Mechanisms of fracture propagation from multi-cluster using a phase field based HMD coupling model in fractured reservoir

Natural fractures(NFs)are common in shale and tight reservoirs,where staged multi-cluster fracturing of horizontal wells is a prevalent technique for reservoir stimulation.While NFs and stress interference are recognized as significant factors affecting hydraulic fracture(HF)propagation,the combined influence of these factors remains poorly understood.To address this knowledge gap,a novel coupled hydromechanical-damage(HMD)model based on the phase field method is developed to investigate the propagation of multi-cluster HFs in fractured reservoirs.The comprehensive energy functional and control functions are established,while incorporating dynamic fluid distribution between multiple perforation clusters and refined changes in rock mechanical parameters during hydraulic fracturing.The HMD coupled multi-cluster HF propagation model investigates various scenarios,including single HF and single NF,reservoir heterogeneity,single HF and NF clusters,and multi-cluster HFs with NF clusters.The results show that the HMD coupling model can accurately capture the impact of approach angle(θ),stress difference and cementation strength on the interaction of HF and NF.The criterion of the open and cross zones is not fixed.The NF angle(a)is not a decisive parameter to discriminate the interaction.According to the relationship between approach angle(θ)and NF angle(a),the contact relationship of HF can be divided into three categories(θ=a,θ<a,andθ>a).The connected NF can increase the complexity of HF by inducing it to form branch fracture,resulting in a fractal dimension of HF as high as2.1280 at angles of±45°.Inter-fracture interference from the heel to the toe of HF shows the phenomenon of no,strong and weak interference.Interestingly,under the influence of NFs,distant HFs from the injection can become dominant fractures.However,as a gradually increases,inter-fracture stress interference becomes the primary factor influencing HF propagation,gradually superseding the dominance of NF induced fractures.

Simulation Analysis of Torsion Beam Hydroforming Based on the Fluid-Solid Coupling Method

Hydroformed parts are widely used in industrial automotive parts because of their higher stiffness and fatigue strength and reduced weight relative to their corresponding cast and welded parts.This paper reports a hydraulicforming experimental platform for rectangular tube fittings that was constructed to conduct an experiment on the hydraulic forming of rectangular tube fittings.A finite element model was established on the basis of the fluid–solid coupling method and simulation analysis.The correctness of the simulation analysis and the feasibility of the fluid–solid coupling method for hydraulic forming simulation analysis were verified by comparing the experimental results with the simulation results.On the basis of the simulation analysis of the hydraulic process of the torsion beam using the fluid–solid coupling method,a sliding mold suitable for the hydroforming of torsion beams was designed for its structural characteristics.The effects of fluid characteristics,shaping pressure,axial feed rate,and friction coefficient on the wall thicknesses of torsions beams during formation were investigated.Fluid movement speed was related to tube deformation.Shaping pressure had a significant effect on rounded corners and straight edges.The axial feed speed was increased,and the uneven distribution of wall thicknesses was effectively improved.Although the friction coefficient had a nonsignificant effect on the wall thickness of the ladder-shaped region,it had a significant influence on a large deformation of wall thickness in the V-shaped area.In this paper,a method of fluid-solid coupling simulation analysis and sliding die is proposed to study the high pressure forming law in torsion beam.

Adjacent mode resonance of a hydraulic pipe system consisting of parallel pipes coupled at middle points

The coupling vibration of a hydraulic pipe system consisting of two pipes is studied.The pipes are installed in parallel and fixed at their ends,and are restrained by clips to one bracket at their middle points.The pipe subjected to the basement excitation at the left end is named as the active pipe,while the pipe without excitation is called the passive pipe.The clips between the two pipes are the bridge for the vibration energy.The adjacent natural frequencies will enhance the vibration coupling.The governing equation of the coupled system is deduced by the generalized Hamilton principle,and is discretized to the modal space.The modal correction is used during the discretization.The investigation on the natural characters indicates that the adjacent natural frequencies can be adjusted by the stiffness of the two clips and bracket.The harmonic balance method(HBM)is used to study the responses in the adjacent natural frequency region.The results show that the vibration energy transmits from the active pipe to the passive pipe swimmingly via the clips together with a flexible bracket,while the locations of them are not node points.The adjacent natural frequencies may arouse wide resonance curves with two peaks for both pipes.The stiffness of the clip and bracket can release the vibration coupling.It is suggested that the stiffness of the clip on the passive pipe should be weak and the bracket should be strong enough.In this way,the vibration energy is reflected by the almost rigid bracket,and is hard to transfer to the passive pipe via a soft clip.The best choice is to set the clips at the pipe node points.The current work gives some suggestions for weakening the coupled vibration during the dynamic design of a coupled hydraulic pipe system.

Decoupling Analysis for a Powertrain Mounting System with a Combination of Hydraulic Mounts

The existing torque roll axis(TRA) decoupling theories for a powertrain mounting system assume that the stiffness and viscous damping properties are constant. However, real-life mounts exhibit considerable spectrally varying stiffness and damping characteristics, and the influence of the spectrally-varying properties of the hydraulic mounts on the powertrain system cannot be ignored. To overcome the deficiency, an analytical quasi-linear model of the hydraulic mount and the coupled properties of the powertrain and hydraulic mounts system are formulated. The influence of the hydraulic mounts on the TRA decoupling of a powertrain system is analytically examined in terms of eigensolutions, frequency, and impulse responses, and then a new analytical axiom is proposed based on the TRA decoupling indices. With the experimental setup of a fixed decoupler hydraulic mount in the context of non-resonant dynamic stiffness testing procedure, the quasi-linear model of the hydraulic mount is verified by comparing the predictions with the measurement. And the quasi-linear formulation of the coupled system is also verified by comparing the frequency responses with the numerical results obtained by the direct inversion method. Finally, the mounting system with a combination of hydraulic mounts is redesigned in terms of the stiffness, damping and mount locations by satisfying the new axiom. The frequency and time domain results of the redesigned system demonstrate that the torque roll axis of the redesigned powertrain mounting system is indeed decoupled in the presence of hydraulic mounts (given oscillating torque or impulsive torque excitation). The proposed research provides an important basis and method for the research on a powertrain system with spectrally-varying mount properties, especially for the TRA decoupling.

Dynamics of electromagnetic slip coupling for hydraulic power steering application and its energy-saving characteristics

To improve high-speed road feel and enhance energetic efficiency of hydraulic power steering(HPS) system in heavy-duty vehicles, an electromagnetic slip coupling(ESC) was applied to the steering system, which regulated discharge flow of steering pump to realize variable assist characteristic as well as uniquely transfer on-demand power from engine to steering pump. The model of ESC was established and the dynamic characteristics of ESC were presented by the way of simulation and experiment. Upon the layout of the assist characteristics, output torque of ESC was derived. Based on the ESC model, the output torque characteristics of ESC were simulated under steering situation and straight driving situation, respectively. The consistency of simulated ESC output torque and the one deduced from assist characteristics verifies the correctness of the ESC dynamic model. To illustrate energy saving characteristics of ESC-HPS, energy consumption comparison of ESC-HPS and conventional HPS was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. It follows that the energy consumption of ESC-HPS decreases by 50% compared with that of HPS.

Core and blanket thermal-hydraulic analysis of a molten salt fast reactor based on coupling of OpenMC and OpenFOAM

In the core of a molten salt fast reactor(MSFR),heavy metal fuel and fission products can be dissolved in a molten fluoride salt to form a eutectic mixture that acts as both fuel and coolant.Fission energy is released from the fuel salt and transferred to the second loop by fuel salt circulation.Therefore,the MSFR is characterized by strong interaction between the neutronics and the thermal hydraulics.Moreover,recirculation flow occurs,and nuclear heat is accumulated near the fertile blanket,which significantly affects both the flow and the temperature fields in the core.In this work,to further optimize the conceptual geometric design of the MSFR,three geometries of the core and fertile blanket are proposed,and the thermal-hydraulic characteristics,including the three-dimensional flow and temperature fields of the fuel and fertile salts,are simulated and analyzed using a coupling scheme between the open source codes OpenMC and OpenFOAM.The numerical results indicate that a flatter core temperature distribution can be obtained and the hot spot and flow stagnation zones that appear in the upper and lower parts of the core center near the reflector can be eliminated by curving both the top and bottom walls of the core.Moreover,eight cooling loops with a total flow rate of0.0555 m3 s-1 ensur an acceptable temperature distribusure an acceptable temperature distribution in the fertile blanket.

Simulation of Moving Bed Erosion Based on the Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics-Discrete Element Coupling Method

A complex interface exists between waterflow and solid particles during hydraulic soil erosion.In this study,the particle discrete element method(DEM)has been used to simulate the hydraulic erosion of a granular soil under moving bed conditions and surrounding terrain changes.Moreover,the weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics(WCSPH)approach has been exploited to simulate the instability process of the free surfacefluid and its propagation characteristics at the solid–liquid interface.The influence of a suspended medium on the waterflow dynamics has been characterized using the mixed viscosity concept accounting for the solid–liquid mixed particle volume ratio.Numerical simulations of wall-jet scouring and reservoir sedimentflushing on a mobile bed were performed and validated with experiments.The results show that the proposed WCSPH–DEM coupling model is highly suitable for determining parameters,such as the local maximum scour depth,the scour pit width,and the sand bed profile.The effects on the hydraulic erosion process of two important para-meters of the mixed viscosity coefficient(initial solid volume concentration and initial viscosity coefficient)are also discussed to a certain extent in this study.

Friction coupling vibration characteristics analysis of aviation hydraulic pipelines considering multi factors

As the power transmission system of an aircraft,a hydraulic pipeline system is equivalent to the " blood vessel" of the aircraft. With the development of aircraft hydraulic system to high pressure,high speed and high power ratio,the fluid-structure interaction vibration mechanism of hydraulic pipeline is more complex and the influence of friction coupling on vibration cannot be ignored. The fluid-structure interaction of hydraulic pipeline will lead to system vibration,lower reliability of system operation and even pipeline rupture. Taking a hydraulic pipeline of C919 aircraft wingtip as the research object,a 14-equation model of fluid-structure interaction vibration considering friction coupling effect is established in this paper. The effects of friction and fluid parameters on the pipeline fluid-structure interaction vibration characteristics are studied and verified by experiments. The research results will provide theoretical guidance for the analysis of the pipeline fluid-structure interaction vibration and have important theoretical significance and great engineering value for promoting the localization process of large aircraft.

Co-Simulation Research of the Mechanical-Hydraulic-Control Coupling System of ITER Tractor

The virtual prototyping models of the mechanical, hydraulic and control system of the ITER tractor were built with CATIA, ADAMS and MATLAB/Simulink respectively according to its heavy load and high precision characteristics, and the data transfer between the different models was accomplished by the integration interface between different software. Consequently the virtual experimental platform for the multi-disciplinary co-simulation was established. A co-simulation study of the mechanical-hydraulic-control coupling system of the ITER tractor was carried out. The synchronization servo control of parallel hydraulic cylinders was implemented, and the tracking control of the preconcerted trajectory of the hydraulic cylinders was realized on the established experimental platform. This paper presents the optimization design and technology rebuilding for the complicated coupling system with its theoretic foundation and co-simulation virtual experimental platform.

Modeling and Simulation of Power Coupling System in Hydraulic Hybrid City Bus

In order to solve the coupling problem of power in Hydraulic Hybrid City Bus (HHB), a hydraulic hybrid power coupling system based on planetary gear transmission principle is proposed in this paper. The system consists of diesel engine, power coupler, hydraulic pump/motor, etc. The realizable operating modes of power coupling system are analyzed in this paper. Under coordination of clutches, the engine driven mode, hydraulic driven mode, hybrid driven mode, hydraulic engine-start mode and braking energy recovery mode are realizable. Based on Lagrange equation, kinetic analysis and kinematics analyses are presented. In addition, the simulation model of the power coupling system is proposed, which includes diesel engine model, power coupler model, hydraulic pump/motor model, etc. The example simulation analysis is proposed under the hybrid driven mode;the results show that the power coupling system proposed in this paper can realize power coupling of hydraulic hybrid city bus. Compared with traditional city bus, the hydraulic hybrid city bus can choose small-displacement engine so as to improve fuel economy and dynamic property.

Analysis of the Oscillating Mechanism of an Aerial Work Platform Based on ADAMS Hydraulic-Mechanical Coupling Simulation

Rigid model of the aerial work platform and hydraulic model of the oscillating mechanism were established with ADAMS. The simulation of two parameters, cy-linder force and oil chamber pressure, was carried out. The simulation result is useful to the design of the oscillating mechanism.

Hydrodynamic Response of A Fully Coupled TLP Hull-TTR System with Detailed Modeling of A Hydraulic Pneumatic Tensioner and Riser Joints

Tension Leg Platform(TLP)in deepwater oil and gas field development usually consists of a hull,tendons,and top tension risers(TTRs).To maintain its top tension,each TTR is connected with a tensioner system to the hull.Owing to the complicated configuration of the tensioners,the hull and TTRs form a strong coupled system.Traditionally,some simplified tensioner models are applied to analyze the TLP structures.There is a large discrepancy between their analysis results and the actual mechanism behaviors of a tensioner.It is very necessary to develop a more detailed tensioner model to consider the coupling effects between TLP and TTRs.In the present study,a fully coupled TLP hull-TTR system for hydrodynamic numerical simulation is established.A specific hydraulic pneumatic tensioner is modeled by considering 4 cylinders.The production TTR model is stacked up by specific riser joints.The simulation is also extended to analyze an array of TTRs.Different regular and irregular waves are considered.The behaviors of different cylinders are presented.The results show that it is important to consider the specific configurations of the tensioner and TTRs,which may lead to obviously different response behaviors,compared with those from a simplified model.

流固耦合作用下深部岩石动态力学响应研究进展

深部岩石处于高地应力、高渗透压和强动态扰动的复杂地质环境之中,3者作用下岩石体更加容易发生损伤破裂,诱发突涌水、渗漏、井喷等工程地质灾害,因而探究流固耦合作用下岩石的动态力学响应是开展岩石工程建设的前提之一。近年来,国内外众多学者在考虑水和不同应力状态下的岩石动态力学实验研究方面取得了显著的成果。为给工程建设提供更加全面的指导并为后续研究奠定基础,从实验装置、测试结果以及围压与水的作用机理层面,对上述工作进行了回顾与总结。首先介绍了分离式霍普金森压杆测试装置的基本原理,以及用于模拟深部岩石赋存环境所进行的装置改进,包括围压分离式霍普金森压杆实验系统和孔压(渗透压)耦合的分离式霍普金森压杆实验系统,简要分析了各类装置在研究流固耦合作用下岩石动力学问题时的优势和不足。其次,总结了考虑不同应力状态(单向加载、三向围压加载)的流固耦合作用下岩石的动态力学响应特性。详细介绍了固定预设孔压、渗透压耦合作用下深部岩石的动态力学响应及其随孔隙水压、渗透压变化的规律。随后,概述了围压对岩石动力学性质的影响机理,分析了不同围压条件下的影响规律;总结了水对岩石动态力学性质的强化、弱化微观机制和定量表达。最后,对流固耦合作用下深部岩石的动态力学响应进行了概括总结,并对未来实验研究工作和深部赋存条件下岩石动态力学的研究方向进行了展望。

基于双重介质渗流-应力耦合模型的高压压水试验渗透参数反演

高压压水试验过程中岩体易发生水力劈裂产生裂隙,岩体内部孔隙、裂隙双重导水,渗流场和应力场相互作用,导致岩体渗透参数的时空变异性。基于高压压水试验反演渗透参数需考虑双重介质渗流-应力耦合作用下产生裂隙前后渗透系数的变化规律,利用渗流-应力耦合数值模型结合工程现场高压压水试验数据进行参数反演,计算得到不同压力阶段下灰岩岩体渗透率。主要结论如下:发生水力劈裂前,随着注液压力的增大,渗透率及孔隙水压力在不同压力阶段之间分界明显,渗透率反演值与规程公式计算值相近;发生水力劈裂后,岩体渗透率增大约2倍,孔隙介质渗透率和通过的流量出现陡减现象。

基于DEM-MBD耦合的液压挖掘机动力学仿真分析

在实际工况下,液压挖掘机工作装置受到的载荷较大且具有强时变性,因此工作装置各组成杆件及液压缸较易出现各种形式的失效。针对以上问题,选取某型号液压挖掘机作为研究对象,根据液压挖掘机工作装置实际挖掘物料工况,利用多体动力学软件ADAMS建立液压挖掘机虚拟样机模型并利用离散元软件EDEM建立物料模型。通过DEM-MBD耦合仿真分析方法,对液压挖掘机工作装置进行动力学仿真分析,主要获取挖掘物料过程中铲斗受力变化曲线、不同时刻铲斗受力云图,通过对其分析,能够获取铲斗在挖掘作业过程中受力变化情况,为铲斗的有限元分析、优化设计提供理论依据。

深部煤炭流态化开采装备自主行走机构多缸推进同步控制

我国浅部煤炭正逐渐开采殆尽,向地球深部开发资源已成为必然趋势和国家需求。针对2000 m以深的深部煤炭开采难题,设计了一种适用于深部煤炭流态化开采装备的自主行走机构,并重点对自主行走机构中液压推进系统的多缸同步控制难题进行了研究。首先,基于流态化开采工艺原理及装备组成,设计了一种增阻迈步式自主行走机构,可实现采掘、转化和输出等多舱体的分段式自主行走;其次,针对液压推进系统的多缸同步控制要求,分析对比了主从控制、相邻交叉耦合控制、偏差耦合控制、均值耦合控制4种控制策略以及比例、积分、微分控制(PID)算法、自抗扰控制器(ADRC)的优缺点,分别开展了在均匀负载、突变负载、时变负载3种工况下的控制性能仿真试验;再次,采用雷达图测评法对不同控制策略下的同步控制性能进行综合评价,最终选定基于ADRC的均值耦合控制方法为最佳同步控制策略;最后,研制自主行走机构试验台并开展了多液压缸同步控制试验,试验结果表明:当采用基于ADRC的均值耦合同步控制策略时,4个液压缸在不同工况下的最大同步误差均能保持在±5 mm以内,且具有优异的鲁棒性,可满足流态化开采装备自主行走机构的多缸同步推进要求。

天然裂缝多特征组合对页岩储层渗流的影响

页岩气开发需要通过水力压裂技术形成缝网系统,为了研究天然裂缝特征对页岩储层渗流的影响,基于页岩储层中的质量守恒定律、朗格缪尔吸附方程及达西定律等,推导出了用于描述储层压裂区域内气体渗流行为的数学模型;基于该数学模型对引入的嵌入离散裂缝模型进行数值模拟,将模拟结果与已有文献结果,以及与现场实际生产数据进行对比,验证了模型的正确性;并在不同的天然裂缝渗透率、密集度、倾斜角组合情况下进行了页岩储层渗流数值模拟,研究了不同天然裂缝特征组合对页岩储层渗流的影响。研究结果表明:该数学模型能较好地模拟出储层情况,改变天然裂缝渗透率、密集度、倾斜角等参数均对页岩储层渗流行为有明显影响,增加天然裂缝渗透率会加大倾斜角、密集度对储层渗流的影响,对产气量的影响约10%;增加密集度会加大渗透率对储层渗流的影响,减小倾斜角对储层渗流的影响,对产气量的影响约6.3%;增大倾斜角会同时减小密集度、渗透率对储层渗流的影响,此现象可能是由于天然裂缝与水力裂缝交叉位置数量降低所致。该成果一方面可加深对不同天然裂缝特征组合与储层渗流潜在联系的科学认识;另一方面,所描述的天然裂缝特征的影响规律可对设计水力压裂施工方案、提高储层产量提供参考。

水力耦合下煤样声发射分形−渗透率模型及试验研究

煤样轴向应力加载-水压渗流作用下裂隙(孔隙)发展直接影响煤样试件的力学指标与渗流特性,文中通过理论解析与力学试验方法,分析了煤样试件裂隙(孔隙)主导下渗透率与声发射分形维数、振铃计数响应关系,建立了水力耦合作用下煤样声发射分形-渗透率模型,开展了不同围压(2~5 MPa,Δpw(渗透压)/p'c(围压)=0.75)下水力耦合煤样渗流试验,分析了不同围压(水压)下煤样试件的力学行为、声发射规律与渗流特征,探讨了不同围压下煤样试件的强度提升特点与破坏形态-声发射定位关系,验证了水力耦合下煤样试件的声发射分形-渗透率模型合理性。结果表明:煤样试件渗流试验中裂隙(孔隙)变化与声发射振铃具有一致性,裂隙(孔隙)扩展与声发射分形维数、渗透率密切相关,声发射分形、渗透率可用体积应变表征,基于声发射分形的水力耦合下煤样试件的声发射分形-渗透率模型可采用2段式数学模型解析;煤样渗流全应力-应变过程中渗透率表现为短时减少—长时缓慢增加—急速增加—小幅回落过程,振铃计数呈快速增加—减少—增加—减少波浪型发展,渗透率最小值滞后体积应变压缩与膨胀临界点,最小渗透率变化在0.124×10^(-17)~1.250×10^(-17)m^(2);随着围压(2~5 MPa)增加,煤样峰值偏应力、峰值轴向应变与峰值体积应变均呈增大趋势,线性特征显著,煤样峰值渗透率滞后峰值强度呈减小趋势,减幅达到93.34%,最大声发射振铃计数(对应峰值强度位置)表现为增加趋势;水力耦合下煤样试件有效黏聚力和有效内摩擦角分别提高到6.5116 MPa与36.56º,随着围压(2~5 MPa)增加,煤样试件的声发射信息由单斜面向不规整斜面过渡,主控破裂面角度由小角度向高角度转变,失稳由单块体剪切变为多块体压缩形态,试件破裂可采用声发射定位振铃计数表达;煤样试件声发射分形-体积应变、渗透率与体积应变、分形与渗透率3个试验曲线与理论曲线较为吻合,围压2~5 MPa试件压缩阶段相关性分别在0.882~0.999、0.950~0.998与0.849~0.997,围压2~5 MPa试件膨胀阶段相关性0.937~0.996、0.891~0.998与0.873~0.966。

考虑土石坝坝基接触带性能演化的渗流稳定分析

为分析土石坝在渗流及变形长期作用下坝基接触带性能及变化规律,基于水力耦合的分析方法,以某水库工程不同时期得到的坝基和坝基接触带渗透系数,建立土石坝坝基接触带渗透性能与力学参数演化模型,把握坝体及坝基材料物理力学特性、渗透特性的演化规律,对水库长期处于正常蓄水位情况下的渗流场及应力场进行分析。研究表明,由于水流的长期渗流作用,导致坝基接触带中的土壤流失,渗透系数增大,进而导致通过坝坡面、两岸山体的渗漏量增大。考虑水力耦合对坝体变形稳定的影响,研究发现,在水库运行期间,坝基接触带的强度是不断降低的,接触带的屈服区增加,变形量不断增大,安全系数随运行时间的增加不断降低。

旋转水力提升多金属结核运动特性数值模拟

采用CFD-DEM耦合方法对多金属结核提升进行模拟,研究了垂直管道中不同旋转流场旋流比对水力提升多金属结核输运特性的影响。结果表明,随着旋转流场旋流比增大,旋转强度显著增强,流体流速最大值增大,颗粒群轴向平均速度增大。旋转流场的旋转强度明显影响管道内颗粒的速度分布:速度大的颗粒逐步分布在管壁周围,速度较小的颗粒分布在管道中心处。旋转流场可降低颗粒群局部浓度,有利于降低因颗粒滞留效应引起局部浓度升高造成的输送管堵塞风险。