lambs fed ad libitum reached 35 kg BW. Total body N and N retention were measured.Results： The daily NP and MP requirements for maintenance were 1.89 and 4.52 g/kg metabolic shrunk BW（SBW0.75）.The partial efficiency of MP utilization for maintenance was 0.42. The NP requirement for growth ranged from 12.1 to 43.5 g/d, for the lambs gaining 100 to 350 g/d, and the partial efficiency of MP utilization for growth was 0.86.Conclusions： The NP and MP requirements for the maintenance and growth of Dorper crossbred male lambs were lower than the recommendations of American and British nutritional systems.

Overreliance on Net Export and Investment Impedes China's Structural Transformation: Estimation and Analysis Based on a Multi-Sector Growth Model

Since reform and opening-up in 1978, changes in China's industrial structure have generally followed the pattern of "Kuznets facts" but still exhibits some unique characteristics, which led us to raise the following three questions regarding China's structural transformation:(1) Why did the share of China's agricultural and manufacturing employment reduce/increase intermittently rather than continuously?(2) Why did the share of China's agricultural employment increase during certain periods? When the share of manufacturing employment reduced, why did the workforce reversely flow into agriculture rather than move to the service sector?(3) Why did growth in the share of China's service sector employment decelerate before reaching its peak? Why did the share of employment in the industrial sector suddenly increase after an abrupt decline? This paper creates a multisector economic growth model that contains non-homothetic preferences and differentiated productivity, and incorporates the "two drivers" therein for a demand-side estimation and analysis. The result shows that China's economic growth model driven by net export and investment is a critical factor for explaining the three questions regarding its structural transformation. This paper believes that only by implementing supply-side structural reforms, reducing the dependence on net export and investment, and achieving sustainable endogenous economic growth will China be able to expedite its industrial restructuring.

积累率、再生产结构与经济增长——基于中国城市数据的实证研究

以价值衡量的净产出增长取决于社会中的积累率水平、追加资本的结构以及净产出增量的分配结构。经济增长是社会剩余和再生产结构的函数。本文运用我国1998—2019年4个直辖市和283个地级市(含省会城市)数据,对该结论进行了实证检验。研究结果显示:积累率、追加资本结构和劳动收入占比对我国经济增长具有显著性影响,这种影响在我国省会城市与非省会城市以及南方城市和北方城市间具有显著的异质性。在我国全面建设社会主义现代化国家的背景下,保持合宜的经济增长速度是维持社会稳定、实现发展目标的基础。随着我国资本密集度的不断提高、二元经济结构的调整、人口结构的变化以及创新型国家的建设,追加资本中可变资本比例的下降和劳动收入的不断上升,会对经济增长带来抑制作用。因此,应通过保持较高的积累率、调整投资方向、不断提高劳动生产率的方式获得理想的增长速度。

不同修枝强度对橡胶树无性系茎围生长的影响

以3年生的4个橡胶树无性系为研究对象,采用3种不同处理,即未修枝(对照)、轻度修枝(修去一半侧枝)和重度修枝(修去全部侧枝),处理后连续4年观测橡胶树茎围生长量,分析不同修枝强度对橡胶树无性系生长的影响。结果表明,多数无性系经过修枝处理后的茎围净生长量明显比未修枝的较大,且在不同修枝处理间存在显著差异;187号和314号无性系重度修枝净生长量最大,未修枝的净生长量一直处于最低,且修枝处理间差异达显著水平;272号无性系轻度修枝的净生长量最大;585号无性系修枝对其净生长量影响差异不明显。不同修枝强度对橡胶树不同无性系茎围净生长量的影响表现出较大差异。

哈茨木霉菌剂处理对网纹甜瓜生长及品质的影响

为探究哈茨木霉不同浓度对网纹甜瓜植株生长、品质以及产量等相关指标产生的影响,筛选出可用于生产的最适哈茨木霉浓度,于定植当天和授粉后7 d内各施用1次0.15 g/m^(2)和0.30 g/m^(2)的哈茨木霉,活菌数相当于0.9亿个/m^(2)和1.8亿个/m^(2),测定网纹甜瓜植株田间长势,包括叶面积、茎粗、株高,根系长势,包括根粗、根长、根系鲜质量和根系干质量,果品质量指标,包括单瓜质量、果实纵径、果实横径、果肉厚度及边部可溶性固形物含量和中心可溶性固形物含量,以及产量和商品率等指标。结果表明,施用哈茨木霉能显著提高网纹甜瓜株高、单瓜质量、果实纵径、根系鲜质量和根系干质量,提高产量及商品率,对网纹甜瓜植株及根系的生长具有一定的促进效果,并对网纹甜瓜品质及产量有一定的提升效果。其中,施用0.15 g/m^(2)哈茨木霉对网纹甜瓜植株田间长势、果品质量、产量及商品率的促进效果较好;施用0.30 g/m^(2)哈茨木霉对网纹甜瓜根系长势的促进效果较好。综合考虑,生产中网纹甜瓜施用0.15 g/m^(2)的哈茨木霉较为经济,更加符合我国目前绿色农业的总体要求,适宜推广使用。

LMP-1、NET-1、VEGF在非角化性鼻咽癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨潜活膜蛋白1(latent membrane protein 1,LMP-1)、NET-1、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在非角化性鼻咽癌(non-keratin nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NK-NPC)中的表达及其临床意义。方法:取南通大学附属医院1999年5月-2003年5月收治的病理诊断明确的60例NK-NPC活检标本,采用免疫组织化学技术(Envison二步法)检测LMP-1、NET-1、VEGF的表达,并分析其与临床病理参数和预后的相关性。另取10例鼻咽慢性黏膜炎症组织作对照。结果:(1)NK-NPC中LMP-1、NET-1、VEGF的表达显著高于鼻咽慢性黏膜炎症组织(P<0.05);(2)NK-NPC中, LMP-1表达强度与有无远处转移密切相关(P<0.05),与患者性别、年龄、T分期、N分期无显著相关性(P>0.05);NET-1、VEGF表达强度与淋巴结转移,远处转移密切相关(P<0.05),与患者性别、年龄、T分期均无显著相关性(P>0.05)。(3) NK-NPC中LMP-1、NET-1、VEGF的表达呈显著相关性(P<0.05)。(6)单因素Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析显示,LMP-1、VEGF表达与NK-NPC的生存率之间的相关性有显著统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:LMP-1、NET-1、VEGF的联合检测有助于预测NPC转移与预后,LMP-1和VEGF可作为评估NK-NPC预后的指标之一。

Effects of Dietary Net Energy Density and Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine: Net Energy Ratio on the Performance and Carcass Characteristic of Growing-Finishing Pigs Fed Low Crude Protein Supplemented with Crystalline Amino Acids Diets

Two 3×3 factorial design trials with 1 080 of Yorkshire×Landrace×Duroc barrows were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary net energy （NE） density and standardized ileal digestible （SID） lysine：NE ratio on the performance of growing- finishing pigs and carcass characteristic of finishing pigs fed low crude protein （CP） supplemented with crystalline amino acids （CAA） diets. Low CP corn-soybean meal basal diets （14% for Exp. 1 and 11% for Exp. 2） supplemented with crystalline lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan were formulated. Nine treatments with increasing NE density and SID lysine：NE ratio were used in each trial （Exp. 1： 9.66, 9.87, and 10.08 MJ kg-1 NE, 0.89, 0.96, and 1.03 g MJ-1 SID lysine： NE; Exp. 2： 9.83, 10.04, and 10.25 MJ kg-1 NE, 0.69, 0.76, and 0.83 g MJ-1 SID lysine：NE）. In Exp. 1, we observed that the average daily gain （ADG） for barrows that received the diet containing 9.87 MJ kg-1 NE was significantly higher than that of barrows fed a 9.66 MJ kg-1 NE diet （P0.05）, but no difference was observed when compared with barrows that received a diet containing 10.08 MJ kg-1 NE （P0.05）. The ADG was affected both linearly （P0.05） and quadratically （P0.05） as the SID lysine：NE ratio increased. The NE density or SID lysine：NE ratio and their interaction had no effect on the average daily feed intake （ADFI） and serum urea nitrogen （SUN） （P0.05）. The feed to gain ratio （F：G） decreased （linearly, P0.05; quadratically, P0.05） as the NE density or SID lysine：NE ratio increased, but no interaction of NE density and SID lysine： NE ratio on the F：G. In Exp. 2, the dietary NE density both linearly （P0.05） and quadratically （P0.05） affected the ADG and F：G. Barrows that received a diet containing 10.04 MJ kg-1 NE had a greater ADG （P0.05） than barrows that received a 9.83 MJ kg-1 diet, but there was no difference （P0.05） as compared with barrows that received a diet containing 10.25 MJ kg-1 NE. F：G was significantly higher （P0.05） for barrows that received a 9.83 MJ kg-1 diet when compared with barrows that received the other two diets. The ADG was significantly decreased （P0.05） for pigs that received a diet containing 0.69 g MJ-1 SID lysine：NE ratio when compared with pigs fed a diet containing 0.76 or 0.83 g MJ-1 SID lysine：NE ratio. The NE density or SID lysine：NE ratio and their interaction had no effect on the average daily feed intake, SUN, and carcass characteristic for finishing barrows （P0.05）. The overall results of the two experiments indicated that barrows that received the diet with the dietary CP level reduced 4 percentage units compared the NRC （1998） recommendations. Maximized the best performance with NE density and SID lysine：NE ratio were 9.87 MJ kg-1, 1.03 g MJ-1 NE for 20-50 kg pigs, and 10.04 MJ kg-1, 0.76 g MJ-1 NE for 60-100 kg pigs, respectively.

HDGF、NET-1、HDAC1在肺癌患者肺癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨肝癌衍生生长因子(HDGF)、NET-1、组蛋白脱乙酰基酶1(HDAC1)在肺癌患者肺癌组织中的表达情况及临床意义。方法收集126例肺癌患者的肺癌组织及对应的癌旁正常组织,采用免疫组织化学法检测肺癌组织和癌旁正常组织中HDGF、NET-1和HDAC1的阳性表达情况,分析HDGF、NET-1和HDAC1阳性表达与肺癌患者临床特征的关系;分析肺癌组织中HDGF、NET-1和HDAC1阳性表达与肺癌发展的相关性;分析肺癌组织中HDGF、NET-1和HDAC1表达的相关性。结果肺癌组织中HDGF、NET-1和HDAC1的阳性表达率均明显高于癌旁正常组织(P﹤0.01);吸烟、分化程度为高中分化、TNM分期为Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、有远处转移肺癌患者肺癌组织中HDGF、NET-1、HDAC1的阳性表达率均明显高于未吸烟、分化程度为低分化、TNM分期为Ⅰ～Ⅱ期、无远处转移肺癌患者(P﹤0.01);肺癌组织中HDGF、NET-1和HDAC1的阳性表达率与肺癌患者的TNM分期、分化程度及远处转移情况均呈正相关(P﹤0.05);肺癌组织中,HDGF的阳性表达率与NET-1和HDAC1的阳性表达率呈正相关(P﹤0.05),NET-1的阳性表达率与HDAC1的阳性表达率呈正相关(P﹤0.05)。结论肺癌组织中HDGF、NET-1和HDAC1的阳性表达率与肺癌的发生、发展关系密切,可为临床上肺癌的诊断和治疗提供理论依据。

区域生长和U-Net结合的视网膜血管分割系统设计与实现

目的在探索区域生长与U-Net相结合在视网膜血管分割系统中的应用,通过开发的系统自动分割视网膜血管,为医生提供视网膜血管结构变化的准确信息,提高诊断和治疗的效率。方法结合U-Net网络和区域生长对预处理后的视网膜血管进行自动分割,并通过控件的设计将算法集成到视网膜血管分割系统中。结果血管分割性能指标—准确率、敏感度、特异性的平均值分别为0.9777、0.7684和0.9821,区域生长能够提高细微视网膜血管的分割准确率。结论该系统具有界面简洁、操作方便的特点,实现了高精度、可视化的自动视网膜血管分割,为医师观察视网膜血管结构的变化提供了一种有效的计算机辅助诊断平台,也为医师判断病变性质提供了思考方向。

Proline Accumulation,Photosynthetic Abilities and Growth Characters of Sugarcane(Saccharum officinarum L.) Plantlets in Response to Iso-Osmotic Salt and Water-Deficit Stress

The aim of this study was to investigate the biochemical, physiological and morphological responses of sugarcane to iso- osmotic salt and water-deficit stress. Disease-free sugarcane plantlets derived from meristem cuttings were photo- autotrophically grown in MS media and subsequently exposed to -0.23 （control）, -0.67 or -1.20 MPa iso-osmotic NaCl （salt stress） or mannitol （water-deficit stress）. Chlorophyll a （Chl a）, chlorophyll b （Chl b）, total carotenoids （Cx＋c）, maximum quantum yield of PSII （Fv/Fm）, photon yield of PSII （ΦPSII）, stomatal conductance （Gs） and transpiration rate （E） in the stressed plantlets were significantly reduced when compared to those of plantlets of the control group （without mannitol or NaCl）, leading to net-photosynthetic rate （Pn） and growth reduction with positive correlation. In addition, physiological changes and growth parameters of plantlets in the salt stress conditions were more sharply reduced than those in waterdeficit stress conditions. On the other hand, the proline content and non-photochemical quenching （NPQ） in the leaves of stressed plantlets increased significantly, especially in response to iso-osmotic salt stress. The chlorophyll pigments in iso-osmotic stressed leaves were significantly degraded （r^2 = 0.93）, related to low water oxidation （r^2 = 0.87）, low net- photosynthetic rate （r^2 = 0.81）, and growth reduction （r^2 = 0.97）. The multivariate biochemical, physiological and growth parameters in the present study should be further used to develop salt, or drought, tolerance indices in sugarcane breeding programs.

肺癌中EGFR、VEGF与NET-1的表达及与临床病理因素的关系

目的探讨表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、NET-1在肺癌中的表达及其与临床病理因素的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学SP法,检测120例肺癌组织及10例正常肺组织(对照组)中EGFR、VEGF、NET-1的表达。结果 EGFR、VEGF、NET-1在肺癌中的阳性表达率(69.16%、55.83%、85.00%)明显高于正常肺组织(10.00%、0.00%、40.00%)。EGFR、VEGF、NET-1蛋白在肺癌中的表达差异与患者性别、年龄、病变部位无关(P均>0.05),但与肺癌组织的分化程度、临床分期、有无淋巴结转移相关(P<0.05)。结论 EGFR、VEGF、NET-1的阳性表达与肺癌的分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结转移有关,且在癌组织中表达强度显著高于正常组织,提示三者具有促进肿瘤细胞转化、增殖、迁移的作用,可作为临床判定肺癌恶性程度及评估预后的指标。

Energy Requirements for Maintenance and Growth of German Mutton Merino Crossbred Lambs

A comparative slaughter trial and a metabolism trial were conducted to determine the requirement of net energy （NE） and metabolizable energy （ME） by the crossbreed of German Mutton Merino×Inner Mongolia Merino for fattening from 35 to 50 kg of body weight （BW）. 49 crossbred female lambs （（33.9＋2.3） （SD） kg BW） of German Mutton Merino×lnner Mongolia Merino were used. 34 lambs were randomly chosen for comparative slaughter, which were offered an identical mixture diet （concentrate：roughage=55：45） at 100, 75 or 55% of ad libitum intake, whereas the remainders were used in the metabolism trial to evaluate the ME of the diet after methane production was measured by open-circuit respirometry. As feed intake decreased from 100 to 75 and 55% of ad libitum intake, the apparent digestibility of dry matter （DM） linearly increased （P=-0.010） from 60.8 to 63.6 and 66.9%, respectively, and methane production decreased from 52.1 to 44.3 and 39.9 L d-l, respectively, but the ratio of methane energy to gross energy intake increased linearly （P=0.010） from 8.20 to 8.96 and 10.97%, respectively. Consequently, the ME values of the diet increased from 9.35 to 9.64 and 9.85 MJ kg-~ DM, respectively. The NE requirement for maintenance （NEro） was 255 kJ kg-1 BW0.75, and the ME requirement for maintenance （MEre） was 352 kJ kg-I BW~.75, with a partial energy efficiency for maintenance （km） of 0.72. The NE requirement for growth （NEg） ranged from 1.26 to 4.66 MJ d-1as average daily gains increased from 100 to 300 g d-1, with a partial energy efficiency for growth （ks） of 0.45. These results indicated that the NEg required by crossbred female lambs of German Mutton Merinoxlnner Mongolia Merino was lower than the recommendation of the American or British nutritional system.

青钱柳无性系生长、叶解剖结构和光合色素含量的差异

为探索青钱柳优良无性系的生长、生理特性,以初选的19个青钱柳优良单株为研究材料,分析其嫁接无性系的接穗生长、叶片解剖结构以及光合色素等指标的差异,并基于接穗基径、苗高和单株叶片生物量对19个青钱柳嫁接无性系进行聚类分析,以期为青钱柳良种的定向选育提供科学依据。结果显示:19个青钱柳嫁接无性系在生长、光合色素含量以及叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度均存在显著差异(P<0.05),而在叶片栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度和栅海比等指标间差异不显著(P>0.05)。其中,接穗高净生长量、基径净生长量、叶面积、比叶重和单株叶面积分别在LS5、Q4、CP3、CP6和LF1中最高;叶片厚度、上表皮厚度和下表皮厚度变幅分别为142.47~209.16μm、13.3~21.32μm和8.84~19.14μm;S4叶绿素a含量含量最高,而花色素苷含量最低;J1叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量最高,分别为1.09 mg/g和2.44 mg/g。可得结论:基于本文田间生长的初步研究结果,LF1、CR4、Q4,CR5、LS5、CP3和CR2这7个无性系在江苏丘陵地区生长表现良好,存在进一步选育的空间和潜力。

喷施鱼蛋白对网纹甜瓜生长发育及果实品质的影响

为提高网纹甜瓜果实品质,筛选出叶面喷施鱼蛋白最适宜的浓度和喷施时间,测量网纹甜瓜株高、茎粗、叶面积、单瓜质量、可溶性固形物含量以及可溶性糖含量、抗坏血酸含量等指标,比较不同浓度、不同喷施时间对网纹甜瓜的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施1.00 g·L^(-1)鱼蛋白处理的单瓜质量较高,为1.89 kg,边部和中心可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)均最高,分别为14.93%和17.13%,分别较对照显著提高18.21%和11.96%,可溶性糖含量最高(58.94 mg·g^(-1)),比对照显著高16.89 mg·g^(-1),糖酸比适宜、果实口感好、品质较优。此外,生殖生长阶段喷施鱼蛋白可促进果实发育,增加单瓜质量;在授粉后45 d喷施鱼蛋白能显著提升果实品质,授粉后10 d和45 d均喷施(P6)的处理边部和中心可溶性固形物含量为15.30%和18.63%,分别较对照显著提高14.29%和11.11%,可溶性糖含量较对照显著提高了20.79 mg·g^(-1),授粉后45 d喷施处理(P5)的糖酸比最高,果实风味好。在授粉后45 d喷施质量浓度为1 g·L^(-1)的鱼蛋白可以提升网纹甜瓜果实品质且经济实惠,适合推广。

Mobile user forecast and power-law acceleration invariance of scale-free networks

This paper studies and predicts the number growth of China＇s mobile users by using the power-law regression. We find that the number growth of the mobile users follows a power law. Motivated by the data on the evolution of the mobile users, we consider scenarios of self-organization of accelerating growth networks into scale-free structures and propose a directed network model, in which the nodes grow following a power-law acceleration. The expressions for the transient and the stationary average degree distributions are obtained by using the Poisson process. This result shows that the model generates appropriate power-law connectivity distributions. Therefore, we find a power-law acceleration invariance of the scale-free networks. The numerical simulations of the models agree with the analytical results well.

Study of the Compensatory Growth Following Starvation of Juvenile Golden Pompano Trachinotus ovatus

A starvation trial was conducted to determine compensatory growth of the juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus which were deprived of food for 1, 2, 5 and 7 days respectively. The results of tests in outdoor cement pools and net pens showed that, in the first 15 days and 30 days, the growth of 1 day and 2 days-deprived groups was probably the same with that of control group, which accorded with fully compensatory description. However, the weight of 5 days and 7 days-deprived fingerlings were lower than that of the control group, which accorded with the description of the partial compensatory growth. As the starvation prolonged, feed conversion efficiency of the starved groups increased and was higher than the control group. Meanwhile, feeding rate also increased, but the fish of 1 day and 2 days-deprived groups was lower than that of the control group, and feeding quantity reduced and was lower than that of the control group. It suggested that the mechanism of compensatory growth was mainly due to improving feed conversion efficiency. Fish biochemical composition was analyzed： the water content and ash of fish sample increased due to starvation, while the lipid and protein decreased. The loss of lipid was greater than that of the protein, and the biochemical composition of fish in each group was restored to the control level by the end of the experiment. It suggested that Trachinotus ovatus may mainly consume lipid during the period of starvation.

Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Light Levels on Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Juvenile Cacao Genotypes

In many countries cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is invariably grown as an understory crop in agroforestry types of cropping systems and subjected to low levels photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) due to presence of large number of upper story shade trees with poorly managed canopy structure. In recent years carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is steadily increasing and it is unclear what impact this will have on performance of cacao grown under shade of upper story shade trees. A climatically controlled greenhouse experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of ambient and elevated carbon dioxide (400 and 700 μmol·mol-1) and three levels of PPFD (100, 200, and 400 μmol·m-2·s-1) on growth, and macro- and micronutrient use efficiency of three genetically contrasting cacao genotypes (CCN 51, VB 1117 and NO 81). Intraspecific variations were observed in cacao genotypes for growth parameters at ambient to elevated carbon dioxide and low to adequate levels of PPFD. With the exceptions of total root length and leaf area, irrespective of carbon dioxide and PPFD levels, all three genotypes showed significant differences in all the growth parameters. For all the cacao genotypes, increasing PPFD from 100 to 400 μmol·m-2·s-1 and carbon dioxide from 400 to 700 μmol·mol-1 increased overall growth parameters such as leaf, shoot and root biomass accumulation, stem height, leaf area, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. Irrespective of carbon dioxide and PPFD, invariably genotypes differed significantly in macro-micronutrient uptake parameters such as concentration, uptake, influx, transport and use efficiency. With few exceptions, raising PPFD from 100 to 400 μmol·m-2·s-1 and carbon dioxide from 400 to 700 μmol·mol-1 increased nutrient use efficiency for all the cacao genotypes. Elevated carbon dioxide and adequate PPFD are beneficial in improving cacao growth and mineral nutrient uptake and use efficiency.

Bond population analysis on combination of favorable growth unit of Al(OH)_3 crystals

The quantum chemical calculation on four representative combination modes of the favorable growth unit Al6(OH)18(H2O)6 of Al(OH)3 crystals and the single unit were calculated. On the base of the prior investigation, and from the point of view of bond population and net atomic charge, the relationships between the combination mode of the favorable growth unit and the relative intensity of chemical bond of the systems were discussed. The quantum chemistry calculations were performed at RB3LYP/6-31G and RHF/6-31G levels by ab initio and DFT methods respectively. From the point of view of bond population, it can be preliminarily presumed that the interatomic bond force of the system with side-face-combination-B mode is weaker to a certain extent. From the point of view of the net charge, when the combination mode is obverse-face-combination-D, the interatomic bond force will be enhanced.