International standards state the thermal comfort requirements that office spaces must comply with. These are based on a model developed by Prof. Paul Ole Fanger of the Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Denmar...International standards state the thermal comfort requirements that office spaces must comply with. These are based on a model developed by Prof. Paul Ole Fanger of the Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Denmark. Today, forty-year research shows an evolution in these experiences. The work presented here is to develop a tool to evaluate the thermal comfort of working environments of office buildings. A methodology is devised on the basis of on-site measurements and questionnaire responses. For measurements, a mobile unit equipped with sensors is used, whereas the questionnaire obtains user responses on thermal quality of the work space. The thermal conditions of thirty office buildings presenting different acclimatization systems have been surveyed. The correlation between objective and subjective data allows developing a formula that shows the thermal comfort level for a given environment as a function of local aspects. For the surveyed buildings, the resulting comfortable temperature was 23.3℃, and the minimum percentage of user individuals experiencing discomfort with such temperature was 7%.展开更多
Thermogenic features are often invoked to illustrate animal’s colonization,distribution,and response to climate change.To understand why the White-browed Laughingthrush(Pterorhinus sannio)has expanded its distributio...Thermogenic features are often invoked to illustrate animal’s colonization,distribution,and response to climate change.To understand why the White-browed Laughingthrush(Pterorhinus sannio)has expanded its distribution to temperate zones in recent years,we compared its thermogenic features with three species of songbirds that cooccur in its newly colonized areas.Thermogenic parameters of these four species were measured under different ambient temperatures,ranging from 0 to 40℃.The results showed that basal metabolic rate(BMR)was 44.5±3.9 mL O2/h in P.sannio,which is lower than predicted value by its body weight.This is also lower than the BMR of both its temperate congener the Plain Laughingthrush(P.davidi)and the montane,similar species Elliot’s Laughingthrush(Trochalopteron elliotii).The thermal neutral zone(TNZ)in P.sannio was 15-35℃,as compared to 10-27.5℃in P.davidi,25-30℃in T.elliotii,and 7.5-32.5℃in the Green-capped Greenfinch(Chloris sinica).Thermal conductance was lowest in P.sannio,with the minimum value lower than the predicted value based on its body weight.Our results showed that the northward-colonizing P.sannio exhibited different thermogenic characteristics compared with its coexisting species in the new habitat,even its congener P.davidi,which shared similar microhabitats to P.sannio.We suggest that researchers further explore the physiological mechanisms of birds’northward expansion.展开更多
文摘International standards state the thermal comfort requirements that office spaces must comply with. These are based on a model developed by Prof. Paul Ole Fanger of the Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Denmark. Today, forty-year research shows an evolution in these experiences. The work presented here is to develop a tool to evaluate the thermal comfort of working environments of office buildings. A methodology is devised on the basis of on-site measurements and questionnaire responses. For measurements, a mobile unit equipped with sensors is used, whereas the questionnaire obtains user responses on thermal quality of the work space. The thermal conditions of thirty office buildings presenting different acclimatization systems have been surveyed. The correlation between objective and subjective data allows developing a formula that shows the thermal comfort level for a given environment as a function of local aspects. For the surveyed buildings, the resulting comfortable temperature was 23.3℃, and the minimum percentage of user individuals experiencing discomfort with such temperature was 7%.
基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32070452,32011530077)。
文摘Thermogenic features are often invoked to illustrate animal’s colonization,distribution,and response to climate change.To understand why the White-browed Laughingthrush(Pterorhinus sannio)has expanded its distribution to temperate zones in recent years,we compared its thermogenic features with three species of songbirds that cooccur in its newly colonized areas.Thermogenic parameters of these four species were measured under different ambient temperatures,ranging from 0 to 40℃.The results showed that basal metabolic rate(BMR)was 44.5±3.9 mL O2/h in P.sannio,which is lower than predicted value by its body weight.This is also lower than the BMR of both its temperate congener the Plain Laughingthrush(P.davidi)and the montane,similar species Elliot’s Laughingthrush(Trochalopteron elliotii).The thermal neutral zone(TNZ)in P.sannio was 15-35℃,as compared to 10-27.5℃in P.davidi,25-30℃in T.elliotii,and 7.5-32.5℃in the Green-capped Greenfinch(Chloris sinica).Thermal conductance was lowest in P.sannio,with the minimum value lower than the predicted value based on its body weight.Our results showed that the northward-colonizing P.sannio exhibited different thermogenic characteristics compared with its coexisting species in the new habitat,even its congener P.davidi,which shared similar microhabitats to P.sannio.We suggest that researchers further explore the physiological mechanisms of birds’northward expansion.
