Clastic rock reservoir is the main reservoir type in the oil and gas field.Archie formula or various conductive models developed on the basis of Archie’s formula are usually used to interpret this kind of reservoir,a...Clastic rock reservoir is the main reservoir type in the oil and gas field.Archie formula or various conductive models developed on the basis of Archie’s formula are usually used to interpret this kind of reservoir,and the three-water model is widely used as well.However,there are many parameters in the threewater model,and some of them are difficult to determine.Most of the determination methods are based on the statistics of large amount of experimental data.In this study,the authors determine the value of the parameters of the new three-water model based on the nuclear magnetic data and the genetic optimization algorithm.The relative error between the resistivity calculated based on these parameters and the resistivity measured experimentally at 100%water content is 0.9024.The method studied in this paper can be easily applied without much experimental data.It can provide reference for other regions to determine the parameters of the new three-water model.展开更多
When the training data are insufficient, especially when only a small sample size of data is available, domain knowledge will be taken into the process of learning parameters to improve the performance of the Bayesian...When the training data are insufficient, especially when only a small sample size of data is available, domain knowledge will be taken into the process of learning parameters to improve the performance of the Bayesian networks. In this paper, a new monotonic constraint model is proposed to represent a type of common domain knowledge. And then, the monotonic constraint estimation algorithm is proposed to learn the parameters with the monotonic constraint model. In order to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm, series of experiments are carried out. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm is able to obtain more accurate parameters compared to some existing algorithms while the complexity is not the highest.展开更多
In this study, a new parameter, S phase cell percentage (S fraction) normalized BrdU (SFN-BrdU) incorporation rate, was introduced to detect $ arrest. The results showed a positive linear correlation between the B...In this study, a new parameter, S phase cell percentage (S fraction) normalized BrdU (SFN-BrdU) incorporation rate, was introduced to detect $ arrest. The results showed a positive linear correlation between the BrdU incorporation rate and the S fraction in unperturbed 16HBE cells. Theoretical analysis indicated that only S arrest could result in a decrease in the SFN-BrdU incorporation rate. Additionally, the decrease in SFN-BrdU incorporation rate and the activation of DNA damage checkpoints further demonstrated that S arrest was induced by diethyl sulfate treatment of 16HBE cells. In conclusion, $FN-BrdU incorporation rate can be used to detecting S arrest.展开更多
The 2009 M W 7.8 Fiordland (New Zealand) earthquake is the largest to have occurred in New Zealand since the 1931 M W 7.8 Hawke’s Bay earthquake, 1 000 km to the northwest. In this paper two tracks of ALOS PALSAR i...The 2009 M W 7.8 Fiordland (New Zealand) earthquake is the largest to have occurred in New Zealand since the 1931 M W 7.8 Hawke’s Bay earthquake, 1 000 km to the northwest. In this paper two tracks of ALOS PALSAR interferograms (one ascending and one descending) are used to determine fault geometry and slip distribution of this large earthquake. Modeling the event as dislocation in an elastic half-space suggests that the earthquake resulted from slip on a SSW-NNE orientated thrust fault that is associated with the subduction between the Pacific and Australian Plates, with oblique displacement of up to 6.3 m. This finding is consistent with the preliminary studies undertaken by the USGS using seismic data.展开更多
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) has become the cornerstone of risk stratification for heart failure patients. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2) was the first CPX variable to demonstrate prognostic value and is stil...Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) has become the cornerstone of risk stratification for heart failure patients. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2) was the first CPX variable to demonstrate prognostic value and is still the most frequently analyzed variable in clinical practice. More recently, several investigations have shown that ventilatory efficiency, typically expressed as the minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) slope, is a strong prognostic marker in patient with HF. The majority of studies report the VE/VCO2 slope to be prognostically superior to peak VO2 which underscore the clinical importance of assessing ventilatory efficiency in HF patients. Other expressions of ventilatory inefficiency like exercise oscillatory breathing (EOB), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PET CO2) at rest, and haemodynamic responses such as heart rate recovery (HRR) are strong predictors of outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). So there is a need for simplified approaches that integrate the additive prognostic information from cardiopulmonary exercise testing.展开更多
Knowledge about crop growth processes in relation to N limitation is necessary to optimize N management in farming system. Plant-based diagnostic method, for instance nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) were used to dete...Knowledge about crop growth processes in relation to N limitation is necessary to optimize N management in farming system. Plant-based diagnostic method, for instance nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) were used to determine the crop nitrogen status. This study determines the relationship of NNI with agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (AEN), tuber yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and leaf parameters including leaf area index (LAI), areal leaf N content (NJ and leaf N concentration (N0. Potatoes were grown in field at three N levels: no N (N 1), 150 kg N ha^-1 (N2), 300 kg N ha^-1 (N3). N deficiency was quantified by NNI and RUE was generally calculated by estimating of the light absorbance on leaf area. NNI was used to evaluate the N effect on tuber yield, RUE, LAI, NAL, and NL. The results showed that NNI was negatively correlated with AEN, N deficiencies (NNI〈 1) which occurred for N 1 and N2 significantly reduced LAI, NL and tuber yield; whereas the N deficiencies had a relative small effect on NAL and RUE. To remove any effect other than N on these parameters, the actual ratio to maximum values were calculated for each developmental linear relationships were obtained between NNI and tuber RUE to NNI. stage of potatoes. When the NNI ranged from 0.4 to 1, positive yield, LAI, NL, while a nonlinear regression fitted the response of展开更多
To find the optimized levels of various casting parameters in the ductile iron casting, various casting defects and the rejection rate were observed from a medium scale foundry. The controlled values of different cast...To find the optimized levels of various casting parameters in the ductile iron casting, various casting defects and the rejection rate were observed from a medium scale foundry. The controlled values of different casting parameters such as pouring temperature, inoculation, carbon equivalent, moisture content, green compression strength, permeability and mould hardness were selected. Three different melts of metal with 0.4wt.%, 0.6wt.%, and 0.8wt.% inoculation(Fe-Si-Mg alloy and post inoculant) were produced using a 1-ton capacity coreless medium frequency induction furnace. L-27 orthogonal array with 3-level settings were chosen for the analysis. Responses for each run were observed. The signal-to-noise(S/N) ratio for each run was calculated using the Taguchi approach, and the optimized levels of different casting parameters were identified based on the S/N ratio. The analysis of variance for the casting acceptance percentage concludes that inoculation is the most significant factor affecting the castings' quality with a contribution percentage of 44%; an increase in inoculation results in a significant improvement in acceptance percentage of ductile iron castings. The experiment results showed that with the optimized parameters, the rejection rate was reduced from 16.98% to 6.07%.展开更多
CF3I gas mixtures have attracted considerable attention as potential environmentally-friendly alternatives to SF6 gas,owing to their excellent insulating performance.This paper attempts to study the CF3I ternary gas m...CF3I gas mixtures have attracted considerable attention as potential environmentally-friendly alternatives to SF6 gas,owing to their excellent insulating performance.This paper attempts to study the CF3I ternary gas mixtures with c-C4F8 and buffer gases N2 and CO2 by considering dielectric strength from electron transport parameters based on the Boltzmann method and synergistic effect analysis,compared with SF6 gas mixtures.The results confirm that the critical electric field strength of CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2 is greater than that of 30%SF6/70%CO2 when the CF3I content is greater than 17%.Moreover,a higher content of c-C4F8 decreases the sensitivity of gas mixtures to an electric field,and this phenomenon is more obvious in CF3I/c-C4F8/CO2 gas mixtures.The synergistic effects for CF3I/c-C4F8/70%N2 were most obvious when the c-C4F8 content was approximately 20%,and for CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2 when the c-C4F8 content was approximately 10%.On the basis of this research,CF3I/c-C4F8/70%N2 shows better insulation performance when the c-C4F8 content is in the15%–20%range.For CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2,when the c-C4F8 content is in the 10%–15%range,the gas mixtures have excellent performance.Hence,these gas systems might be used as alternative gas mixtures to SF6 in high-voltage equipment.展开更多
Effect of two-stage sintering parameters such as heating rate, top sintering temperature and holding time, sintering temperature and holding time at the second stage on relative density, transverse rupture strength(TR...Effect of two-stage sintering parameters such as heating rate, top sintering temperature and holding time, sintering temperature and holding time at the second stage on relative density, transverse rupture strength(TRS) and microstructures of powder injection molded Ti(C, N)-based cermets were investigated, by means of Archimedes’s method, three-point bending test and micrographic analysis. The results show that the optimum sintering cycle for powder injection molded Ti(C, N)-based cermets comprises rapid heating (10℃/min) at low temperatures, slow heating (5℃/min) at intermediate temperatures, holding at the highest sintering temperature (1420℃) for a short time (10min), and holding at the second stage (1360℃) for a longer time (6h) to avoid grain coarsening, and that its TRS reaches 624MPa, and there are little pores in their microstructures.展开更多
The study carried out on the waters of the Méné River led to an overall assessment of its water quality during the dry season and the rainy season. The analysis focused on eight (8) water samples taken from ...The study carried out on the waters of the Méné River led to an overall assessment of its water quality during the dry season and the rainy season. The analysis focused on eight (8) water samples taken from the river during a period of dry season (January-February) and a period of rainy season (June and September). The various physicochemical parameters were measured according to Afnor standardized methods. The readings of temperature, turbidity, pH and conductivity made it possible to account for the disturbances occurring in water quality. A temporal variation correlated with the seasons (dry or rainy) is noted. Turbidity depends on the concentration of suspended solids (SS) in the water and drained particles and therefore on the seasons. Just like the temperature, the conductivity changes with the season. The waters of the Méné River are generally acidic. The results obtained show that there is a low level of pollution by chlorides, phosphates, nitrites and nitrates. A slight pollution of the waters of Méné in organic matter (chemical oxygen demand values are less than 25 mg∙L−1 during dry season and 32.33 ± 4.73 mg∙L−1 during rainy season) was observed. The concentrations of metallic trace elements such as iron, manganese and aluminum indicate significant pollution of these waters by these elements. Overall, the waters of the Méné River are of satisfactory quality because all the physicochemical parameters analyzed have values below standards during the dry season as well as during the rainy season with the exception of COD and a few metallic trace elements.展开更多
In this study,effects of nitrogen( N) amount applied on photosynthesis behaviors of the summer millet in North China was investigated. Photosynthetic rates( Pn),chlorophyll contents( Chl),photosynthetic active d...In this study,effects of nitrogen( N) amount applied on photosynthesis behaviors of the summer millet in North China was investigated. Photosynthetic rates( Pn),chlorophyll contents( Chl),photosynthetic active duration( PAD),and chlorophyll relative steady phase( RSP) in flag and the upper third leaves were assessed in cultivars of Baogu 19,Jigu 19,9050,and 60 D under three N treatments [i. e.,0( control),75,and 150 kg/hm2]. Results indicated that the photosynthesis parameters were drastically regulated by external N levels,all of them showing elevation along with the increased N input in both assayed leaves.Among the cultivars examined,behaviors of the photosynthetic parameters were much better in Baogu 19 and worse in 60 D. The plant yields in the cultivars under various N treatments were shown to be in consistent with the behavior of the photosynthesis parameters. Correlation analysis revealed that plant yield is positively correlated with Pn and Chl and significantly positively correlated with PAD and RSP,suggesting that longer effective photosynthetic duration of leaves impacts largely on plant biomass production and the yield formation potential. Our investigation indicates that suitable external N applied can increase the yield of summer millet associating with the improvement of photosynthesis behaviors in upper leaves that contribute to plant biomass at the late growth stage. Baogu 19 exhibited higher plant yield together with improved photosynthetic parameters in upper leaves,suggesting its potential as an elite cultivar in planting in the summer season of North China.展开更多
Two body centered tetragonal (bet) crystal structures of α'-Fe_(16)N_2 with x=0.25, z=0.3125 (Jack-1) and x=0.222, z=0.306 (Jack-2) respectively, were analyzed theoretically with EMS software package. The simulat...Two body centered tetragonal (bet) crystal structures of α'-Fe_(16)N_2 with x=0.25, z=0.3125 (Jack-1) and x=0.222, z=0.306 (Jack-2) respectively, were analyzed theoretically with EMS software package. The simulation of diffraction patterns indicates that both diffraction patterns of the same axis in these two structures obey bcc extinction rule. The conclusion is also obtained from the analyses of the diffracted waves. α'-Fe_(16)N_2 precipitates in the diffusion layer of ion-nitrided α-iron have been studied with transmission electron microscope (TEM). We have distinctly observed the electron diffraction patterns of α'-Fe_(16)N_2 in [100], [111], [110], [011], [210], [021], [311], [113], [331] and [133] zone axes with perfect symmetry, which indicate the parallel orientation relationship with α matrix:<001>α'//<001>α'// {100}.α'// {100}tα. The analyses of diffraction patterns, which obey bcc extinction rule, verify the bct structure of α'-Fe_(16)N_2 discovered by X-ray diffraction.展开更多
A class of N-parameter Gaussian processes are introduced, which are more general than the N-parameter Wiener process. The definition of the set generated by exceptional oscillations of a class of these processes is gi...A class of N-parameter Gaussian processes are introduced, which are more general than the N-parameter Wiener process. The definition of the set generated by exceptional oscillations of a class of these processes is given, and then the Hausdorff dimension of this set is defined. The Hausdorff dimensions of these processes are studied and an exact representative for them is given, which is similar to that for the two-parameter Wiener process by Zacharie (2001). Moreover, the time set considered is a hyperrectangle which is more general than a hyper-scluare used by Zacharie (2001). For this more general case, a Fernique-type inequality is established and then using this inequality and the Slepian lemma, a Levy's continuity modulus theorem is shown. Independence of increments is required for showing the representative of the Hausdorff dimension by Zacharie (2001). This property is absent for the processes introduced here, so we have to find a different way.展开更多
文摘Clastic rock reservoir is the main reservoir type in the oil and gas field.Archie formula or various conductive models developed on the basis of Archie’s formula are usually used to interpret this kind of reservoir,and the three-water model is widely used as well.However,there are many parameters in the threewater model,and some of them are difficult to determine.Most of the determination methods are based on the statistics of large amount of experimental data.In this study,the authors determine the value of the parameters of the new three-water model based on the nuclear magnetic data and the genetic optimization algorithm.The relative error between the resistivity calculated based on these parameters and the resistivity measured experimentally at 100%water content is 0.9024.The method studied in this paper can be easily applied without much experimental data.It can provide reference for other regions to determine the parameters of the new three-water model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6130513361573285)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(3102016CG002)
文摘When the training data are insufficient, especially when only a small sample size of data is available, domain knowledge will be taken into the process of learning parameters to improve the performance of the Bayesian networks. In this paper, a new monotonic constraint model is proposed to represent a type of common domain knowledge. And then, the monotonic constraint estimation algorithm is proposed to learn the parameters with the monotonic constraint model. In order to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm, series of experiments are carried out. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm is able to obtain more accurate parameters compared to some existing algorithms while the complexity is not the highest.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.81370079 and 81001253)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.7132122)
文摘In this study, a new parameter, S phase cell percentage (S fraction) normalized BrdU (SFN-BrdU) incorporation rate, was introduced to detect $ arrest. The results showed a positive linear correlation between the BrdU incorporation rate and the S fraction in unperturbed 16HBE cells. Theoretical analysis indicated that only S arrest could result in a decrease in the SFN-BrdU incorporation rate. Additionally, the decrease in SFN-BrdU incorporation rate and the activation of DNA damage checkpoints further demonstrated that S arrest was induced by diethyl sulfate treatment of 16HBE cells. In conclusion, $FN-BrdU incorporation rate can be used to detecting S arrest.
基金supported jointly by the GAS project (Ref: NE/H001085/1)a China 863 Project (No.2009AA12Z317)+2 种基金supported by the Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC) through the National Center of Earth Observation (NCEO) of which the Center for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakesfunded by a general project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NS- FC) (No. 40902081)a key project of the Ministry of Land & Resources, China (No. 1212010914015)
文摘The 2009 M W 7.8 Fiordland (New Zealand) earthquake is the largest to have occurred in New Zealand since the 1931 M W 7.8 Hawke’s Bay earthquake, 1 000 km to the northwest. In this paper two tracks of ALOS PALSAR interferograms (one ascending and one descending) are used to determine fault geometry and slip distribution of this large earthquake. Modeling the event as dislocation in an elastic half-space suggests that the earthquake resulted from slip on a SSW-NNE orientated thrust fault that is associated with the subduction between the Pacific and Australian Plates, with oblique displacement of up to 6.3 m. This finding is consistent with the preliminary studies undertaken by the USGS using seismic data.
文摘Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) has become the cornerstone of risk stratification for heart failure patients. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2) was the first CPX variable to demonstrate prognostic value and is still the most frequently analyzed variable in clinical practice. More recently, several investigations have shown that ventilatory efficiency, typically expressed as the minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) slope, is a strong prognostic marker in patient with HF. The majority of studies report the VE/VCO2 slope to be prognostically superior to peak VO2 which underscore the clinical importance of assessing ventilatory efficiency in HF patients. Other expressions of ventilatory inefficiency like exercise oscillatory breathing (EOB), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PET CO2) at rest, and haemodynamic responses such as heart rate recovery (HRR) are strong predictors of outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). So there is a need for simplified approaches that integrate the additive prognostic information from cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program (2011BAD12B03)
文摘Knowledge about crop growth processes in relation to N limitation is necessary to optimize N management in farming system. Plant-based diagnostic method, for instance nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) were used to determine the crop nitrogen status. This study determines the relationship of NNI with agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (AEN), tuber yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and leaf parameters including leaf area index (LAI), areal leaf N content (NJ and leaf N concentration (N0. Potatoes were grown in field at three N levels: no N (N 1), 150 kg N ha^-1 (N2), 300 kg N ha^-1 (N3). N deficiency was quantified by NNI and RUE was generally calculated by estimating of the light absorbance on leaf area. NNI was used to evaluate the N effect on tuber yield, RUE, LAI, NAL, and NL. The results showed that NNI was negatively correlated with AEN, N deficiencies (NNI〈 1) which occurred for N 1 and N2 significantly reduced LAI, NL and tuber yield; whereas the N deficiencies had a relative small effect on NAL and RUE. To remove any effect other than N on these parameters, the actual ratio to maximum values were calculated for each developmental linear relationships were obtained between NNI and tuber RUE to NNI. stage of potatoes. When the NNI ranged from 0.4 to 1, positive yield, LAI, NL, while a nonlinear regression fitted the response of
文摘To find the optimized levels of various casting parameters in the ductile iron casting, various casting defects and the rejection rate were observed from a medium scale foundry. The controlled values of different casting parameters such as pouring temperature, inoculation, carbon equivalent, moisture content, green compression strength, permeability and mould hardness were selected. Three different melts of metal with 0.4wt.%, 0.6wt.%, and 0.8wt.% inoculation(Fe-Si-Mg alloy and post inoculant) were produced using a 1-ton capacity coreless medium frequency induction furnace. L-27 orthogonal array with 3-level settings were chosen for the analysis. Responses for each run were observed. The signal-to-noise(S/N) ratio for each run was calculated using the Taguchi approach, and the optimized levels of different casting parameters were identified based on the S/N ratio. The analysis of variance for the casting acceptance percentage concludes that inoculation is the most significant factor affecting the castings' quality with a contribution percentage of 44%; an increase in inoculation results in a significant improvement in acceptance percentage of ductile iron castings. The experiment results showed that with the optimized parameters, the rejection rate was reduced from 16.98% to 6.07%.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51337006)。
文摘CF3I gas mixtures have attracted considerable attention as potential environmentally-friendly alternatives to SF6 gas,owing to their excellent insulating performance.This paper attempts to study the CF3I ternary gas mixtures with c-C4F8 and buffer gases N2 and CO2 by considering dielectric strength from electron transport parameters based on the Boltzmann method and synergistic effect analysis,compared with SF6 gas mixtures.The results confirm that the critical electric field strength of CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2 is greater than that of 30%SF6/70%CO2 when the CF3I content is greater than 17%.Moreover,a higher content of c-C4F8 decreases the sensitivity of gas mixtures to an electric field,and this phenomenon is more obvious in CF3I/c-C4F8/CO2 gas mixtures.The synergistic effects for CF3I/c-C4F8/70%N2 were most obvious when the c-C4F8 content was approximately 20%,and for CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2 when the c-C4F8 content was approximately 10%.On the basis of this research,CF3I/c-C4F8/70%N2 shows better insulation performance when the c-C4F8 content is in the15%–20%range.For CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2,when the c-C4F8 content is in the 10%–15%range,the gas mixtures have excellent performance.Hence,these gas systems might be used as alternative gas mixtures to SF6 in high-voltage equipment.
文摘Effect of two-stage sintering parameters such as heating rate, top sintering temperature and holding time, sintering temperature and holding time at the second stage on relative density, transverse rupture strength(TRS) and microstructures of powder injection molded Ti(C, N)-based cermets were investigated, by means of Archimedes’s method, three-point bending test and micrographic analysis. The results show that the optimum sintering cycle for powder injection molded Ti(C, N)-based cermets comprises rapid heating (10℃/min) at low temperatures, slow heating (5℃/min) at intermediate temperatures, holding at the highest sintering temperature (1420℃) for a short time (10min), and holding at the second stage (1360℃) for a longer time (6h) to avoid grain coarsening, and that its TRS reaches 624MPa, and there are little pores in their microstructures.
文摘The study carried out on the waters of the Méné River led to an overall assessment of its water quality during the dry season and the rainy season. The analysis focused on eight (8) water samples taken from the river during a period of dry season (January-February) and a period of rainy season (June and September). The various physicochemical parameters were measured according to Afnor standardized methods. The readings of temperature, turbidity, pH and conductivity made it possible to account for the disturbances occurring in water quality. A temporal variation correlated with the seasons (dry or rainy) is noted. Turbidity depends on the concentration of suspended solids (SS) in the water and drained particles and therefore on the seasons. Just like the temperature, the conductivity changes with the season. The waters of the Méné River are generally acidic. The results obtained show that there is a low level of pollution by chlorides, phosphates, nitrites and nitrates. A slight pollution of the waters of Méné in organic matter (chemical oxygen demand values are less than 25 mg∙L−1 during dry season and 32.33 ± 4.73 mg∙L−1 during rainy season) was observed. The concentrations of metallic trace elements such as iron, manganese and aluminum indicate significant pollution of these waters by these elements. Overall, the waters of the Méné River are of satisfactory quality because all the physicochemical parameters analyzed have values below standards during the dry season as well as during the rainy season with the exception of COD and a few metallic trace elements.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agricultural Science and Technology Achievement Transformation in Hebei Province(17826335D)National Millet and Sorghum Industry Technology System"Baoding Comprehensive Experimental Station"(CARS-06-13.5-B2)
文摘In this study,effects of nitrogen( N) amount applied on photosynthesis behaviors of the summer millet in North China was investigated. Photosynthetic rates( Pn),chlorophyll contents( Chl),photosynthetic active duration( PAD),and chlorophyll relative steady phase( RSP) in flag and the upper third leaves were assessed in cultivars of Baogu 19,Jigu 19,9050,and 60 D under three N treatments [i. e.,0( control),75,and 150 kg/hm2]. Results indicated that the photosynthesis parameters were drastically regulated by external N levels,all of them showing elevation along with the increased N input in both assayed leaves.Among the cultivars examined,behaviors of the photosynthetic parameters were much better in Baogu 19 and worse in 60 D. The plant yields in the cultivars under various N treatments were shown to be in consistent with the behavior of the photosynthesis parameters. Correlation analysis revealed that plant yield is positively correlated with Pn and Chl and significantly positively correlated with PAD and RSP,suggesting that longer effective photosynthetic duration of leaves impacts largely on plant biomass production and the yield formation potential. Our investigation indicates that suitable external N applied can increase the yield of summer millet associating with the improvement of photosynthesis behaviors in upper leaves that contribute to plant biomass at the late growth stage. Baogu 19 exhibited higher plant yield together with improved photosynthetic parameters in upper leaves,suggesting its potential as an elite cultivar in planting in the summer season of North China.
文摘Two body centered tetragonal (bet) crystal structures of α'-Fe_(16)N_2 with x=0.25, z=0.3125 (Jack-1) and x=0.222, z=0.306 (Jack-2) respectively, were analyzed theoretically with EMS software package. The simulation of diffraction patterns indicates that both diffraction patterns of the same axis in these two structures obey bcc extinction rule. The conclusion is also obtained from the analyses of the diffracted waves. α'-Fe_(16)N_2 precipitates in the diffusion layer of ion-nitrided α-iron have been studied with transmission electron microscope (TEM). We have distinctly observed the electron diffraction patterns of α'-Fe_(16)N_2 in [100], [111], [110], [011], [210], [021], [311], [113], [331] and [133] zone axes with perfect symmetry, which indicate the parallel orientation relationship with α matrix:<001>α'//<001>α'// {100}.α'// {100}tα. The analyses of diffraction patterns, which obey bcc extinction rule, verify the bct structure of α'-Fe_(16)N_2 discovered by X-ray diffraction.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10571159)the Doctoral Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(No.20060335032)
文摘A class of N-parameter Gaussian processes are introduced, which are more general than the N-parameter Wiener process. The definition of the set generated by exceptional oscillations of a class of these processes is given, and then the Hausdorff dimension of this set is defined. The Hausdorff dimensions of these processes are studied and an exact representative for them is given, which is similar to that for the two-parameter Wiener process by Zacharie (2001). Moreover, the time set considered is a hyperrectangle which is more general than a hyper-scluare used by Zacharie (2001). For this more general case, a Fernique-type inequality is established and then using this inequality and the Slepian lemma, a Levy's continuity modulus theorem is shown. Independence of increments is required for showing the representative of the Hausdorff dimension by Zacharie (2001). This property is absent for the processes introduced here, so we have to find a different way.