鸡胚发育过程N-Cadherin和Neurofilament在脊髓中共表达模式的研究

目的:阐明鸡胚发育过程中神经钙粘蛋白(N-Cadherin)和神经丝蛋白(Neurofilament,NF)在脊髓中表达模式。方法:从鸡胚发育第3天(E3)开始到孵化出壳(P0),分别取材、固定、包埋和冰冻切片,采用荧光免疫组织化学法检测N-Cad-herin和NF蛋白表达时间和位置的变化。结果:在鸡胚发育过程,从E3开始,N-Cadherin在脊髓中便呈现阳性表达,E6-E8时达到高峰,E10开始降低,到出生P0在脊髓灰质中仍然呈阳性,而NF蛋白的表达与N-Cadherin具有相似之处,同样呈现时空性变化,但也存在表达区域差异。结论:N-Cadherin和NF在鸡胚脊髓发育过程的表达呈现时空性变化,在胚胎发育中期出现表达的高峰,随之减弱,直到出生仍然呈一定强度的表达。

鸡胚发育过程N-Cadherin和Neurofilament在视顶盖中的表达模式研究

目的:阐明鸡胚发育过程中神经钙黏蛋白(N-Cadherin)和神经丝蛋白(Neurofilament,NF)在视顶盖中的表达模式。方法:从鸡胚发育第6天(E6)开始到孵化的E20,分别取材、固定、包埋和冰冻切片,采用荧光免疫组织化学法检测N-Cadherin和NF蛋白在视顶盖各层的表达。结果:在鸡胚发育过程中,从E6开始,N-Cadherin和NF便呈强阳性表达,并且表现出明显各层分布的差异,E10-E14时,在NF强表达的区域与N-Cadherin重叠,E14之后NF的表达减弱,N-Cadherin无明显变化。结论:N-Cadherin和NF在鸡胚发育过程视顶盖的表达呈明显的层的分布,二者的表达既存在差异又有重叠。

Neurofilament proteins in axonal regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases

Neurofilament protein is a component of the mature neuronal cytoskeleton, and it interacts with the zygosome, which is mediated by neurofilament-related proteins. Neurofilament protein regulates enzyme function and the structure of linker proteins. In addition, neurofilament gene expression plays an important role in nervous system development. Previous studies have shown that neurofilament gene transcriptional regulation is crucial for neurofilament protein expression, especially in axonal regeneration and degenerative diseases. Post-transcriptional regulation increased neurofilament protein gene transcription during axonal regeneration, ultimately resulting in a pattern of neurofilament protein expression. An expression imbalance of post-transcriptional regulatory proteins and other disorders could lead to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or other neurodegenerative diseases. These findings indicated that after transcription, neurofilament protein regulated expression of related proteins and promoted regeneration of damaged axons, suggesting that regulation disorders could lead to neurodegenerative diseases.

Calcium-dependent proteasome activation is required for axonal neurofilament degradation

Even though many studies have identified roles of proteasomes in axonal degeneration, the mo- lecular mechanisms by which axonal injury regulates proteasome activity are still unclear. In the present study, we found evidence indicating that extracellular calcium influx is an upstream regulator of proteasome activity during axonal degeneration in injured peripheral nerves. In degenerating axons, the increase in proteasome activity and the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins were sig- nificantly suppressed by extracellular calcium chelation. In addition, electron microscopic findings revealed selective inhibition of neurofilament degradation, but not microtubule depolymerization or mitochondrial swelling, by the inhibition of calpain and proteasomes. Taken together, our findings suggest that calcium increase and subsequent proteasome activation are an essential initiator of neurofilament degradation in Wallerian degeneration.

Neuronal apoptosis and neurofilament protein expression in the lateral geniculate body of cats following acute optic nerve injuries

The visual pathway have 6 parts, involving optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiation and cortical striatum area. Corresponding changes may be found in these 6 parts following optic nerve injury. At present, studies mainly focus on optic nerve and retina, but studies on lateral geniculate body are few. OBJECTIVE： To prepare models of acute optic nerve injury for observing the changes of neurons in lateral geniculate body, expression of neurofilament protein at different time after injury and cell apoptosis under the optical microscope, and for investigating the changes of neurons in lateral geniculate body following acute optic nerve injury. DESIGN： Completely randomized grouping design, controlled animal experiment. SETTING： Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ji＇nan Military Area Command of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS： Twenty-eight adult healthy cats of either gender and common grade, weighing from 2.0 to 3.5 kg, were provided by the Animal Experimental Center of Fudan University. The involved cats were divided into 2 groups according to table of random digit： normal control group （n=3） and model group （n=25）. Injury 6 hours, l, 3, 7 and 14 days five time points were set in model group for later observation, 5 cats at each time point. TUNEL kit （Bohringer-Mannheim company ）and NF200＆ Mr 68 000 mouse monoclonal antibody （NeoMarkers Company） were used in this experiment. METHODS： This experiment was carded out in the Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ji＇nan Military Area Command of Chinese PLA between June 2004 and June 2005.① The cats of model group were developed into cat models of acute intracranial optic nerve injury as follows： The anesthetized cats were placed in lateral position. By imitating operation to human, pterion approach was used. An incision was made at the joint line between outer canthus and tragus, and deepened along cranial base until white optic nerve via optic nerve pore and further to brain tissue. Optic nerve about 3 mm was liberated and occluded by noninvasive vascular clamp for 20 s. After removal of noninvasive vascular clamp, the area compressed by optic nerve was hollowed and narrowed, but non-fractured. Skull was closed when haemorrhage was not found. Bilateral pupillary size, direct and indirect light reflect were observed. Operative side pupil was enlarged as compared with opposite side, direct light reflect disappeared and indirect light reflect existed, which indicated that the models were successful. Animals of control group were not modeled .② The animals in the control group and model group were sacrificed before and 6 hours, 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after modeling respectively. Lateral geniculate body sample was taken and performed haematoxylin ＆ eosin staining. Immunohistochemical staining showed lateral geniculate body neurofilament protein expression, and a comparison of immunohistochemial staining results was made between experimental group and control group. Terminal deoxynucleo-tidyl transferase （TdT）-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling （TUNEL） was used to label apoptotic cells in lateral geniculate body. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Neuronal morphological change, neurofilament protein expression and cell apoptosis in lateral geniculate body following acute optic nerve injury. RESULTS： Twenty-eight involved cats entered the final analysis. ① Histological observation results： In the control group, cell processes were obviously found, which were few or shortening in the model group. ② Neuronal neurofilament protein expression： Cells in lateral geniculate body in the control group and at 6 hours after injury presented clear strip-shaped staining, and those at 7 and 14 days presented irregular distribution without layers and obviously decreasing staining intensity. The positive rate of neurofilament protein in lateral geniculate body in control group and 6 hours, l, 3, 7 and 14 days after injury was （ 10.22±0.42） %, （10.03±0.24） %, （9.94±0.14） %, （9.98±0.22） %, （8.18±0.34） % and （6.37±0.18）%, respectively. Positive rate of neurofilament protein in control group, at 6 hours, 1 or 3 days after injury was significantly different from that at 7 days after injury （P 〈 0.05）; Positive rate of neurofilament protein in control group, at 6 hours, 1, 3 or 7 days after injury was significantly different from that at 14 days after injury （P 〈 0.05）. It indicated that neuronal injury in lateral geniculate body was not obvious within short term after optic nerve injury, but obvious at 7 days after injury and progressively aggravated until at 14 days after injury.③ Neuronal apoptosis： TUNEL staining showed that neuronal apoptosis in lateral geniculate body appeared at 7 days after injury, and a Lot of neuronal apoptosis in lateral geniculate body was found at 14 days after injury. It indicated that neuronal injury in lateral geniculate body was related to apoptosis. CONCLUSION： In short term after optic nerve injury （within 7 days）, nerve injury of lateral geniculate body is not obvious, then, it will aggravate with the elongation of injury time. The occurrence of neuronal iniury of lateral geniculate body is related to the apoptosis of nerve cells.

Current application of neurofilaments in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and future perspectives

Motor neuron disease includes a heterogeneous group of relentless progressive neurological disorders defined and characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is the most common and aggressive form of motor neuron disease with no effective treatment so far.Unfortunately,diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are lacking in clinical practice.Neurofilaments are fundamental structural components of the axons and neurofilament light chain and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain can be measured in both cerebrospinal fluid and serum.Neurofilament light chain and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain levels are elevated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,reflecting the extensive damage of motor neurons and axons.Hence,neurofilaments are now increasingly recognized as the most promising candidate biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.The potential usefulness of neurofilaments regards various aspects,including diagnosis,prognosis,patient stratification in clinical trials and evaluation of treatment response.In this review paper,we review the body of literature about neurofilaments measurement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.We also discuss the open issues concerning the use of neurofilaments clinical practice,as no overall guideline exists to date;finally,we address the most recent evidence and future perspectives.

Growth associated protein 43 and neurofilament immunolabeling in the transected lumbar spinal cord of lizard indicates limited axonal regeneration

Previous cytological studies on the transected lumbar spinal cord of lizards have shown the presence of differentiating glial cells,few neurons and axons in the bridge region between the proximal and distal stumps of the spinal cord in some cases.A limited number of axons(20-50)can cross the bridge and re-connect the caudal stump of the spinal cord with small neurons located in the rostral stump of the spinal cord.This axonal regeneration appears to be related to the recovery of hind-limb movements after initial paralysis.The present study extends previous studies and shows that after transection of the lumbar spinal cord in lizards,a glial-connective tissue bridge that reconnects the rostral and caudal stumps of the interrupted spinal cord is formed at 11-34 days post-injury.Following an initial paralysis some recovery of hindlimb movements occurs within 1-3 months post-injury.Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis for a growth associated protein 43(GAP-43)of 48-50 k Da shows that sparse GAP-43 positive axons are present in the proximal stump of the spinal cord but their number decreased in the bridge at 11-34 days post-transection.Few immunolabeled axons with a neurofilament protein of 200-220 k Da were seen in the bridge at 11-22 days post-transection but their number increased at 34 days and 3 months post-amputation in lizards that have recovered some hindlimb movements.Numerous neurons in the rostral and caudal stumps of the spinal cord were also labeled for GAP43,a cytoplasmic protein that is trans-located into their axonal growth cones.This indicates that GAP-43 biosynthesis is related to axonal regeneration and sprouting from neurons that were damaged by the transection.Taken together,previous studies that utilized tract-tracing technique to label the present observations confirm that a limited axonal re-connection of the transected spinal cord occurs 1-3 months post-injury in lizards.The few regenerating-sprouting axons within the bridge reconnect the caudal with the rostral stumps of the spinal cord,and likely contribute to activate the neural circuits that sustain the limited but important recovery of hind-limb movements after initial paralysis.The surgical procedures utilized in the study followed the regulations on animal care and experimental procedures under the Italian Guidelines(art.5,DL 116/92).

Oxidative phosphorylated neurofilament protein M protects spinal cord against ischemia/reperfusion injury

Previous studies have shown that neurofilament protein M expression is upregulated in the early stage of spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury, indicating that this protein may play a role in the injury process. In the present study, we compared protein expression in spinal cord tissue of rabbits after 25 minutes of ischemia followed by 0, 12, 24, or 48 hours of reperfusion with that of sham operated rabbits, using proteomic two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spec- trometry. In addition, the nerve repair-related neurofilament protein M with the unregulated expression was detected with immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Two-dimen- sional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry showed that, compared with the sham group, upregulation of protein expression was most significant in the spinal cords of rabbits that had undergone ischemia and 24 hours of reperfusion. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that neurofilament protein M was located in the membrane and cytoplasm of neuronal soma and axons at each time point after injury. Western blot analysis showed that neurofilament protein M expression increased with reperfusion time until it peaked at 24 hours and returned to baseline level after 48 hours. Furthermore, neurofilament protein M is phosphorylated under oxidative stress, and expression changes were parallel for the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms. Neurofilament protein M plays an important role in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury, and its functions are achieved through oxidative phosphorylation.

Effect of GSK-3 Overactivation on Neurofilament Phosphorylation

In this study, we studied the effect of glycogen synthase kinase-3 （GSK-3） overactivation on neurofilament phosphorylation in cultured cells. After N2a cells were treated with the specific inhibitor （wortmannin） of phosphomosnol-3 kinase （PI-3K） or treated with wortmannin and the specific inhibitor （LiCl） of glycogen synthase kinase-3 （GSK-3）, GSK-3 activity and neurofilament phosphorylation were detected by using GSK-3 activity assay, Western blots and immunofluoresence. Our results showed that after treatment of N2a cells with wortmannin for 1 h, overactivation of GSK-3 caused a reduced staining with antibody SMI32 and an enhanced staining with antibody SMI31. When N2a cells were treated with wortmannin and LiCl, the activity of GSK-3 was reduced substantially. At the same time, the phosphorylation of neurofilament was also reduced. The study demonstrated that overactivation of GSK-3 induced hyperphosphorylation of neurofilament and suggested that in vitro overactivation of GSK-3 resulted in neurofilament hyperphosphorylation and this may be the underlying mechanism for Alzheimer＇s disease.

Neurofilament 200 expression in a rat model of complete spinal cord injury following growth-associated protein-43 treatment

BACKGROUND： Growth-associated protein-43 （GAP-43） expression in the nervous system has been demonstrated to promote neural regeneration, neuronal growth and development, as well as synaptic reconstruction. Neurofilament 200 （NF200） expression could reflect degree of injury and repair in injured spinal axons. OBJECTIVE： To observe NF200 expression changes in a rat model of complete spinal cord injury following GAP-43 treatment and to explore the effects of GAP-43 following spinal cord injury. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Histology and Embryology of Kunming Medical University between March 2007 and October 2008. MATERIALS： GAP-43 and GAP-43 antibody were provided by Beijing Boao Biology, China; mouse anti-rat NF200 antibody was purchased from Chemicon, USA. METHODS： Female, 8-week-old, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into three groups following complete spinal cord injury, with 20 animals in each group： GAP-43 antibody, GAP-43, and model groups. In addition, each group was subdivided into four subgroups according to sampling time after modeling, Le., 3-, 5-, 9-, and 15-day groups, with 5 rats in each group. GAP-43 antibody or GAP-43 was injected into injury sites of the spinal cord, 5 μg/0.2 mL, respectively, twice daily for three consecutive days, followed by three additional days of injection, once daily. The model group did not receive any treatment following injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： NF200 expression in the damaged spinal area at different stages was detected by immunohistochemistry; lower limb motion function following injury was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan （BBB） locomotor rating scale. RESULTS： NF200 expression was significantly reduced in the GAP-43 antibody group, compared with GAP-43 and model groups, at 3 and 5 days after spinal cord injury （P 〈 0.05）. In addition, the model group expressed significantly less NF200 than the GAP-43 group （P 〈 0.05）. BBB scores from the GAP-43 antibody and model groups were remarkably less than the GAP-43 group （P 〈 0.05）. At 9 and 15 days of injury after drug withdrawal, NF200 expression was increased in the GAP-43 antibody group, and NF200 expression and BBB scores in the GAP-43 antibody and GAP-43 groups were significantly greater than in the model group （P 〈 0.05）. In particular, the GAP-43 group exhibited greater BBB scores than the GAP-43 antibody group at day 9 （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： GAP-43 promoted NF200 expression and recovery of lower limb function. Early administration of GAP-43 antibody produced reversible nerve inhibition, which was rapidly restored following withdrawal.

TRPV4-induced Neurofilament Injury Contributes to Memory Impairment after High Intensity and Low Frequency Noise Exposures

Objective Exposure to high intensity, low frequency noise(HI-LFN) causes vibroacoustic disease(VAD),with memory deficit as a primary non-auditory symptomatic effect of VAD. However, the underlying mechanism of the memory deficit is unknown. This study aimed to characterize potential mechanisms involving morphological changes of neurons and nerve fibers in the hippocampus, after exposure to HILFN.Methods Adult wild-type and transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 4 knockout(TRPV4^(-/-)) mice were used for construction of the HI-LFN injury model. The new object recognition task and the Morris water maze test were used to measure the memory of these animals. Hemoxylin and eosin and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine morphological changes of the hippocampus after exposure to HI-LFN.Results The expression of TRPV4 was significantly upregulated in the hippocampus after HI-LFN exposure. Furthermore, memory deficits correlated with lower densities of neurons and neurofilamentpositive nerve fibers in the cornu ammonis 1(CA1) and dentate gyrus(DG) hippocampal areas in wildtype mice. However, TRPV4^(-/-)mice showed better performance in memory tests and more integrated neurofilament-positive nerve fibers in the CA1 and DG areas after HI-LFN exposure.Conclusion TRPV4 up-regulation induced neurofilament positive nerve fiber injury in the hippocampus,which was a possible mechanism for memory impairment and cognitive decline resulting from HI-LFN exposure. Together, these results identified a promising therapeutic target for treating cognitive dysfunction in VAD patients.

外胚层间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡促进神经元轴突的伸长

背景:神经元轴突损伤可致神经功能障碍,促进轴突伸长有望在神经系统疾病治疗中发挥重要作用。目的:探究外胚层间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡(ectomesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles,EMSC-EVs)能否促进神经元轴突伸长。方法:(1)组织贴壁法获取鼻黏膜来源外胚层间充质干细胞,免疫荧光鉴定特异性标志物;超速离心法获取EMSC-EVs并进行鉴定;(2)EMSC-EVs(0,0.5,1.0,1.5 mg/mL)与PC12细胞共孵育72 h,CCK-8分析EMSC-EVs对PC12细胞的细胞毒性及增殖作用;(3)EMSC-EVs(1.0 mg/mL)与PC12细胞或神经元共孵育72 h,显微镜下观察轴突长度变化,实时荧光定量PCR及Western blot分析轴突相关标志物微管蛋白β3(早期)、生长相关蛋白43(中期)和神经丝蛋白200(成熟)表达变化,以探究EMSC-EVs是否能够促进PC12细胞或神经元轴突伸长。结果与结论:(1)所获取外胚层间充质干细胞大部分呈长梭形,少数呈不规则形,高表达间充质干细胞特异性标记物Nestin、CD44及Vimentin;所获取EMSC-EVs符合细胞外囊泡的生物学标准;(2)在0.5-1.5 mg/mL质量浓度范围内,EMSC-EVs促进PC12细胞增殖,且随浓度增加而增强;(3)EMSC-EVs促进PC12细胞及神经元轴突长度增加,促进轴突相关标志物微管蛋白β3、生长相关蛋白43和神经丝蛋白200的表达。这些结果说明,EMSC-EVs能够促进神经元轴突伸长。

Blood diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative disease for which the current treatment approaches remain severely limited.The principal pathological alterations of the disease include the selective degeneration of motor neurons in the brain,brainstem,and spinal cord,as well as abnormal protein deposition in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells.The biological markers under extensive scrutiny are predominantly located in the cerebrospinal fluid,blood,and even urine.Among these biomarke rs,neurofilament proteins and glial fibrillary acidic protein most accurately reflect the pathologic changes in the central nervous system,while creatinine and creatine kinase mainly indicate pathological alterations in the peripheral nerves and muscles.Neurofilament light chain levels serve as an indicator of neuronal axonal injury that remain stable throughout disease progression and are a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker with high specificity and sensitivity.However,there are challenges in using neurofilament light chain to diffe rentiate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from other central nervous system diseases with axonal injury.Glial fibrillary acidic protein predominantly reflects the degree of neuronal demyelination and is linked to non-motor symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis such as cognitive impairment,oxygen saturation,and the glomerular filtration rate.TAR DNA-binding protein 43,a pathological protein associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,is emerging as a promising biomarker,particularly with advancements in exosome-related research.Evidence is currently lacking for the value of creatinine and creatine kinase as diagnostic markers;however,they show potential in predicting disease prognosis.Despite the vigorous progress made in the identification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarkers in recent years,the quest for definitive diagnostic and prognostic biomarke rs remains a formidable challenge.This review summarizes the latest research achievements concerning blood biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that can provide a more direct basis for the differential diagnosis and prognostic assessment of the disease beyond a reliance on clinical manifestations and electromyography findings.

Insights into spinal muscular atrophy from molecular biomarkers

Spinal muscular atrophy is a devastating motor neuron disease characterized by severe cases of fatal muscle weakness.It is one of the most common genetic causes of mortality among infants aged less than 2 years.Biomarker research is currently receiving more attention,and new candidate biomarkers are constantly being discovered.This review initially discusses the evaluation methods commonly used in clinical practice while briefly outlining their respective pros and cons.We also describe recent advancements in research and the clinical significance of molecular biomarkers for spinal muscular atrophy,which are classified as either specific or non-specific biomarkers.This review provides new insights into the pathogenesis of spinal muscular atrophy,the mechanism of biomarkers in response to drug-modified therapies,the selection of biomarker candidates,and would promote the development of future research.Furthermore,the successful utilization of biomarkers may facilitate the implementation of gene-targeting treatments for patients with spinal muscular atrophy.

Storage time affects the level and diagnostic efficacy of plasma biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases

Several promising plasma biomarker proteins,such as amyloid-β(Aβ),tau,neurofilament light chain,and glial fibrillary acidic protein,are widely used for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.However,little is known about the long-term stability of these biomarker proteins in plasma samples stored at-80°C.We aimed to explore how storage time would affect the diagnostic accuracy of these biomarkers using a large cohort.Plasma samples from 229 cognitively unimpaired individuals,encompassing healthy controls and those experiencing subjective cognitive decline,as well as 99 patients with cognitive impairment,comprising those with mild cognitive impairment and dementia,were acquired from the Sino Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Decline project.These samples were stored at-80°C for up to 6 years before being used in this study.Our results showed that plasma levels of Aβ42,Aβ40,neurofilament light chain,and glial fibrillary acidic protein were not significantly correlated with sample storage time.However,the level of total tau showed a negative correlation with sample storage time.Notably,in individuals without cognitive impairment,plasma levels of total protein and tau phosphorylated protein threonine 181(p-tau181)also showed a negative correlation with sample storage time.This was not observed in individuals with cognitive impairment.Consequently,we speculate that the diagnostic accuracy of plasma p-tau181 and the p-tau181 to total tau ratio may be influenced by sample storage time.Therefore,caution is advised when using these plasma biomarkers for the identification of neurodegenerative diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease.Furthermore,in cohort studies,it is important to consider the impact of storage time on the overall results.

儿童吉兰-巴雷综合征脑脊液神经丝蛋白轻链特点分析

目的探讨脑脊液神经丝蛋白轻链(NfL)对儿童吉兰-巴雷综合征(GBS)患者早期诊断及预后的评估价值。方法回顾性分析2020年11月至2022年5月收治的GBS患儿的临床资料,选择同期诊断为偏头痛、儿童情绪障碍患者作为对照组,比较两组脑脊液-NfL水平,分析脑脊液-NfL水平与临床特征的相关性。结果GBS组患儿26例,男14例、女12例,中位年龄5.0(3.8~8.0)岁;对照组48例,男30例、女18例,中位年龄8.0(5.0~9.0)岁。入院时GBS组脑脊液-NfL和脑脊液蛋白水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。联合检测脑脊液-NfL和蛋白早期诊断GBS的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为92.3%、95.8%、92.3%、95.8%和94.6%。入院时GBS患儿脑脊液蛋白水平及疾病高峰时Hughes评分均与脑脊液-NfL水平呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。预后不良组患儿脑脊液-NfL水平显著高于预后良好组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脑脊液-NfL与脑脊液蛋白水平、疾病严重程度及短期预后相关,对于早期辅助诊断GBS、评估短期预后有一定帮助。

血清AQP4、NFL、BAFF水平与癫痫患儿认知功能的相关性及其对认知功能损害的评估价值

目的探讨癫痫患儿血清水通道蛋白4(AQP4)、神经丝轻链蛋白(NFL)、B细胞活化因子(BAFF)水平与认知功能的相关性及其对认知功能损害的评估价值。方法选取2020年5月至2023年5月周口市中心医院收治的126例癫痫患儿作为研究对象,依据蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)分为认知损害组58例和认知正常组68例,同时选取同期体检正常儿童42例作为对照组。比较三组受检者的血清AQP4、NFL、BAFF水平;采用Pearson法分析血清AQP4、NFL、BAFF水平与国立医院癫痫发作严重程度量表(NHS3)、MoCA评分的相关性;采用多因素Logistic回归分析认知功能损害的影响因素,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)及曲线下面积(AUC)分析血清AQP4、NFL、BAFF水平对认知功能损害的评估价值。结果认知损害组患者的血清AQP4水平明显低于认知正常组和对照组,且认知正常组明显低于对照组,认知损害组患者的血清NFL、BAFF水平则明显高于认知正常组和对照组,且认知正常组明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);认知损害组患者的NHS3评分为(14.25±3.75)分,明显高于认知正常组的(10.08±3.16)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);经Pearson法分析结果显示,AQP4与MoCA评分呈正相关(r=0.528,P<0.05),与NHS3评分呈负相关(r=-0.429,P<0.05),而NFL、BAFF与MoCA评分呈负相关(r=-0.438、-0.501,P<0.05),NFL、BAFF与NHS3评分呈正相关(r=0.442、0.538,P<0.05);经多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,全面性发作、发作频率升高、AQP4水平降低及NFL、BAFF水平升高均为认知功能损害的危险因素(P<0.05);经ROC分析结果显示,血清AQP4、NFL、BAFF、AQP4+NFL、AQP4+BAFF、BAFF+NFL、AQP4+NFL+BAFF评估认知功能损害的AUC分别为0.716、0.705、0.786、0.834、0.818、0.828、0.940,且AQP4+NFL+BAFF评估认知功能损害的AUC明显大于任意两项指标联合评估、单独指标评估(P<0.05)。结论癫痫患儿认知功能损害者血清AQP4水平降低,血清NFL、BAFF水平升高,其与癫痫发作严重程度密切相关,且为认知功能损害的影响因素,联合检测其水平对认知功能损害的评估具有临床意义。

血清神经丝轻链蛋白与认知障碍的相关性研究

目的 研究包括轻度认知障碍(MCI)、阿尔茨海默病(AD)、血管性痴呆(VD)诊断在内的认知障碍疾病中血清神经丝轻链蛋白(NFL)水平测定的临床意义。方法 收集门诊及住院确诊认知功能障碍的住院患者,根据纳入及排除标准分为MCI组47例、 AD组46例、 VD组43例及在门诊体检的健康人群45例作为正常对照组,其中AD组及VD组根据病情严重程度分为轻度组及中重度组,所有患者在确诊后当天进行认知功能评价,在确诊后第二天清晨行血清NFL检查。结果 4组之间的血清NFL水平的比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);组间两两比较中,MCI组和AD组的血清NFL水平之间的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);亚组分析中AD组轻度痴呆患者与中重度痴呆患者的血清NFL水平的比较,中重度痴呆患者的血清NFL水平高于轻度痴呆患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);VD组轻度痴呆患者与中重度痴呆患者的血清NFL水平的比较,中重度痴呆患者的血清NFL水平高于轻度痴呆患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 血清NFL水平检测在临床中可以作为AD及VD早期诊断和病情严重程度判断的外周血生物标志物。

神经丝轻链蛋白与2型糖尿病认知功能障碍关系的研究进展

2型糖尿病(T2DM)代谢异常可造成中枢神经系统的损害,从而导致认知功能下降。神经丝轻链蛋白(NFL)作为神经元轴突损伤的血液标志物,与认知功能障碍发病显著相关,并受肾功能的影响,可通过炎症反应、血脑屏障的破坏、小胶质细胞和神经元的交互作用、Tau蛋白磷酸化等参与T2DM认知功能障碍的发生发展。本文将对NFL参与T2DM认知障碍发生发展的病理生理机制和NFL与T2DM肾功能的相关性进行综述,为早期诊断和治疗T2DM患者认知功能障碍提供依据。

抗神经丝重链抗体相关脑炎一例并文献复习

目的 报告国内首例抗神经丝重链抗体相关脑炎病例,并复习相关文献,总结抗神经丝重链抗体相关脑炎的临床特征。方法与结果 1例63岁女性抗神经丝重链抗体相关脑炎患者临床表现为认知功能障碍、反复癫痫发作、失语;头部MRI显示双侧额顶叶多发异常信号,部分脑回略肿胀,幕上脑室系统扩张,脑萎缩以双侧颞叶、海马为甚;18F-DPA714 PET/MRI显示额颞顶枕叶多脑区局灶性摄取异常增高,提示神经炎症;脑电图呈频繁痫样放电;脑脊液白细胞计数和葡萄糖升高,血清和脑脊液自身免疫性脑炎相关抗体阴性,血清TBA法显示小脑神经丝样荧光包绕浦肯野细胞,进一步检测抗神经丝蛋白抗体,血清抗神经丝重链抗体强阳性(1∶1000)。临床诊断为抗神经丝重链抗体相关脑炎,予静脉注射免疫球蛋白和甲泼尼龙治疗,预后改善。结论 抗神经丝重链抗体相关脑炎临床罕见,临床表现多样,早期诊断与鉴别诊断困难,早期予以免疫治疗对预后至关重要。