Government Responsibility in New Rural Cooperative Medical Care System from the Perspective of Equity and Efficiency

Equity and efficiency,as two essential parts of social security,always influence construction of China's new rural cooperative medical care system.The new rural cooperative medical care system is a rural social security system particularly intended to make it more affordable for the rural poor.It is a multi-channel fundraising system with fund of comprehensive arrangement for serious disease composed by the government,collectives and individuals.Since its implementation,it has made considerable achievements,but there are still many apparent and hidden problems.Through analyzing existing problems in the implementation of new rural cooperative medical care system,from the perspective of equity and efficiency,it reached the conclusion that government should take corresponding responsibilities.At the same time of constantly increasing efficiency,it is recommended to attach importance to the equity,so as to realize the objective of improving the security level of new rural cooperative medical care system.

Impact of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme on Health Care Service Utilization in Rural China

Using the 2000, 2004, and 2006 CHNS longitudinal survey data and econometric methods （random-effect probit regression model and DID methods）, this study conducted an empirical analysis to estimate the impact of NCMS. The major conclusions are as follows. First, predisposing factors, enabling factors, health care need factors, and lifestyle factors affect health care utilization. Second, results using DID methods indicate that NCMS did not affect health care service utilization （outpatient and inpatient） of individuals when ill, but it might increase the possibility of getting a health examination. Third, there is no difference in health care service utilization （both outpatient and inpatient） between the NCMS enrollment group and the non-enrollment group in both working age group （15-59） and the elderly group （60 and over）. Therefore, it can be said that NCMS did not affect the health care utilization in both the group. However, NCMS positively affects disease prevention behavior （visiting the hospital to receive a health examination） in the working age group, but the effect did not appear in the elderly group.

The impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on the“health poverty alleviation”of rural households in China

This study investigates the impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme(NRCMS)on rural households to escape poverty.We employ the instrumental variable method,the IVProbit model,to analyze the national data from the rural-resident field survey by the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2016.Based on the large-scale data,we found that,first,the hospitalization of family members is the key factor in increasing the risk of the family falling into poverty.The NRCMS has significantly reduced the likely risk of falling into poverty.Second,the impact of the NRCMS on poverty alleviation varies among groups with different levels of income.There is no impact on the upper-middle and high-income groups;in contrast,the NRCMS has substantially improved the capacity of low-income rural families to prevent poverty due to illness,especially for the lower-middle-income group.Third,there exist significant regional differences in the impact of NRCMS on the health poverty alleviation of rural households in China.The NRCMS has successfully reduced the risk of rural households in the western region falling into poverty,simultaneously,no significant impact on those in the eastern and central regions.In order to diminish and eliminate poverty eventually and boost rural residents'capacity for income acquisition,we propose the following:raise the actual compensation ratio of the NRCMS,control the rising expense of NRCMS by promoting the payment method reform,construct the comprehensive healthcare system in the western region,strengthen the medical security for the poor in remote area,and enhance the living environment for rural residents.

Issues concerning Migrant Workers' Participation in the New Rural Cooperative Medical System and Countermeasures——Based on the Survey in Wenjiang District and Jintang County, Chengdu City

We conduct questionnaire survey of migrant workers in Wenjiang District and Jintang County of Chengdu City,respectively,using the method of key-point investigation and the sampling survey. We describe the status quo of the sample migrant workers' participation in the New Rural Cooperative Medical System,analyze the issues concerning migrant workers' participation in the New Rural Cooperative Medical System,and put forward the countermeasures and recommendations as follows: using many types of medical insurance; establishing universal reimbursement points in strange land and premium-paying system for migrant workers; making the proportion of reimbursement open and transparent; establishing and improving medicare security system for migrant workers.

Restraining Factors and Improving Paths for the Operation Mechanism of New Rural Cooperative Medical System in China

The new rural cooperative medical system has achieved periodical achievements since its establishment.Nevertheless,there are many factors hampering the development of the new system,such as the high cost,the difficulties in fund procurement,the lack of management,the narrow coverage of benefit,the ineffective constraint to the designated medical institutions,the high fund balance rate,and the poor medical facilities and services in rural areas.Countermeasures are put forward to solve these problems,including improving the system design,expanding the coverage of the system,expanding the fund sources,reducing the financing costs,strengthening the fund supervision,enhancing the supervision of designated medical institutions,and improving the capacity of health services in rural areas.

On Rural Medical Care and Health Undertaking Development during New Medical Reform

Based on in-depth survey of township hospitals in Lushan County of Henan Province, this paper studies the development situations of rural medical care and health undertaking in the course of new medical reform. Results show that both rural medical institution and public health undertaking have considerable development in this course. Working capital situation gradually turns better. However, there are still problems and challenge of shortage of high quality medical care personnel, lack of employment mechanism, poor medical environment, and imperfect bidding and purchasing system of medicines. To further develop rural medical situation, it should improve medical environment, speed up informationization construction, and give prominence to functional orientation.

The New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme and Its Implications on Rural Labor Migration in China：Evidence from Longitudinal Surveys

In 2003, China initiated the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme （NRCMS） in order to provide basic health care coverage for the rural population. However, the NRCMS has had a marked impact on rural-urban labor migration as its current regulations present a barrier for cross-region participation in the NRCMS, and its reimbursement system is biased when the enrollees seek medical services outside their location of hukou, a household registration system in China. This paper performs a variety of empirical tests on a panel data set from the China Health and Nutrition Survey （CHNS） to study how the NRCMS affects rural residents＇ work location choices. We observed a ＂locking effect＂ on potential rural migrant workers and a ＂pulling effect＂ on existing ones. According to the results, the NRCMS has discouraged rural residents from working outside their location of hukou, lowering the probability of relocation by 3.52 percent. Meanwhile, the NRCMS system actually encourages existing migrant workers to return home. This paper concludes that the NRCMS has to some extent restrained the free flow of the labor force and exacerbated the migrant worker shortage.

Identification of Factors Influencing Out-of-county Hospitalizations in the New Cooperative Medical Scheme

Summary:Throughout the duration of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme(NCMS),it was found that an increasing number of rural patients were seeking out-of^county medical treatment,which posed a great burden on the NCMS fund.Our study was conducted to examine the prevalence of out-of^county hospitalizations and its related factors,and to provide a scientific basis for follow?up health insurance policies.A total of 215 counties in central and western China from 2008 to 2016 were selected.The total out-of-county hospitalization rate in nine years was 16.95%,which increased from 12.37%in 2008 to 19.21%in 2016 with an average annual growth rate of 5.66%.Its related expenses and compensations were shown to increase each year,with those in the central region being higher than those in the western region.Stepwise logistic regression reveals that the increase in out-of-county hospitalization rate was associated with region(XI),rural population(X2),per capita per year net income(X3),per capita gross domestic product(GDP)(X4),per capita funding amount of NCMS(X5),compensation ratio of out-of^county hospitalization cost(X6),per time average in-county(X7)and out-of-county hospitalization cost(X8).According to Bayesian network(BN),the marginal probability of high out-of^county hospitalization rate was as high as 81.7%.Out-of^county hospitalizations were directly related to X8,X3,X4 and X6.The probability of high out-of-county hospitalization obtained based on hospitalization expenses factors,economy factors,regional characteristics and NCMS policy factors was 95.7%,91.1%,93.0% and 88.8%,respectively.And how these factors affect out-of-county hospitalization and their interrelationships were found out.Our findings suggest that more attention should be paid to the influence mechanism of these factors on out-of-county hospitalizations,and the increase of hospitalizations outside the county should be reasonably supervised and controlled and our results will be used to help guide the formulation of proper intervention policies.

农村医养结合型养老服务政策的演进逻辑

伴随着健康中国战略的稳步推进,我国农村医养结合型养老服务体系经历了从供给不足到供需相对均衡的发展过程,逐步形成了与经济社会持续健康发展相协调的高质量社会养老服务体系,在满足公众需求、缓解社会矛盾、促进社会公平、增进老年福祉等方面发挥了重要作用。深入挖掘其在政策目标、政策内容、价值取向等方面的阶段性特征和变化趋势,通过社会网络分析发现,我国农村医疗卫生与养老服务相结合由点到面逐步拓展,二者由彼此独立走向有机融合,其结合、融合与整合的体制机制逐渐成熟,二者相结合由逐步成熟向深度融合阶段迈进。为了促进医养结合政策的有效衔接,我国应加快推进农村医养结合型养老服务体系建设,以县域医共体为核心发展农村医养结合型养老服务,探究不同类型政策工具之间的合理匹配,全方位提高农村医养结合型养老服务质量,不断提升老年人健康保障水平。

城乡基本医疗保险制度实施对家庭消费的影响效应及作用机制

基于1988—2018年中国家庭收入调查数据,以城乡基本医疗保险制度实施为准自然实验,采用双重差分法考察了城镇基本医疗保险与新型农村合作医疗保险(即新农合)对家庭消费率的影响及其机制。结果显示:相较于未参保家庭,参加城镇医保的家庭消费率显著高出1.01%,但新农合的影响不显著;机制分析发现,城镇医保促进了参保家庭的总消费和分项消费支出,但新农合对消费支出无显著影响,同时,城镇医保和新农合对总收入和大部分分项收入无显著影响,这与基准回归结果一致;异质性分析表明,城镇医保更多地提升了中老年、非富裕、不健康群体,以及西部地区的家庭消费率。对此,应当充分发挥基本医疗保险制度对提振家庭消费率的积极作用,对“大水漫灌”式的财政补助应进行反思;改变基本医保“户保分离”“业保分离”的现状;加强针对特定人群的医保政策;注重提高参保青年和健康群体的获得感。

大病保险、医疗服务升级与农民健康

“健康中国2030”规划纲要明确了健康对经济社会发展的重要作用,在新型农村合作医疗制度未能显著改善农民健康的背景下,研究农民健康水平的提升机制具有重要意义。本文聚焦2012年8月开始试点实施的城乡居民大病保险制度,基于2011—2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据,以样本所在城市是否试点实施农村大病保险作为依据构造“农村大病保险”参保变量,运用计量模型实证检验农村大病保险对农民健康的影响效应及机制。实证结果显示,试点农村大病保险使农民自评健康显著提高0.08个单位,并且在对健康水平和农村大病保险等变量进行重新调整的情形下,实证结果依然稳健。异质性分析结果显示,农村大病保险对低收入群体的健康促进作用更大,并且对社区内有医疗点的群体影响效果更为显著。机制分析结果显示,对于需住院群体而言,农村大病保险通过促进农民做出住院决策进而改善了健康;而对于住院群体,农村大病保险通过促进农民选择级别更高的县区级医院进而改善了健康。为进一步提高农民健康水平,应丰富农村大病保险的筹资主体,引入个人缴费和财政补贴,在扩大大病保险基金规模的前提下,进一步提升大病保险待遇水平;同时,应改善农村基层医疗资源分配,提高农民基层医疗服务可及性和服务水平。

都市圈新城区乡村医疗服务中心地网络结构及其影响因素研究——以武汉市新城区为例

医疗服务是维护居民健康的重要保障。基于修正引力模型和社会网络分析法,分析武汉市6个新城区乡村医疗服务中心地空间网络结构及其影响因素。研究表明:(1)新城区乡村医疗服务中心地呈现网络结构,多中心层级化共存。医疗服务网络密度整体上处于初级阶段,总体关联度偏低,且大部分联系限于各区内部,整体节点聚集度较低。医疗服务中心地的网络非均衡性明显,形成了不同尺度的空间嵌套格局。(2)医疗服务中心地可分为6个子群,并呈现由内到外的圈层结构。6个子群的空间关联网络由北向南形成层次分明的板块,而且呈现出小团体现象。特别需要指出的是,子群的划分表现出鲜明的邻近指向特征,地理邻近关系对医疗服务中心地关联强度的影响比较明显。(3)空间邻近性、农业产值、第二产业企业注册资本、人口数量、城镇化水平、道路密度和交通可达性对新城区乡村医疗服务中心地空间关联网络强度的提高具有显著影响,而第三产业企业的影响并不显著。

病有所医、病无所恐:我国农村合作医疗制度发展历程、运行逻辑与未来进路

新中国成立70多年来,国家一直在探索如何更好地为农村人口供给可负担、高质量的医疗保障,在经历了从传统农村合作医疗到新型农村合作医疗的不间断探索后,形成了中国特色社会主义制度下的农民医疗保障全覆盖模式,这种连续性、从未间断的合作医疗形成了新中国治理变迁的独特经验,是形成国家发展的“中国奇迹”的一种基础保障力量。以历史变迁的长镜头观之,我国合作医疗历经了从“集体福利”“个体消费”“民生服务”走向基本公共服务均等化的实践轨迹,各个阶段都努力在现实需求与资源约束的矛盾运动下最大限度保证农民群众“人人看得起病”。为了在更高水平上保障农民“病有所医、病无所恐”,未来需要继续大力推动城乡居民基本医疗保障制度的一体化改革,扩展农民群众医保报销范围、降低个人承担份额,最终实现城乡居民人人享有健康权利的国家战略规划,迈向以人民为中心的社会主义“共同健康”之路。

Development of the New Rural Cooperative Medical System in China

Based on a survey conducted by our research team at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the present paper reports on the development of China＇s new rural cooperative medical system set up in late 2002. The new rural cooperative medical system is different from the old system in that it is organized, guided and supported by the government but that rural residents voluntarily participate in its administration. It is financed by individuals, collectives and the government. The new cooperative medical system focuses on serious disease planning and mutual aid and fraternily between rural residents in health care. The results of our survey indicate that the new rural medical system has been successful up to now but that it also has some problems. China needs to pay more attention to overcoming the difficulties and challenges it faces in terms of future medical needs so that a mechanism for its sustainable development can be established.

Health Insurance and Its Reimbursement Arrangements： Policy Evaluation on New Cooperative Medical System in Rural China

Disease has been one of the top reasons accounting for impoverishment in rural China. The government subsidizes health care through the New Cooperative Medical System since 2003 （ NCMS ）. The paper studies the effectiveness of various reimbursement arrangements in reducing the financial burden caused by health care in rural China. Using data from China Health and Nutrition Survey（CHNS） , it finds that the severity of illness, the type of illness, medical cost and other costs of the treatment are significantly influencing the choice of a type of treatment. Based on the estimated demand function, the paper concludes that the reimbursement for inmpatient care only has little effect on reducing the financial burden and the incidence of catastrophic expenditure and that expending subsidies to outpatient care is a more effective policy.

乡村振兴视角下农民对新农合满意度影响因素研究——来自全国2152个农户的微观数据

人们对美好生活的向往是乡村振兴的关键衡量指标,农民对新农合满意度评价影响到农民对于乡村振兴建设的满意度。本文关注乡村振兴视角下,农民对新农合满意度影响因素,利用全国2152个农户入户调查数据,采用Eveiws软件对数据进行了有序Logistic回归分析,结果表明:整体上农民对新农合满意度高于不满意度比例,55%对新农合表示满意,37%则对新农合持有一般态度;年龄、文化程度、农民纯收入对新农合满意度具有显著正向作用,说明提升文化程度以及改善人民收入,有利于提升新农合满意度;通过网络获取医疗信息便利度对新农合满意度有显著正向影响,表明互联网的使用,强化了农民信息获取、便利了农民之间的交流,从而带动了人们对农村新农合的满意度;比照东北区域村庄,东部区域和中部区域村庄居民对新农合满意度要低一些。

“新农合”改善农村居民的身心健康了吗?——来自苏鲁皖豫四省的经验证据

农民参与新农合的积极性不断提高,但学者们关于新农合对农民健康状况的改善效果存在较大分歧。本文基于马斯洛需求层次理论,通过对苏鲁皖豫四省的795份农户调查数据实证分析,厘清了新农合对农民身心健康的影响机理,并对改善农民身心健康的影响因素进行分析。结果显示,新农合促进了农民身心健康的改善;农民对新农合的参与积极性和治疗满意度较高;参加新农合时长、家庭是否有大病报销对参合者身心健康改善的具有正向影响,而超过门诊补贴上限则具有负向影响。根据上述结论,提出了健全报销比例调整机制、提高对弱势群体的支持力度、平衡城乡医药资源配置等政策建议。

成都市温江区新型农村合作医疗参合农民满意度调查

目的选点抽样调查参合农民对新型农村合作医疗(新农合)的满意度,分析影响满意度的因素,为我国特别是成都地区优化和改进新农合实施方案提供决策参考。方法计算机单纯随机抽取温江区3个乡镇作为调查对象,采用走村入户与农民面对面访谈的方式随机对温江5％参合农户户主用自制问卷调查表进行调查。分别采用Epidata 3．0和ISPSS 11．5软件进行数据录入和统计分析。结果共发放问卷2 500份,收回有效问卷2 438份(有效率97．56％)。58．1％的农户对新农合总体满意,逐步logistic多元回归分析发现,参合意愿(自愿、随大流、其他)(偏回归系数B=-3．54,P=0．014)与对现有报销比例的满意度(偏回归系数B=-4．62,P=0．018)是影响参合农民对新农合总体满意度的最重要因素。结论加大新农合宣传力度,合理设定补偿方式及比例,提高农民自愿参合率及参合农民受益度,对于提高新农合质量和绩效具有重要作用。