Identification and Pathogen Stimulation Patterns of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase(nNOS)in Black Rockfish(Sebastes schlegelii)

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS)was the producer of nitric oxide(NO)which played important gas messenger molecules in biological process.It also can take effect as immune regulation molecule in organism.Black rockfish(Sebastes schlegelii)is an important economic fish which were widely farmed in East Asia countries.Meanwhile,the pathogenic bacteria such as the Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio anguillarum in seawater always brought serious obstacles to their healthy growth.In order to explore the expression pattern of n NOS gene under the pathogen stimulation and predict its immune function,the n NOS gene in black rockfish named Ssn NOS was identified.It was 3780 bp in length,located on chromosome 6,and contained 27 coding domain sequence(CDs).According to the phylogenetic analysis,the Ssn NOS showed closest relative to the counterpart gene of swamp eel(Monopterus albus).Meanwhile,analysis of Ssn NOS expression in various healthy tissues showed that Ssn NOS expression level was highest in healthy brain tissues,followed by intestinal tissues.In addition,Ssn NOS showed significant expression changes in response to stimulation by two pathogens.Particular in gill,the expression of Ssn NOS after pathogenic stimulation increased significantly.The Elisa analysis showed the Ssn NOS content in gills was much higher than that in other tissues at all time points.Moreover,the expression patterns of Ssn NOS in brain,intestine and kidney after stimulation by pathogens showed a distinct expression pattern which first down-regulated and then up-regulated.Therefore,the Ssn NOS may be an important signaling molecule for fish to respond rapidly in immune stimulation.

Role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in stress-induced depression

BACKGROUND： Accumulated evidence indicates an important role for hippocampal dendrite atrophy in development of depression, while brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） participates in hippocampal dendrite growth. OBJECTIVE： To discuss the role of BDNF and neuronal nitric oxide synthase （nNOS） in chronic and unpredictable stress-induced depression and the pathogenesis of depression. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Randomized, controlled animal experiment. The experiment was carded out from October 2006 to May 2007 at the Department of Animal Physiology, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University. MATERIALS： Thirty-seven male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g at the beginning of the experiment were obtained from Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine （Xi＇an, China）. BDNF antibody and nNOS antibody were provided by Santa Cruz （USA）. K252a （BDNF inhibitor） and 7-NI （nNOS inhibitor） were provided by Sigma （USA）. METHODS： Animals were randomly divided into five groups： Control group, chronic unpredicted mild stress （CUMS） group, K252a group, K252a＋7-NI group and 7-NI＋CUMS group. While the Control, K252a and K252a＋7-NI groups of rats not subjected to stress had free access to food and water, other groups of rats were subjected to nine stressors randomly applied for 21 days, with each stressor applied 2-3 times. On days 1, 7, 14 and 21 during CUMS, rats received microinjection of 1 μL of physiological saline in the Control and CUMS groups, 1 ~ L of K252a in the K252a group, 1 μL of K252a and 7-NI in the K252a＋7-NI group, and 1 μL of 7-NI in the 7-NI＋CUMS group. We observed a variety of alterations in sucrose preference, body weight change, open field test and forced swimming test, and observed the expression of BDNF and nNOS in rat hippocampus by immunohistochemistry; MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ① A variety.of behavioral alterations of rats; ② The expression of BDNF and nNOS in rat hippocampus. RESULTS： Compared with the Control group, the behavior of the CUMS rats was significantly depressed, the expression of BDNF decreased （P 〈 0.01） but the expression of nNOS increased （P 〈 0.01）. The behavior of rats given intra-hippocampal injection of BDNF inhibitor was significantly depressed and the expression of nNOS was significantly increased （P 〈 0.01）. Intra-hippocampal injections of an nNOS inhibitor reversed the depression-like behavioral changes induced by CUMS or intra-hippocampal injection of BDNF inhibitor. CONCLUSION： CUMS induced a decrease in expression of BDNF and an increase in expression of NO in the hippocampus, which may lead to depression.

Role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and inducible nitric oxide synthase in intestinal injury in neonatal rats

AIM： TO investigate the dynamic change and role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase （nNOS） and inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） in neonatal rat with intestinal injury and to define whether necrotizing enterocolitis （NEC） is associated with the levels of nitric oxide synthase （NOS） in the mucosa of the affected intestine tissue. METHODS： Wistar rats less than 24 h in age received an intraperitoneal injection with 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. Ileum tissues were collected at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h following LPS challenge for histological evaluation of NEC and for measurements of nNOS and iNOS. The correlation between the degree of intestinal injury and levels of NOS was determined. RESULTS： The LPS-injected increase in injury scores pups showed a significant versus the control. The expression of nNOS protein and mRNA was diminished after LPS injection. There was a negative significant correlation between the nNOS protein and the grade of median intestinal injury within 24 h. The expression of iNOS protein and mRNA was significantly increased in the peak of intestinal injury. CONCLUSION： nNOS and iNOS play different roles in LPS-induced intestinal injury. Caution should be exerted concerning potential therapeutic uses of NOS inhibitors in NEC.

Targeting neuronal nitric oxide synthase as a valuable strategy for the therapy of neurological disorders

The management of neurological disorders have huge and increasing human and economic costs. Despite this, there is a scarcity of effective therapeutics, and there is an extreme urgency for new and real treatments. In this short review we analyze some promising advancements in the search of new bioactive molecules targeting neuronal nitric oxide synthase （nNOS）, an enzyme deputed to the biosynthesis of nitric oxide （NO）. In different conditions of neuronal damages, this molecule is overproduced, contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of neuronal diseases. Two main approaches to modulate nNOS are discussed： a first one consisting in the direct inhibition of the enzyme by means of small organic molecules, which can be also active against other different targets involved in such diseases. A second section is dedicated to molecules able to prevent the formation of the ternary complex N-methyl-D-aspartate （NMDA）type glutamate receptors, postsynaptic density-95 （PSD95） protein-nNOS, which is necessary to activate the latter for the biosynthesis of NO.

Changes of learning and memory ability associated with neuronal nitric oxide synthase in brain tissues of rats with acute alcoholism

BACKGROUD： Ethanol can influence neural development and the ability of leaming and memory, but its mechanism of the neural toxicity is not clear till now. Endogenous nitric oxide （NO） as a gaseous messenger is proved to play an important role in the formation of synaptic plasticity, transference of neuronal information and the neural development, but excessive nitro oxide can result in neurotoxicity. OBJECTIVE ： To observe the effects of acute alcoholism on the learning and memory ability and the content of neuronal nitric oxide synthase （nNOS） in brain tissue of rats. DESIGN ： A randomized controlled animal experiment. SETTING ： Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical College MATERIALS： Eighteen male clean-degree SD rats of 18-22 weeks were raised adaptively for 2 days, and then randomly divided into control group （n = 8） and experimental group （n = 10）. The nNOS immunohistochemical reagent was provided by Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co.,Ltd. Y-maze was produced by Suixi Zhenghua Apparatus Plant. METHODS ： The experiment was carded out in the laboratory of the Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical College from June to October in 2005. ① Rats in the experimental group were intraperitoneally injected with ethanol （2.5 g/kg） which was dissolved in normal saline （20%）. The loss of righting reflex and ataxia within 5 minutes indicated the successful model. Whereas rats in the control group were given saline of the same volume. ② Examinations of learning and memory ability： The Y-maze tests for learning and memory ability were performed at 6 hours after the models establishment. The rats were put into the Y-maze separately. The test was performed in a quiet and dark room. There was a lamp at the end of each of three pathways in Y-maze and the base of maze had electric net. All the lamps of the three pathways were turned on for 3 minutes and then turned off. One lamp was turned on randomly, and the other two delayed automatically. In 5 seconds after alternation, pulsating electric current presented in the base of unsafe area to stimulate rat＇s feet to run to the safe area. The lighting lasted for 15 seconds as one test. Running from unsafe area to safe area at one time in 10 seconds was justified as successful. Such test was repeated for 10 times for each rat and the successful frequency was recorded. The qualified standard of maze test was that the rat ardved in the safe area g times during 10 experiments. The number of trainings for the qualified standard was used to represent the result of spatial learning. ③ Determination of the content of nNOS in brain tissue： After the Y-maze test, the rats were anaesthetized, and blood was let from the incision on right auricle, transcardially perfused via the left ventricle with about 200 mL saline, then fixed by perfusion of 40 g/L paraformaldehyde. Hippocampal CA1 region, corpus striatum and cerebellum were taken to prepare serial freezing coronal sections. The nNOS contents in the brain regions were determined with the immunohistochemical methods to reflect the changes of nitdc oxide in brain tissue. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： The changes of learning and memory ability and the changes of the nNOS contents in the brain tissue of rats with acute alcoholism were observed. RESULTS ： One rat in the experimental group was excluded due to its slow reaction to electdc stimulation in the Y-maze test, and the other 17 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① The training times to reach qualifying standards of Y-maze in the expedmental group was more than that in the control group [（34.33 ±13.04）, （27.50±8.79） times, P〈 0.05]. ② Forms and numbers of nNOS positive neurons in brain tissue： It could be observed under light microscope that in the hippocampal CA1 region, there were fewer nNOS positive neurons, which were lightly stained, and the processes were not clear enough; But the numbers of the positive neurons which were deeply stained as huffy were obviously increased in the experimental group, the cell body and cyloplasm of process were evenly stained, but the nucleus was not stained. The nNOS positive neurons in corpus stdatum had similar forms and size in the experimental group and control group. The form of the nNOS positive neurons in cerebellum were similar between the two groups. The numbers of nNOS positive neurons in hippocampal CA1 region and corpus striatum in the expedmental group [（18.22±7.47）, （11.38±5.00） cells/high power field] were obviously higher than those in the control group [（10.15±4.24）, （6.15±3.69） cells/high power field. The number of nNOS positive neurons in cerebellum had no significant difference between the two groups [（49.56±18.84）, （44.43±15.42） cells/high power field, P〉 0.05]. CONCLUSION ： Acute alcoholism may impair learning and memory ability, and nitric oxide may be involved in mediating the neurotoxic role of ethanol.

Role of hippocampal neuronal nitric oxide synthase in epilepsy

OBJECTIVE To study the function of neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS) in the dentate gyrus(DG) in the pathology of epilepsy.METHODS The expression of nNOS in the DG was measured by qPCR and Western blotting in mice 3 and 12 h,1,7,14,and 60 d after treatment with pilocarpine(280 mg·kg-1,ip,one time).We constructed a type of lentiovirus encoding the full length cDNA of nNOS(LV-nNOS-GFP) and injected it and LV-GFP(1 μL) into the DG of the hippocampus 7 d after pilocarpine-induced seizure.The occurrence of epileptic spikes and spontaneous seizure(SRS)were monitored through electroencephalo-graph(EEG) and the protein expression was confirmed by Western blotting.We also constructed a lentioviral vehicle to interfere the expression of nNOS mRNA,which was named as LV-n NOSRNAi-GFP.A volume of 1 μL of LV-nNOS-RNAiGFP or LV-GFP was injected into the DG of the hippocampus 7 d before pilocarpine-induced seizure followed by EEG record and protein detection 2 months later.By EEG,we compared the susceptibility of nNOS knockout and wild-type mice to seizure induction and the development of epilepsy.In addition,we measured the influence of nNOS knockout on the excitability of dentate cells including mEPSC and mIPSC by using patch clamp technique.RESULTS Western blotting and qPCR measurement showed that the mRNA and protein expression of nNOS in the DG was not significantly changed in pilocarpinetreated mice compared with control mice.But the both m RNA and protein expression of nNOS decreased 7,14 and 60 d after treatment with pilocarpine(280 mg·kg-1,ip,one time).With infection of LV-nNOS-GFP in the DG,the decreased level of nNOS was recovered 7 d after seizure induction and the frequency of epileptic spikes and SRS were reversed by nNOS overexpression.We found that nNOS knockout caused a higher susceptive level to seizure induction by pilocarpine.Re-expression of nNOS in the DG of nNOS knockout mice relived the severity of epilepsy.By patch clamp recording,we found that there was no significant difference in the amplitude of mEPSC and mIPSC between nNOS knockout and wild-type mice,but the frequency of mEPSC was increased in nN OS knockout mice.Consistently,knockdown of nNOS by injection of LV-nNOS-RNAi-GFP into the DG caused higher frequency of epileptic spikes and SRS 2 months after pilocarpine-induced seizure.CONCLUSION Neurons expressing nNOS in the DG play an important role in the development of epilepsy.

COLOCALIZATION OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE IN GNRH NEURONS OF RAT FOREBRAIN AND HYPOTHALAMUS

In order to gain more information about the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on GnRH release, double NADPH diaphorase histochemistry GnRH immunohistochemistry staining was used to investigate the morphological relationship between NO synthase (NOS) containing cells and GnRH neurons in the forebrain and hypothalamus of rats. The results showed that some of the GnRH neurons in the diagonal band of Broca, olfactory tubercle and deeper part of temporal cortex had the NOS activity, suggesting GnRH secretion can be rapidly regulated by NO derived from GnRH neurons themselves in an autocrine manner.

Subcellular distribution of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the rat duodenum

AIM:To study the cell-type specific subcellular distribution of the three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase(NOS) in the rat duodenum.METHODS:Postembedding immunoelectronmicroscopy was performed,in which primary antibodies for neuronal NOS(nNOS),endothelial NOS(eNOS),and inducible NOS(iNOS),were visualized with protein A-gold-conjugated secondary antibodies.Stained ultrathin sections were examined and photographed with a Philips CM10 electron microscope equipped with a MEGAVIEW II camera.The specificity of the immunoreaction in all cases was assessed by omitting the primary antibodies in the labeling protocol and incubating the sections only in the protein A-gold conjugated secondary antibodies.RESULTS:Postembedding immunoelectronmicroscopy revealed the presence of nNOS,eNOS,and iNOS immunoreactivity in the myenteric neurons,the enteric smooth muscle cells,and the endothelium of capillariesrunning in the vicinity of the myenteric plexus of the rat duodenum.The cell type-specific distributions of the immunogold particles labeling the three different NOS isozymes were revealed.In the control experiments,in which the primary antiserum was omitted,virtually no postembedding gold particles were observed.CONCLUSION:This postembedding immunoelectronmicroscopic study provided the first evidence of celltype-specific differences in the subcellular distributions of NOS isoforms.

Dose-dependent and combined effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor nitro-L-arginine on the survival of retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters

This study investigated the effects of daily intraperitoneal injections of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor nitro-L-arginine （L-NA） on the survival of retinal ganglion cells （RGCs） at 1 and 2 weeks after unilateral optic nerve transection in adult hamsters. The left optic nerves of all animals were transected intraorbitally 1 mm from the optic disc and RGCs were retrogradely labeled with Fluorogold before they received different daily dosages of single MK-801 or L-NA as well as daily combinational treatments of these two chemicals. All experimental and control animals survived for 1 or 2 weeks after optic nerve transection. Our results revealed that the mean numbers of surviving RGCs increased and then decreased when the dosage of MK-801 （1.0, 3.0 and 4.5 mg/kg） and L-NA （1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mg/kg） increased at both 1 and 2 weeks survival time points. Daily combinational use of 1.0 mg/kg MK-801 and 1.5 mg/kg L-NA lead to a highest RGC number that was even higher than the sum of the RGC numbers in 1.0 mg/kg MK-801 and 1.5 mg/kg L-NA subgroups at 2 weeks. These findings indicated that both MK-801 and L-NA can protect axotomized RGCs in a dose-dependent manner and combinational treatment of these chemicals possesses a potentiative and protective effect.

Effects of melatonin on learning abilities, cholinergic fibers and nitric oxide synthase expression in rat cerebral cortex

BACKGROUND: Melatonin is a kind of hormones derived from pineal gland. Recent researches demonstrate that melatonin is characterized by anti-oxidation, anti-senility and destroying free radicals. While, effect and pathogenesis of pineal gland on learning ability should be further studied. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of pinealectomy on learning abiliy, distribution of cholinesterase and expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in cerebral cortex of rats and probe into the effect of melatonin on learning ability, central cholinergic system and nNOS expression. DESIGN: Randomized grouping design and animal study. SETTING: Department of Neurology, the 187 Hospital of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS: A total of 12 male SD rats, of normal learning ability testing with Y-tape maze, of clean grade, weighing 190-210 g, aged 6 weeks, were selected in this study. METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital from July 1997 to June 2000. All SD rats were divided into experimental group (n =6, pinealectomy) and control group (n =6, sham operation). Seven days later, rats in both two groups were continuously fed for 33 days. ① Learning ability test: The learning ability of rats was tested by trisection Y-type maze and figured as attempting times. ② Expression of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) was detected by enzyme histochemistry and nNOS was measured by SABC method. ③ Quantitative analysis of AchE fibers: AchE fibers density in unit area (surface density) was surveyed with Leica Diaplan microscope and Leica Quantimet 500+ image analytic apparatus and quantitative parameter was set up for AchE fibers covering density (μm2) per 374 693.656 μm2, moreover, the AchE fibers density was measured in Ⅱ-Ⅳ layers of motor and somatosensory cortex (showing three layers per field of vision at one time), in radiative, lacunaria and molecular layers of CA1, CA2 and CA3 areas, and in lamina multiforms of dentate gyrus. Three tissue slices were picked up randomly in the same part of each rat, together six tissue slices for nNOS expression and four near view (× 400) were selected in the parts of right neocortex, medial septal nucleus-diagonal band nucleus (SM-DB), corpus striatus and hippocampus to count nNOS-positive cells. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Learning ability; distribution and quantitative analysis of AchE fibers; expression of nNOS in various cerebral areas. RESULTS: The twelve rats were all involved in the final analysis. ① Learning ability test: The learning abilities before operation in the experimental group [(14.67±4.97) times] were consistent with those in the control group [(14.33±4.32) times, P > 0.05], the learning abilities in the experimental group at 40 days after pinealectomy [(28.67±2.42) times] were obviously more than those before pinealectomy and those in the control group after operation [(13.83±8.33) times, P < 0.01]. ② Results of AchE-positive fibers density in cerebral cortex of rats: The AChE-positive fibers densities in motor and somatosensory cortex, CA1, CA2 and CA3 areas of hippocampus and in lamina multiforms of dentate gyrus in the experimental group were obviously lower than those in the control group [experimental group: (15 244±1 339), (14 764±1 391), (12 991±970), (15 077±1 020), (19 546±1 489), (19 337±1 378) μm2; control group: (21 001±1 021), (17 930±2 225), (17 260±1 342), (18 911±1 048), (24 108±1 671), (22 917±1 909) μm2, P < 0.01]. ③ Expression of nNOS in various cerebral areas: nNOS-positive cells in cerebral cortex of rats of the experimental group were more, furthermore the ones in somatosensory cortex were slightly more in motor cortex and the number (5.90±0.68) was more than that in the control group (3.68±0.39,P < 0.05). The nNOS-positive cells in SM-DB (16.21±2.03) were markedly more than those in the control group (9.32±1.05,P < 0.01). The nNOS-positive cells in hippocampus (4.27±0.75) and in corpus striatus (9.35±2.58) were not different with those in the control group (3.94±0.53, 8.96±2.31, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Decrease of melatonin due to pinealectomy of rats can result in learning disorder, which may be related to trauma of cholinergic neuron in cerebral cortex which were caused by nitric oxide neurotoxicity arose from the overexpression of nNOS in cerebral neocortex and SM-DB.

Research progress on neurobiology of neuronal nitric oxide synthase

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase （nNOS） is mainly expressed in neurons,to some extent in astrocytes and neuronal stem cells.The alternative splicing of nNOS mRNA generates 5 isoforms of nNOS,including nNOS-,nNOS-,nNOS-,nNOS-and nNOS-2.Monomer of nNOS is inactive,and dimer is the active form.Dimerization requires tetrahydrobiopterin （BH 4）,heme and L-arginine binding.Regulation of nNOS expression relies largely on cAMP response element-binding protein （CREB） activity,and nNOS activity is regulated by heat shock protein 90 （HSP90）/HSP70,calmodulin （CaM）,phosphorylation and dephosphorylation at Ser847 and Ser1412,and the protein inhibitor of nNOS （PIN）.There are primarily 9 nNOS-interacting proteins,including post-synaptic density protein 95 （PSD95）,clathrin assembly lymphoid leukemia （CALM）,calcium/calmodulindependent protein kinase II alpha （CAMKIIA）,Disks large homolog 4 （DLG4）,DLG2,6-phosphofructokinase,muscle type （PFK-M）,carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of nNOS （CAPON） protein,syntrophin and dynein light chain （LC）.Among them,PSD95,CAPON and PFK-M are important nNOS adapter proteins in neurons.The interaction of PSD95 with nNOS controls synapse formation and is implicated in N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-induced neuronal death.nNOS-derived NO is implicated in synapse loss-mediated early cognitive/motor deficits in several neuropathological states,and negatively regulates neurogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions.

出生前后铝暴露对大鼠学习记忆及海马NO、nNOS的影响

目的研究出生前后不同浓度慢性铝暴露后年轻大鼠海马NO含量和nNOS表达的变化,探讨铝损害学习记忆的突触机制。方法对照组、低剂量和高剂量组大鼠从孕期开始分别自由饮用蒸馏水15mmol.L-1和30mmol.L-1的A1C13水溶液;采用原子吸收石墨炉法测定血铝和脑铝含量;跳台法测试学习记忆能力;硝酸还原酶法检测NO含量;免疫组化方法观察nNOS阳性细胞表达。结果与对照组相比,两铝暴露组大鼠血铝和脑铝含量明显升高,学习记忆能力明显下降,海马NO含量明显降低且nNOS阳性神经元表达明显减少。结论出生前后慢性铝暴露损害了大鼠的学习记忆行为,可能与海马NO含量减少及nNOS神经元表达降低有关。

赤芍801可能通过下调nNOS及iNOS的表达抑制缺血性神经元凋亡

目的研究赤芍801(PG)对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注模型缺血区周边组织神经元凋亡的抑制作用及其可能机制。方法线栓左侧大脑中动脉(MCAO)建立大鼠短暂局灶性脑缺血模型,腹腔内注射PG(23.5,47,94μmol·kg-1)干预,分别于缺血2h再灌注1、2、4、6、12、24h收集脑组织标本,通过Nissl、TUNEL染色法观察模型鼠缺血区周边组织阳性神经元数量;蛋白免疫印迹、免疫组织化学方法检测活化型Caspase3、神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达情况。结果再灌注1、2h时段nNOS表达明显增强;自1h起iNOS开始表达并逐渐增强,以12h较明显;再灌注6h活化型Caspase3开始表达,于12h达到高峰,24h表达减弱;于12h开始出现TUNEL阳性神经元,24h其数量明显增多,自4h起Nissl染色阳性神经元逐渐减少,以24h为著,神经元凋亡率亦于同期达到高峰。PG干预各剂量组,nNOS(1h)、iNOS(12h)及活化型Caspase3(12h)表达均有不同程度减弱,TUNEL阳性神经元数量明显减少(24h),Nissl阳性神经元增多(24h),神经元凋亡率明显降低,以94μmol·kg-1作用为著。结论PG可能通过下调nNOS及iNOS的表达而抑制缺血性神经元凋亡。

牛磺酸锌对染铅大鼠海马NOS活性和nNOS蛋白及基因表达的影响

目的:探讨不同剂量牛磺酸锌(TZC)拮抗铅对大鼠海马一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性和神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)蛋白及基因表达的损害。方法:用NADPH-黄递酶(NADPH-d)组化、ABC免疫组化和半定量逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法,研究饮用含0.2 g/L醋酸铅(PbAc)饮水和含不同剂量(5.9、17.7g/kg)TZC饲料喂养的大鼠海马NOS活性、nNOS阳性神经元数目以及nNOS基因表达的变化。结果:与对照组大鼠海马CA1区NOS、nNOS阳性神经元数(56.80±6.69,60.67±13.48)和海马nNOS mRNA相对含量(0.454±0.045)相比,染铅组大鼠海马CA1区NOS、nNOS阳性神经元数(42.60±6.1 7,46.67±9.04)和海马nNOS mRNA相对含量(0.071±0.025)明显减少(P<0.05)。而铅加5.9 g/kg TZC 组大鼠海马CA1区NOS、nNOS阳性神经元数(61.60±7.30,56.87±6.64)和海马nNOSmRNA相对含量(0.412±0.061)均较染铅组明显增加(P<0.05)。铅加牛磺酸(Tau)组和铅加17.7 g/kgTZC组海马nNOS mRNA相对含量(0.138±0.026和0.137±0.019)较染铅组明显增加(P<0.05)。各组大鼠海马齿状回NOS和nNOS阳性细胞数的变化与CA1区变化基本一致,而CA3区无明显差别。结论:5.9 g/kg TZC能明显增强慢性染铅大鼠海马NOS活性和nNOS蛋白及基因表达。

鞘内注射氯胺酮对甲醛炎性疼痛大鼠脊髓背角nNOS表达的影响

目的：观察甲醛炎性疼痛大鼠脊髓背角神经元型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）的表达，以及鞘内注射氯胺酮对甲醛炎性痛大鼠脊髓背角nNOS表达的影响。方法：32只SD大鼠采用改良Yaksh法进行鞘内置管，随机分为4组（n=8）：对照组（C组）、鞘内注射生理盐水组（NS组）、氯胺酮50μg组（K1组）和氯胺酮100μg组（K2组）。NS，K1和K2组于置管5d后，复制甲醛炎性疼痛模型。采用疼痛加权评分法（PIS）评估大鼠甲醛致痛后1h内的疼痛行为，24h后用免疫组织化学法观察大鼠腰5节段水平脊髓背角nNOS的表达。结果：与NS组比较，K1组和K2组在甲醛炎性痛第2时相（15～60min）的PIS值明显降低（P〈0．01）；NS组大鼠脊髓背角nNOS免疫反应阳性细胞数量及免疫组织化学评分均较C组明显增加（P〈0．01），而K1和K2组则明显低于Ns组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：鞘内注射氯胺酮对甲醛炎性痛大鼠具有明显的抗伤害作用；鞘内注射氯胺酮可明显抑制甲醛炎性痛引起的脊髓背角nNOS表达的增加，表明nNOS在脊髓水平伤害性信息的传递和调制中可能发挥重要作用。

nNOS选择性拮抗剂7-硝基吲唑促进成年小鼠脑缺血后神经元再生

目的研究nNOS选择性拮抗剂7-硝基吲唑对脑缺血后神经元再生的影响。方法大脑中动脉阻塞法制备局灶性脑缺血/再灌注模型。腹腔注射7-硝基吲唑(30 mg.kg-1)。B rdU、NeuN标记法测定海马齿状回的细胞扩增及新生细胞的分化,跳台实验法测定动物的学习记忆能力。结果在脑缺血后d 8缺血侧海马齿状回的B rdU阳性细胞数比对照侧多大约3倍,7-硝基吲唑进一步促进了脑缺血所诱发的海马齿状回神经细胞扩增,并促进新生细胞的存活,改善脑缺血小鼠的学习记忆功能。结论nNOS对脑缺血诱发的海马齿状回神经元再生有重要作用。

银杏叶提取物联合盐酸文拉法辛对抑郁大鼠海马nNOS蛋白表达及NO水平的影响

目的 :探讨抑郁症脑损伤的机制 ,研究银杏叶提取物 (EGb)及合成抗抑郁药盐酸文拉法辛(Venlafaxine)对抑郁大鼠的抗脑损伤及神经元保护作用。方法 :慢性应激建立大鼠抑郁模型。将 84只雄性大鼠分为正常对照组、抑郁模型组和不同治疗组。快速断头法处死 ,取海马后一侧进行免疫组化反应 ,观察海马CA3区nNOS蛋白的表达 ;另一侧检测NO含量 ;同时测定血清中NO含量。结果 :抑郁模型组海马nNOS表达增加 ,海马及血清中NO含量增加 ,P <0 0 1;联合用药组海马nNOS表达下降 ,海马及血清中NO含量减少 ,P <0 0 1。结论 :慢性应激增加海马nNOS表达 ;EGb有减轻神经元损伤 ,保护神经元的作用 ,其与Venlafaxine合用可能会达到对抑郁进行多靶点、多层次的治疗 ,弥补单一用药的不足。

生长激素补充对老龄大鼠勃起功能及阴茎海绵体nNOS表达的影响

目的探讨生长激素(GH)补充对老龄大鼠勃起功能及阴茎海绵体神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)表达的影响。方法20只18月龄SD大鼠随机均分成A、B两组,10只2月龄SD大鼠为C组。A组给予GH1U/(kg·d),B、C组给予相同剂量的生理盐水,均皮下注射8周。于8周末观察阿朴吗啡(APO)皮下注射与大鼠海绵体内注射罂粟碱诱导的阴茎勃起情况,并用免疫组化SP法检测阴茎海绵体组织中nNOS神经纤维的数目。结果8周末时,A、C组大鼠APO诱导的勃起次数、海绵体内注射罂粟碱诱导的最大海绵体内压以及阴茎海绵体组织中nNOS神经纤维数目均显著高于B组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论老龄大鼠勃起功能及阴茎海绵体nNOS表达较成年大鼠明显下降,GH补充可以部分改善老龄大鼠的勃起功能,其机制之一可能与GH补充增加了老龄大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中nNOS神经纤维数目有关。

锌对急性缺氧小鼠大脑皮层NOS活力和nNOS蛋白表达的影响

目的观察锌对急性缺氧小鼠大脑皮层一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)和神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)阳性神经元的变化 ,探讨锌抗脑缺氧的作用机制。方法制备小鼠急性缺氧模型 ,采用NADPH -d组织化学和nNOS免疫组织化学方法 ,研究给锌组和不给锌组急性缺氧小鼠大脑皮层NOS和nNOS阳性神经元数量的变化。结果给锌组比不给锌组小鼠的耐缺氧时间延长 33.0 6 %(P <0 .0 5 ) ,大脑皮层NOS和nNOS阳性神经元数量分别减少 18.0 3%和 2 1.6 3% ,(P <0 .0 5 )。结论急性缺氧时锌通过减少皮层NOS活力和nNOS水平而发挥其抗脑缺氧作用。

nNOS、iNOS、P物质受体、5-HT在小鼠胚胎脑组织幼稚神经细胞发育过程中的表达

目的：观察小鼠正常发育期间nNOS、iNOS、SP-R、5-HT表达的时序变化，并进行组织定位。方法：取孕11～21d的小鼠胚胎脑组织，制作连续冰冻切片，进行nNOS、iNOS、SP-R、5-HT酶标免疫组织化学染色，并与nestin进行荧光免疫组化双标染色。结果：nNOS、iNOS、SP-R、5-HT在胚胎发育期间小鼠胚胎脑组织内都有较广泛的表达。各种不同的神经递质在延髓与脑桥中缝核、网状核、大脑皮质和胼胝体等处存在广泛的表达重叠区域。同时，nNOS、SP-R、5-HT与发育进程中未分化神经细胞的特异性标志物nestin有广泛的共同表达。结论：nNOS、iNOS、SP-R、5-HT在小鼠发育期间可能参与调节神经细胞的迁移过程及神经细胞间的相互联系作用；它们彼此之间可能也有相互调节、相互促进的作用。