Ultra-Dense Networking Architectures and Technologies for 5G

With the continuous enrichment of mobile communication application scenarios in the future, the traditional macro-cellular-based mobile communication network architecture will be difficult to meet the explosive growth in demand for communications services.

A UAV-Assisted V2X Network Architecture with Separated Data Transmission and Network Control

With the explosive increasing number of connecting devices such as smart phones, vehicles,drones, and satellites in the wireless networks, how to manage and control such a huge number of networking nodes has become a great challenge. In this paper, we combine the advantages of centralized networks and distributed networks approaches for vehicular networks with the aid of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV), and propose a Center-controlled Multihop Wireless(CMW) networking scheme consisting of data transmission plane performed by vehicles and the network control plane implemented by the UAV.Besides, we jointly explore the advantages of Medium Access Control(MAC) protocols in the link layer and routing schemes in the network layer to facilitate the multi-hop data transmission for the ground vehicles.Particularly, the network control plane in the UAV can manage the whole network effectively via fully exploiting the acquired network topology information and traffic requests from each vehicle, and implements various kinds of control based on different traffic demands, which can enhance the networking flexibility and scalability significantly in vehicular networks.Simulation results validate the advantages of the proposed scheme compared with existing methods.

Architecture for Cellular Enabled Integrated Communication and Sensing Services

There is growing interest in the integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)to extend the 5G+/6G network capabilities by introducing sensing capability.While the solutions for mono-static or bi-static ISAC have shown feasibility and benefits based on existing 5G physical layer design,whether and how to coordinate multiple ISAC devices to better exert networking performance are rarely discussed.3 rd Partnership Project(3GPP)has initiated the ISAC use cases study,and the follow-up studies for network architecture could be anticipated.In this article,we focus on gNB-based sensing mode and propose ISAC functional framework with given of highlevel service procedures to enable cellular based ISAC services.In the proposed ISAC framework,three types of network functions for sensing service as Sensing Function(SF),lightweight-Edge Sensing Function(ESF)and full-version-ESF are designed with interaction with network nodes to fulfill the latency requirements of ISAC use cases.Finally,with simulation evaluations and hardware testbed results,we further verify the performance benefit and feasibility to enable ISAC in 5G for the gNB-based sensing mode with new design on SF and related signaling protocols.

Exploring reservoir computing:Implementation via double stochastic nanowire networks

Neuromorphic computing,inspired by the human brain,uses memristor devices for complex tasks.Recent studies show that self-organizing random nanowires can implement neuromorphic information processing,enabling data analysis.This paper presents a model based on these nanowire networks,with an improved conductance variation profile.We suggest using these networks for temporal information processing via a reservoir computing scheme and propose an efficient data encoding method using voltage pulses.The nanowire network layer generates dynamic behaviors for pulse voltages,allowing time series prediction analysis.Our experiment uses a double stochastic nanowire network architecture for processing multiple input signals,outperforming traditional reservoir computing in terms of fewer nodes,enriched dynamics and improved prediction accuracy.Experimental results confirm the high accuracy of this architecture on multiple real-time series datasets,making neuromorphic nanowire networks promising for physical implementation of reservoir computing.

Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network (SAGIN) for 6G: Requirements, Architecture and Challenges

As the fifth-generation(5G)mobile communication network may not meet the requirements of emerging technologies and applications,including ubiquitous coverage,industrial internet of things(IIoT),ubiquitous artificial intelligence(AI),digital twins(DT),etc.,this paper aims to explore a novel space-air-ground integrated network(SAGIN)architecture to support these new requirements for the sixth-generation(6G)mobile communication network in a flexible,low-latency and efficient manner.Specifically,we first review the evolution of the mobile communication network,followed by the application and technology requirements of 6G.Then the current 5G non-terrestrial network(NTN)architecture in supporting the new requirements is deeply analyzed.After that,we proposes a new flexible,low-latency and flat SAGIN architecture,and presents corresponding use cases.Finally,the future research directions are discussed.

The SOLIDS 6G Mobile Network Architecture:Driving Forces,Features,and Functional Topology

With the large-scale commercial launch of fifth generation(5G)mobile network,the development of new services and applications catering to the year 2030,along with the deep convergence of information,communication,and data technologies(ICDT),and the lessons and experiences from 5G practice will drive the evolution of the next generation of mobile networks.This article surveys the history and driving forces of the evolution of the mobile network architecture and proposes a logical function architecture for sixth generation(6G)mobile network.The proposed 6G network architecture is termed SOLIDS(related to the following basic features:soft,on-demand fulfillment,lite,native intelligence,digital twin,and native security),which can support self-generation,self-healing,self-evolution,and self-immunity without human involvement and address the primary issues in the legacy 5G network(e.g.,high cost,high power consumption,and highly complicated operation and maintenance),significantly well.

Data Center Network Architecture

1 Introduction The history of data centers can be traced back to the 1960s. Early data centers were deployed on main- frames that were time-shared by users via remote terminals. The boom in data centers came duringthe internet era. Many companies started building large inter- net-connected facililies,

Software-Defined Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network Architecture with the Multi-Layer Satellite Backbone Network

Under the background of the rapid development of ground mobile communication,the advantages of high coverage,survivability,and flexibility of satellite communication provide air support to the construction of space information network.According to the requirements of the future space information communication,a software-defined Space-Air-Ground Integrated network architecture was proposed.It consisted of layered structure satellite backbone network,deep space communication network,the stratosphere communication network and the ground network.The Space-Air-Ground Integrated network was supported by the satellite backbone network.It provided data relay for the missions such as deep space exploration and controlled the deep-space spacecraft when needed.In addition,it safeguarded the anti-destructibility of stratospheric communication and assisted the stratosphere to supplement ground network communication.In this paper,algorithm requirements of the congestion control and routing of satellite backbone protocols for heterogeneous users’services were proposed.The algorithm requirements of distinguishing different service objects for the deep space communication and stratospheric communication network protocols were described.Considering the realistic demand for the dynamic coverage of the satellite backbone network and node cost,the multi-layer satellite backbone network architecture was constructed.On this basis,the proposed Software-defined Space-Air-Ground Integrated network architecture could be built as a large,scalable and efficient communication network that could be integrated into space,air,and ground.

Investigation of Architecture and Essential Technologies of Wireless Sensor Network

This paper introduces the architecture of wireless sensor networks, presents a cross-layer network management and control mechanism. The key technologies, such as Medium Access Control (MAC) and wireless routing protocols are discussed and compared. A proposal of applying the simple IEEE 802 MAC protocol into the wireless sensor network is introduced. In addition, in order to improve the system capacity, a multi-channel strategy for the sensor nodes is presented for decreasing the blocking probability and suppressing the accessing time delay. It is concluded that there are still a number of problems to be solved, including decreasing power consumption, improving capacity and avoiding access collision, to promote the successful commercial application of wireless sensor network.

Wireless Network Architecture for Evacuated Tube Transportation System

Evacuated Tube Transportation(ETT)systems have been claimed to have considerable strengths,including ultra-highspeed,safety,and environmentally-friendly.However,the frequent handover caused by the high-speed brings a challenge for ETT mobile wireless communication to preserve steady link performance.Moreover,in such a special scenario,the wireless link between the base station and the passengers on the train needs to experience fading from both metal pipe and train,thus the free-wave coverage with antennas in traditional high-speed rail wireless communication systems is not suitable for ETT.Based on the characteristics of ETT,an improved architecture of wireless communication network is proposed,using distributed base stations with remote radio units(RRUs)and baseband units(BBUs)and leaky waveguides to form stable coverage.And a redundant BBUs or RRUs structure is designed for coverage enhancement.Based on this redundant architecture,a fast handover scheme is proposed to resolve the handover problem.The analytical and simulation results show that the proposed scheme is capable of reducing communication outage probability and handover failure probability remarkably.

Book Review-5G Network Architecture

5G is the hottest topic in telecommunication area in recent years.ITU has defined 5G as IMT-2020,and presented the scenarios of IMT-2020.These scenarios for IMT-2020 can be concluded as follows:-Enhanced Mobile Broadband:Mobile Broadband addresses the human-centric use cases for access to multi-media content,services and data.The demand for

UMB Network Architecture

Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) radio-access technology enables efficient wireless transfer of IP packets at very high data rates while providing seamless mobility and best Quality of Service (QoS), even at the cell edges, without lowering frequency re-use. UMB systems benefit from a highly innovative flat network architecture that simplifies the core network and network interfaces, making it easy to scale the network. One of the key principles for UMB architecture is seamless mobility. A major emphasis is placed on the design of network architecture to facilitate seamless handoffs both within the UMB network and across different technologies. Innovative concepts enable fast switching between base stations while minimizing overhead and offering simpler network interfaces. New tunneling mechanisms provide signaling exchange at the data-link layer (layer 2) and IP layer (layer 3) to enable faster mobility across the base stations. This paper discusses key features of UMB network architecture, and provides insight into various architecture design choices.

Resource Control Architecture in Heterogeneous Networks

TISPAN,from a fixed access perspective,proposes Resource and Admission Control Subsystem[0](RACS) as a solution to Quality of Service(QoS) problem for NGN bearer network.In contrast,3GPP has an approach to this from the perspective of mobile access.In the latest 3GPP R7 draft,integration of Policy Control Function(PCF) with Flow Based Charging(FBC) function of the R6 brought forward policy control and charging.With the development of fixed mobile convergence,the inconsistence in architectures and interfaces of different resource and admission control[0] solutions will have a huge impact on manufacture and network implementation of NGN related equipment.To solve this problem,both 3GPP and TISPAN have been working on the convergence of Gq’/Rx reference points.Harmonized Policy Control and Charging(PCC) proposed by the Next Generation Mobile Network(NGMN) forum,i.e.cooperative resource control architecture for heterogeneous networks,represents an evolutional sign post for resource control technology for heterogeneous network architecture.

Network of Architecture Roads

In the literature that follows the history and theory of architecture,architecture is mainly studied from the aspect of disposition,construction and materialization“in itself”,sporadically establishing the“originality”(first appearance)of certain dimensions of architectural solutions and their connection with solutions from previous historical epochs.The title of this work(Network of Architectural Paths)suggests the simultaneous uniqueness(authenticity)of people and their culture throughout the planet Earth and comprehensiveness(universality)of human ideas and all forms of human creativity.The aim of this work is to show the authenticity of ideas(expressed by architecture)in accordance with the concrete natural and social environment and,at the same time,their mutual connection(networking)on the global world level(Earth).Examples of vernacular architecture in various parts of the world and examples of author’s(contemporary)architecture in other parts of the world that are articulated in the language of the modern era while preserving the concepts of their vernecular“models”are thus compared.The methodological approach in this paper is based on the author’s theory of architecture,which he described and published in his book:Hadrovic,A.(2007).Defining Architectural Space on the Model of the Oriental Style CityHouse in Bosnia and Herzegovina,Serbia,Montenegro,Kosovo and Macedonia,Booksurge,LLC,North Charleston,SC,USA.

Deep Learning Applied to Computational Mechanics:A Comprehensive Review,State of the Art,and the Classics

Three recent breakthroughs due to AI in arts and science serve as motivation:An award winning digital image,protein folding,fast matrix multiplication.Many recent developments in artificial neural networks,particularly deep learning(DL),applied and relevant to computational mechanics(solid,fluids,finite-element technology)are reviewed in detail.Both hybrid and pure machine learning(ML)methods are discussed.Hybrid methods combine traditional PDE discretizations with ML methods either(1)to help model complex nonlinear constitutive relations,(2)to nonlinearly reduce the model order for efficient simulation(turbulence),or(3)to accelerate the simulation by predicting certain components in the traditional integration methods.Here,methods(1)and(2)relied on Long-Short-Term Memory(LSTM)architecture,with method(3)relying on convolutional neural networks.Pure ML methods to solve(nonlinear)PDEs are represented by Physics-Informed Neural network(PINN)methods,which could be combined with attention mechanism to address discontinuous solutions.Both LSTM and attention architectures,together with modern and generalized classic optimizers to include stochasticity for DL networks,are extensively reviewed.Kernel machines,including Gaussian processes,are provided to sufficient depth for more advanced works such as shallow networks with infinite width.Not only addressing experts,readers are assumed familiar with computational mechanics,but not with DL,whose concepts and applications are built up from the basics,aiming at bringing first-time learners quickly to the forefront of research.History and limitations of AI are recounted and discussed,with particular attention at pointing out misstatements or misconceptions of the classics,even in well-known references.Positioning and pointing control of a large-deformable beam is given as an example.

Path Computing Scheme with Low-Latency and Low-Power in Hybrid Cloud-Fog Network for IIoT

With the rapid development of the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT),the traditional centralized cloud processing model has encountered the challenges of high communication latency and high energy consumption in handling industrial big data tasks.This paper aims to propose a low-latency and lowenergy path computing scheme for the above problems.This scheme is based on the cloud-fog network architecture.The computing resources of fog network devices in the fog computing layer are used to complete task processing step by step during the data interaction from industrial field devices to the cloud center.A collaborative scheduling strategy based on the particle diversity discrete binary particle swarm optimization(PDBPSO)algorithm is proposed to deploy manufacturing tasks to the fog computing layer reasonably.The task in the form of a directed acyclic graph(DAG)is mapped to a factory fog network in the form of an undirected graph(UG)to find the appropriate computing path for the task,significantly reducing the task processing latency under energy consumption constraints.Simulation experiments show that this scheme’s latency performance outperforms the strategy that tasks are wholly offloaded to the cloud and the strategy that tasks are entirely offloaded to the edge equipment.

Ultra Dense Satellite-Enabled 6G Networks:Resource Optimization and Interference Management

With the evolution of the sixth generation(6G)mobile communication technology,ample attention has gone to the integrated terrestrial-satellite networks.This paper notes that four typical application scenarios of integrated terrestrial-satellite networks are integrated into ultra dense satellite-enabled 6G networks architecture.Then the subchannel and power allocation schemes for the downlink of the ultra dense satellite-enabled 6G heterogeneous networks are introduced.Satellite mobile edge computing(SMEC)with edge caching in three-layer heterogeneous networks serves to reduce the link traffic of networks.Furthermore,a scheme for interference management is presented,involving quality-of-service(QoS)and co-tier/cross-tier interference constraints.The simulation results show that the proposed schemes can significantly increase the total capacity of ultra dense satellite-enabled 6G heterogeneous networks.

一种面向物联网的无线传感器网络优化部署策略(英文)

This paper proposes an open hierarchical network architecture for the Internet of Things (IoT), which can provide a unified network topology by using heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). With this proposed architecture, our research focuses on the optimal deployment strategy of the nodes on the convergence level. We aim at the maximization of the sub-network's lifetime while minimizing the deployment cost. Meanwhile, a novel metric named as the Ratio of Lifetime to Cost (RLC) is proposed to estimate the efficiency of convergence nodes deployment. Simulation results indicate that the proposed deployment algorithm can achieve the optimal number of convergence nodes. The proposed deployment strategy is able to achieve a balanced tradeoff between the network lifetime and the deployment cost.

5G High Mobility Wireless Communications: Challenges and Solutions

The fifth generation(5G) network is expected to support significantly large amount of mobile data traffic and huge number of wireless connections,to achieve better spectrum- and energy-efficiency,as well as quality of service(QoS) in terms of delay,reliability and security.Furthermore,the 5G network shall also incorporate high mobility requirements as an integral part,providing satisfactory service to users travelling at a speed up to 500 km/h.This paper provides a survey of potential high mobility wireless communication(HMWC) techniques for 5G network.After discussing the typical requirements and challenges of HMWC,key techniques to cope with the challenges are reviewed,including transmission techniques under the fast timevarying channels,network architecture with mobility support,and mobility management.Finally,future research directions on 5G high mobility communications are given.

Mobile Edge Computing and Field Trial Results for 5G Low Latency Scenario

Through enabling the IT and cloud computation capacities at Radio Access Network(RAN),Mobile Edge Computing(MEC) makes it possible to deploy and provide services locally.Therefore,MEC becomes the potential technology to satisfy the requirements of 5G network to a certain extent,due to its functions of services localization,local breakout,caching,computation offloading,network context information exposure,etc.Especially,MEC can decrease the end-to-end latency dramatically through service localization and caching,which is key requirement of 5G low latency scenario.However,the performance of MEC still needs to be evaluated and verified for future deployment.Thus,the concept of MEC is introduced into5 G architecture and analyzed for different 5G scenarios in this paper.Secondly,the evaluation of MEC performance is conducted and analyzed in detail,especially for network end-to-end latency.In addition,some challenges of the MEC are also discussed for future deployment.