Estimates of the Charges and Size of the Three Types of Neutrinos

It is the current belief of the Physics Community that neutrinos are bereft of Charge because of Conservation of Charge in decay processes such as Beta Decay and are point particles with no physical size or shape. It is the purpose of this paper to calculate the charges and the size of the electron neutrino, the muon neutrino, and the tau neutrino based on data available of their rest masses using the charges and rest masses of the electron, muon, and tau leptons from the Standard Model of Particle Physics Table. We base our calculations on the premise that Energy can create both Mass and Charge. Charge by itself is not conserved in any process that produces neutrinos. Only Total Energy is conserved.

Cosmological Constraints on Neutrino Masses in Light of JWST Red and Massive Candidate Galaxies

The overabundance of the red and massive candidate galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope(JWST)implies efficient structure formation or large star formation efficiency at high redshift z~10.In the scenario of a low or moderate star formation efficiency,because massive neutrinos tend to suppress the growth of structure of the universe,the JWST observation tightens the upper bound of the neutrino masses.Assuming A cold dark matter cosmology and a star formation efficiency∈[0.05,0.3](flat prior),we perform joint analyses of Planck+JWST and Planck+BAO+JWST,and obtain improved constraints∑m_(ν)<0.196 eV and ∑m_(ν)+<0.111 eV at 95% confidence level,respectively.Based on the above assumptions,the inverted mass ordering,which implies ∑m_(ν)≥0.1 eV,is excluded by Planck+BAO+JWST at 92.7% confidence level.

Muon energy reconstruction in the high-energy neutrino observations

The reconstruction of muon energies is crucial for the data analysis of neutrino experiments using large water Cherenkov detectors,but the resolution for muon energy reconstruction using traditional methods is poor.Here,we propose a revised approach to remove noisy optical modules along the track produced by the propagation of muons through water.The number of photons on the optical modules is first corrected by the attenuation properties of light in water.Then the difference in time between the observed optical modules and the expected ones is determined based on the geometry of the triggered optical modules.Finally,the standard of correction is measured by the ratio of photon number before and after correction.Optical modules selection conditions were optimized according to these parameters,with most noisy optical modules successfully removed,improving the resolution of muon energy reconstruction.

Direct Derivation of the Neutrino Mass

In this paper, the submicroscopic deterministic concept developed by the author is applied to the problem of the neutrino mass. A particle appears from space considered as a mathematical lattice of primary topological balls, and induces a deformation coat in its surrounding. The principles of the interaction of particles with space and through space between themselves are considered in detail. The approach states that real quarks possess only an integer charge (±e) and when moving they periodically change to the monopole state (⇄g) and hence, canonical particles are dynamic dyons. A neutrino emerges as a squeezed quark when it is in a monopole state, or in other words, the quark monopole state (a bubble in the tessellattice) is transferred to the appropriate lepton monopole state (a speck in the tessellattice). The self-mass (a “rest” mass) for each neutrino flavour is calculated. The calculated value of the self-mass for the electron anti-neutrino is 1.22873978 × 10-36 kg = 0.68927247 eV/c2. The concept of neutrino oscillations is revised, and another postulation is proposed, namely, that the transition from lighter to heavier flavors is due to the inelastic scattering of neutrinos on oncoming scatterers. As a result, the neutrino captures the mass defect, becomes heavier, and therefore the transitions Ve⟶Vμ and Vμ⟶Vτ occur;thus, the number of light neutrinos decreases in the neutrino flux studied.

Solving the Three-Neutrino Problem as One of the Three-Body Problems in Physics

By using the standard PMNS (Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata) mixing matrix and applying the rule for the sum of the oscillation probabilities of three neutrinos, the equations of motion were derived in which the Dirac CP violating phase appeared as an unknown quantity. The equations of motion were separately derived for each of the three possible transitions for flavor-neutrino oscillations. Two roots of those equations were obtained in the form of two formulas for the Dirac CP violating phase with opposite signs. In the mathematical sense, the connection between those formulas was established in order to maintain the continuous process of oscillation of three neutrinos. This made it possible to calculate the numerical value for the Dirac CP violating phase, the Jarlskog invariant and to write the general form of the PMNS mixing matrix in the final form in which all its elements are defined with explicit numerical values.

Neutrino Temporal Oscillation

We conjecture the existence of massless neutrinos that are in the line of Standard Model (unable to account for the neutrino mass) but have characteristics that are not accounted for the Standard Model: they use a shorter radial path than the photon and possess bosonic flavors, considered like bosons instead of fermions. We call this theory “neutrino temporal oscillation”. Faced with some experimental comparisons solar neutrinos, neutrinos from SN 1987A, cosmological neutrinos, the theory gives better results, explanations and sense than the complicated theory of neutrino oscillations (transformism). The deficit of detection of solar neutrinos would have been blindly attributed to the “neutrino oscillation” by physicists who quickly concluded that the neutrino and the photon follow the same transverse path. The “OPERA” experiment which measured the speed of neutrinos in 2011 resulted, after a “superluminal” saga, in neutrino speeds consistent with the speed of light, in data that the three existing types of neutrinos cannot explain, with the final outcome of a fourth “sterile” neutrino with non-standard interaction. OPERA findings aren’t just in conflict with existing theory, but other measurements as well. For example, a study from the Kamiokande II experiment in Japan of the supernova SN1987A found that light and neutrinos that departed this exploded star arrived at Earth within hours of each other. Even though measurements of the neutrinos emitted by this supernova strongly suggest that their speeds differ from light by less than one part in a billion, the fact remains that two types of data were collected, and that only one was retained to be consistent with the existing theory. Thus, the OPERA observation is in conflicts with the result of SN1987A, which itself is highly doubtful. And what about the neutrinos and antineutrinos born during the big bang, except that they were never detected and there is nothing to indicate that their speed could be other than that of light. Neutrino physics seems sick, belief is transformed into evidence. The theory of “Neutrino temporal oscillation” shows hint that massless neutrinos can take a shortcut through the three spatial dimensions of the space-time that we know. It represents within the Standard Model an open window on a “new physics” that has a connection with physical reality.

Constraining Neutrino Mass in Dynamical Dark Energy Cosmologies with the Logarithm Parametrization and the Oscillating Parametrization

We constrain two dynamical dark energy models that are parametrized by the logarithm form of and the oscillating form of . Comparing with the Chevallier-Polarski-Linder (CPL) model, the two parametrizations for dark energy can explore the whole evolution history of the universe properly. Using the current mainstream observational data including the cosmic microwave background data and the baryon acoustic oscillation data as well as the type Ia supernovae data, we perform the X2 statistic analysis to global fit these models, finding that the logarithm parametrization and the oscillating parameterization are almost as well as the CPL scenario in fitting these data. We make a comparison for the impacts of the dynamical dark energy on the cosmological constraints on the total mass of active neutrinos. We find that the logarithm parametrization and the oscillating parameterization can increase the fitting values of Σmv. Looser constraints on Σmv are obtained in the logarithm and oscillating models than those derived in the CPL model. Consideration of the possible mass ordering of neutrinos reveals that the most stringent constraint on Σmv appears in the degenerate hierarchy case.

Discrimination of pp solar neutrinos and^(14)C double pile-up events in a large-scale LS detector

As a unique probe,the precision measurement of pp solar neutrinos is important for studying the sun’s energy mechanism as it enables monitoring the thermodynamic equilibrium and studying neutrino oscillations in the vacuum-dominated region.For a large-scale liquid scintillator detector,a bottleneck for pp solar neutrino detection is the pile-up events of intrinsic14C decay.This paper presents a few approaches to discriminating between pp solar neutrinos and ^(14)C pile-up events by considering the differences in their time and spatial distributions.In this study,a Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulation is conducted.Multivariate analysis and deep learning technology are adopted to investigate the capability of ^(14)C pile-up reduction.The BDTG (boosted decision trees with gradient boosting) model and VGG network demonstrate good performance in discriminating pp solar neutrinos and ^(14)C double pile-up events.Under the ^(14)C concentration assumption of 5×10-18g/g,the signal significance can achieve 10.3 and 15.6 using the statistics of only one day.In this case,the signal efficiency for discrimination using the BDTG model while rejecting 99.18% ^(14)C double pile-up events is 51.1%,and that for the case where the VGG network is used while rejecting 99.81%of the ^(14)C double pile-up events is 42.7%.

Neutrino Mass Constraints from Reconstructing the Large-scale Structure:Systematic Uncertainty

We examine the possibility of applying the baryonic acoustic oscillation reconstruction method to improve the neutrino massΣm_νconstraint.Thanks to the Gaussianization of the process,we demonstrate that the reconstruction algorithm could improve the measurement accuracy by roughly a factor of two.On the other hand,the reconstruction process itself becomes a source of systematic error.While the algorithm is supposed to produce the displacement field from a density distribution,various approximations cause the reconstructed output to deviate on intermediate scales.Nevertheless,it is still possible to benefit from this Gaussianized field,given that we can carefully calibrate the“transfer function”between the reconstruction output and theoretical displacement divergence from simulations.The limitation of this approach is then set by the numerical stability of this transfer function.With an ensemble of simulations,we show that such systematic error could become comparable to statistical uncertainties for a DESI-like survey and be safely neglected for other less ambitious surveys.

Testing the Results of Measurements of Neutrino Parameters Using the Dirac CPV Phase Formula

Essentially the main intention of this paper was to test the formula for the Dirac CPV phase and see if it can reflect the results of experimental measurements of neutrino parameters. By knowing the mathematical formula for the Dirac CPV phase, a connection was established with some of the residual symmetry groups, which made it possible to develop a procedure for directly determining the range in which the numerical value for the Dirac CPV phase could be found. In this sense, two different sources of information containing measured data for neutrinos were used for the corresponding calculations, and then a comparative overview of the calculated results was presented. It is particularly emphasized that the formula for the Dirac CPV phase does not depend on the mixing angles that are incorporated into the PMNS matrix, but only on the ratio between the corresponding squares of the neutrino mass difference. All the numerous results obtained from the corresponding calculations for the Dirac CPV phase point to the justified introduction of the theory that is related to three neutrinos, and thus the agreement of our results with the STEREO experiment is justified, so that the hypothesis of the possible existence of a sterile neutrino in nature should be excluded.

Three Neutrinos and the Formula for the Dirac CP Violation Phase

Based on the derived equations of three neutrinos, especially for motion through a physical vacuum and for space with a constant density of matter, the same formula for Dirac’s CP-violating phase was obtained. The main property of this formula is that it does not depend on mixing angles θ12, θ13, θ23 and remains unchanged for the spaces through which the neutrino beam moves. Using that formula, the final form for the Jarlskog invariant formula was formed. Knowing the Dirac CPV phase would have the following consequences: 1) By obtaining an explicit mathematical formula for the Dirac CPV phase, it would no longer be necessary to perform computer simulations to draw areas where it could be found. 2) At the same time, the Dirac CPV phase does not depend on the mixing angles θ12, θ13, θ23 that make up the elements of the PMNS matrix, but depends only on the ratio of the corresponding differences of the squares of the neutrino masses.

Bi-large Neutrino Mixing See-Saw Mass Matrix with Texture Zeros and Leptogenesis

We study constraints on neutrino properties for a class of bi-large mixing See-Saw mass matrices with texture zeros and with the related Dirac neutrino mass matrix to be proportional to a diagonal matrix of the form diag （e, 1, 1）. Texture zeros may occur in the light （class a）） or in the heavy （class b）） neutrino mass matrices. Each of these two classes has 5 different forms which can produce non-trivial three generation mixing with at least one texture zero. We tind that two types of texture zero mass matrices in both class a and class b can be consistent with present data on neutrino masses and mixing. None of the neutrinos can have zero masses and the lightest of the light neutrinos has a mass larger than about 0.046 eV for class a and 0.0027 eV for class b. In these models although the CK.M CP violating phase vanishes, the non-zero Majorana phases can exist and can play an important role in producing the observed baryon asymmetry in our universe through leptogenesis mechanism. The requirement of producing the observed baryon asymmetry can further distinguish different models and also restrict the See-Saw scale to be in the range of 10^12- 10^15 GeV. We also discuss RG effects on V^13.

Distinguishable RGE Running Effects Between Dirac Neutrinos and Majorana Neutrinos with Vanishing Majorana CP-Violating Phases

In a novel parametrization of neutrino mixing and in the approximation of τ-lepton dominance, we show that the one-loop renormalization-group equations （RGEs） of Dirac neutrinos are different from those of Majorana neutrinos even if two Majorana CP-violating phases vanish. As the latter can keep vanishing from the electroweak scale to the typical seesaw scale, it makes sense to distinguish between the RGE running effects of neutrino mixing parameters in Dirac and Majorana cases. The differences are found to be quite large in the minimal supersymmetric standard model with sizable tan β, provided the masses of three neutrinos are nearly degenerate or have an inverted hierarchy.

5D World-Universe Model. Neutrinos. The World

In this manuscript we discuss mass-varying neutrinos and propose their energy density to exceed that of baryonic and dark matter. We introduce cosmic Large Grains whose mass is about Planck mass, and their temperature is around 29 K. Large Grains are in fact Bose-Einstein condensates of proposed dineutrinos, and are responsible for the cosmic Far-Infrared Background (FIRB) radiation. The distribution of the energy density of all components of the World (protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles) is considered. We present an overview of the World- Universe Model (WUM) and pay particular attention to the self-consistent set of time-varying values of basic parameters of the World: the age and critical energy density;Newtonian parameter of gravitation and Hubble’s parameter;temperatures of the cosmic Microwave Background radiation and the peak of the cosmic FIRB radiation;Fermi coupling parameter and coupling parameters of the proposed Super-Weak and Extremely-Weak interactions. Additionally, WUM forecasts the masses of dark matter particles, axions, and neutrinos;proposes two fundamental parameters of the World: fine-structure constant α and the quantity Q which is the dimensionless value of the fifth coordinate, and three fundamental physical units: basic unit of momentum, energy density, and energy flux density. WUM suggests that all time-dependent parameters of the World are inter- connected and in fact dependent on Q. We recommend adding the quantity Q to the list of the CODATA-recommended values.

Determining the Neutrino Mass Eigenstates and the Effective Majorana Mass

This paper aims at solving several open questions in current neutrino physics: the neutrino mass hierarchy, the Dirac CP violating phase, the absolute mass of neutrinos, the nature of neutrinos (Dirac or Majorana), the Majorana matrix and the absolute value of the effective Majorana neutrino mass. In the research presented in this paper, we have shown that the precise definition of the mass splittings between neutrino mass eigenstates, done in the latest analysis of experimental data, can be of crucial importance for defining the nature of neutrino mass hierarchy. The Standard Model has three generations of fundamental matter particles. Three generations of the charged lepton mass show a hierarchical structure: mτ > mμ > me. Owing to that, there is a belief and it is considered that neutrinos may follow such hierarchical structure. In our calculations, we have also included the latest data obtained, based on the processing of measurement results, which showed that even with such data, obtained results favor the normal neutrino mass hierarchy. As for the individual neutrino mass calculated in this paper, in today’s neutrino physics it is only known that neutrino mass scale is bounded only from above, and both the Dirac and the Majorana character of neutrinos are compatible with all observations. Among some of the questions resolved in this paper, which are related to the properties of neutrinos, a positive answer was also given to the question of whether light neutrinos are self-conjugate particles or not.

Neutrino Mass Generation in SO(4) Model

Generation of neutrino mass in SO（4） model is proposed here. The algebraic structure of SO （4） is same as to that ofSU（2）L x SU（2）R. It is shown that the spontaneous symmetry breaking results three massive as well as three massless gauge bosons. The standard model theory according to which there exist three massive gauge bosons and a massless one is emerged from this model. In the framework ofSU（2）L x SU（2）R a small Dirac neutrino mass is derived. It is also shown that such mass term may vanish with a special choice. The Majorana mass term is not considered here and thus in this model the neutrino mass does not follow seesaw structure.

Solving Solar Neutrino Puzzle via LMA MSW Conversion

We analyze the existing solar neutrino experiment data and show the allowed regions. The result from SNO's salt phase itself restricts quite a lot the allowed region's area. Reactor neutrinos play an important role in determining oscillation parameters. KamLAND gives decisive conclusion on the solution to the solar neutrino puzzle, in particular, the spectral distortion in the 766.3 Ty KamLAND data gives another new improvement in the constraint of solar MSW-LMA solutions. We confirm that at 99. 73% C.L. the high-LMA solution is excluded.

Neutrino Properties Probed by Lepton Number Violating Processes

Study of neutrino properties is nowadays one of the most active domains of research in physics. On the one hand, fundamental properties of the neutrinos like their absolute mass, their character (are they Dirac or Majorana particles?) and the number of neutrino flavors, are still unknown. On the other hand, the knowledge of these properties are of great importance since the neutrinos are very abundant in nature and play a key role in nuclear and particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology. In addition, the results of the neutrino oscillation experiments have convincingly showed that neutrinos have mass and mix, in contradiction to the initial assumptions of the Standard Model. In this context there is an increased interest in the study of the Lepton Number Violating (LNV) processes, since they are capable to decide on the above mentioned neutrino properties. Since recently, the neutrinoless double beta (0nββ) decay was considered the only process able to distinguish between Dirac or Majorana neutrinos and to give a hint on the absolute mass of the electron neutrino. At present, the increased luminosity of the LHC experiments at CERN makes it feasable the search for LNV processes at LHC as well. Besides the neutrino character, these studies can also shed light on the existence of other types of neutrinos (the sterile neutrinos), than the three known ones. In this paper, I make a brief review on our present knowledge about the neutrino properties and on the way they can be probed by LNV processes at low- and high-energies. Particularly, I refer to the 0nββ decay process and to the first attempts of searching of LNV processes in hadron collider experiments, particularly in LHC experiments at CERN-Geneva.

Dark Neutrinos

Solar, atmospheric and reactor neutrino experiments established that neutrinos are massive. It is quite natural then to consider neutrinos as candidate particles for explaining the dark matter in halos around galaxies. We study the gravitational clustering of these neutrinos within a model of a massive core and a surrounding spherical neutrino halo. The neutrinos form a degenerate Fermi gas and a loaded polytropic equation is established. We solve the equation and we obtain the neutrino density in a galaxy, the size of the galaxy and the galactic rotational curves. The available data favor a neutrino with a mass around 10 eV. The consequent cosmological implications are examined.

Multiple Lorentz Groups—A Toy Model for Superluminal Muon Neutrinos

In this article an idea is presented, which allows for the explanation of superluminal muon neutrinos. It is based on the introduction of a new superluminal, massless gauge boson coupling to the neutrino only, but not to other standard model particles. The model is discussed with regard to the Supernova 1987 (SN 1987) velocity bound on electron antineutrinos and the Cohen-Glashow constraint on superluminal neutrino propagation. The latter can be circumvented if— within the framework of the model—a sterile neutrino mixing with the active neutrino mass eigenstates is introduced. The suggestion of a sterile neutrino accounting for superluminal neutrinos has already been proposed in several papers. It is possible to choose mixing angles with the sterile neutrino sector such that the model respects both the SN 1987 bound and the muon neutrino travels superluminally.