Enhance liquid nitrogen fracturing performance on hot dry rock by cyclic injection

Producing complex fracture networks in a safe way plays a critical role in the hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal energy exploitation. However, conventional hydraulic fracturing (HF) generally produces high breakdown pressure and results only in single main fracture morphology. Furthermore, HF has also other problems such as the increased risk of seismic events and consuption of large amount of water. In this work, a new stimulation method based on cyclic soft stimulation (CSS) and liquid nitrogen (LN2) fracturing, known as cyclic LN2 fracturing is explored, which we believe has the potential to solve the above issues related to HF. The fracturing performances including breakdown pressure and fracture morphology on granites under true-triaxial stresses are investigated and compared with cyclic water fracturing. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) tests and X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning tests were used for quantitative characterization of fracture parameters and to evaluate the cyclic LN2 fracturing performances. The results demonstrate that the cyclic LN2 fracturing results in reduced breakdown pressure, with between 21% and 67% lower pressure compared with using cyclic water fracturing. Cyclic LN2 fracturing tends to produce more complex and branched fractures, whereas cyclic water fracturing usually produces a single main fracture under a low number of cycles and pressure levels. Thermally-induced fractures mostly occur around the interfaces of different particles. This study shows the potential benefits of cyclic LN2 fracturing on HDR. It is expected to provide theoretical guidance for the cyclic LN2 fracturing application in HDR reservoirs.

Fabrication and sintering behavior of high-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steels by metal injection molding

High-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steels were fabricated by the metal injection molding technique using high nitrogen alloying powders and a mixture of three polymers as binders.Mixtures of metal powders and binders with various proportions were also investigated, and an optimum powder loading capacity was determined as 64vol%.Intact injection molded compacts were successfully obtained by regulating the processing parameters.The debinding process for molded compacts was optimized with a combination of thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis.An optimum relative density and nitrogen content of the specimens are obtained at 1360℃,which are 97.8%and 0.79wt%,respectively.

Preparation of high nitrogen and nickel-free austenitic stainless steel by powder injection molding

High nitrogen and nickel-free austenitic stainless steel has received much recognition worldwide because it can solve the problem of ＂nickel-allergy＂ and has outstanding mechanical and physical properties. In this article, 0Cr17Mn11Mo3N was prepared by powder injection molding （PIM） technique accompanied with solid-nitriding. The results show that the critical solid loading can achieve up to 64vol% by use of gas-atomized powders with the average size of 17.4 μm. The optimized sintefing conditions are determined to be 1300℃,2 h in flowing nitrogen atmosphere, at which the relative density reaches to 99% and the N content is as high as 0.78wt%. After solution annealing at 1150℃for 90 rain and water quench, the 0.2% yield strength, ultimate tensile strength （UTS）, elongation, reduction in area, and hardness can reach as high as 580 MPa, 885 MPa, 26.0%, 29.1%, and Hv 222, respectively.

Nitrogen Injection in Molten Aluminum in a Tank Degasser

The injection of nitrogen in molten aluminum through a static impeller in a tank degassing unit is studied. Using basic principles of fluid mechanics, it is analyzed the influence of the nozzle diameter on the bubble diameter and the mean residence time of the bubbles in the molten aluminum. By means of transient isothermal 2D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, the influence of the nitrogen volumetric flow rate on the phase distributions and the tank degasser dynamics is studied. Finally, an adiabatic CFD simulation is carried out in order to elucidate the changes in the molten aluminum temperature due to the injection of nitrogen at ambient temperature. This simulation shows that molten aluminum does not suffer drastic temperature reductions given that, in spite?that?the nitrogen is fed at ambient temperature, the mass of nitrogen is relatively small compared with the mass of aluminum.

Numerical simulation of nitrogen injection of goaf in fire prevention based on Finite Volume Method

The numerical simulation is used to research the influence of nitrogen injection on spontaneous combustion in goaf. The spontaneous combustion mathematical model on the coupling of air flow field, oxygen concentration field, and residual coal temperature field was established with nitrogen injection in goat＇. Then the software of numerical computation was pro- grammed by Finite Volume Method. Combined with the example, the distributions of air flow field, oxygen concentration field and residual coal temperature field at different nitrogen injection volume were obtained by the software. The results show that the nitrogen injection could effectively prevent the spontaneous combustion fire in goaf and the highest temperature in goaf decreased with the nitrogen injection volume increasing. Finally, the accuracy of the numerical simulation was verified by the temperature observation in field. The achievement of this research is of theoretical and practical significance for the prevention of coal spontaneous combustion in goaf.

Study on numerical simulation of spontaneous combustion prevention mechanism by nitrogen injection in goaf

Based on heterogeneous and porous medium seepage of air leakage-diffusion equation, as well as, gas and porous medium synthesis heat transferring equation, a spontaneous combustion non-steady numerical model of nitrogen injection goaf was established, which can be solved by upwind finite element numerical simulation method si- multaneously. Taking the working face for example; air leakage seepage, nitrogen flow and gas distribution can be described in visual display in nitrogen injection goaf and the oxygen （O2）, carbon monoxide （CO） concentration and temperature distribution, as well as, their change were described in theory during the coal left behind combustion in goaf, which above reveals the complex mechanics course （mechanism） of seepage, diffusion and oxidation heat releasing during coal spontaneous combustion and its restraining. During the calculation, the effect factors of gas springing out and working face advancing were considered fully, and the spontaneous combustion course under different amount of nitrogen injection was simulated. The conclusions were obtained that under nitrogen injection condition, the high spontaneous combustion temperature area lean to the inlet air, but the shape becomes narrower, with the amount of nitrogen rising, the spontaneous combustion period becomes longer till to it does not happen. Meanwhile the nitrogen injection accelerates gas springing out in goaf. The result that turns out in theory simulation fits to practical nitrogen injection.

Calculation of the Gas Injection Rate and Pipe String Erosion in Nitrogen Drilling Systems

Detailed information is provided for the design and construction of nitrogen drilling in a coal seam.Two prototype wells are considered.The Guo model is used to calculate the required minimum gas injection rate,while the Finnie,Sommerfeld,and Tulsa models are exploited to estimate the ensuing erosion occurring in pipe strings.The calculated minimum gas injection rates are 67.4 m^(3)/min(with water)and 49.4 m^(3)/min(without water),and the actual field of use is 90–120 m^(3)/min.The difference between the calculated injection pressure and the field value is 6.5%–15.2%(formation with water)and 0.65%–7.32%(formation without water).The results show that the Guo model can more precisely represent the situation of the no water formation in the nitrogen drilling of a coal seam.The Finnie,Sommerfeld,and Tulsa models have different sensitivities to cutting densities,particle size,impact velocity and angle,and pipe string hardness.

RESEARCH THE CHANGE RULE OF OXIDATION ZONE WIDTH CAUSED BY NITROGEN INJECTION IN GOB

On the basis of heat transfer and chemical kinetics theory, both connections coal self ignite with oxygen concentration and range of oxidation zone with air leak intensity are analyzed, and calculating method is deduced to gain the lower limit of oxygen concentration and the range of oxidation zone. The change rule of correlative parameter is quantitatively researched between before nitrogen injection and after nitrogen injection in gob, such as oxygen concentration, oxidation zone width, etc. According to theoretical calculation, the relation position and flow of nitrogen injection with oxidation zone width is conformed, and computational formulas of the best flow and position of nitrogen injection are obtained. It offers a theoretic criterion for preventing and controlling float coal self ignite by nitrogen injection in gob.

注氮气机抽防腐防垢一体化管柱的研制与应用

针对塔河油田注氮气机抽井井筒及井下工具严重腐蚀结垢,易造成抽油泵卡泵、封隔器解封困难等井下故障的问题,在现有技术的基础上,优化改进结构、技术创新,研制了一种注氮气防腐防垢机抽一体化管柱。该管柱包括注气防垢杆式泵、防腐封隔器等关键工具,注气防垢杆式泵优化改进了柱塞和泵筒的结构,泵筒上部设计注气孔、下部设计封堵筒,柱塞下部设计密封堵头,注气时柱塞下部堵头将进油通道密封,能防止高压油液倒灌进入泵腔发生腐蚀结垢,消除柱塞下放失败的风险;防腐封隔器采用新型护肩式的胶筒组件及双“O”型圈、双向支撑密封结构、分级解封机构和分体式双向卡瓦锚定结构,提高封隔器胶筒的耐腐蚀性能、降低上提解封力和保证卡瓦锚定性能。经过理论校核和室内模拟试验均满足现场需求,现场应用表明,该管柱坐封、解封及注气均正常,转采成功率100%,满足开发需求,解决了注气腐蚀结垢卡泵和封隔器解封困难的工程难题,具有很高的推广价值。

平行升压防灭火技术在采煤工作面启封及回采中的应用

徐矿集团新疆赛尔能源有限责任公司六矿A_(3)煤层埋藏较浅,A_(3)015综采工作面属易自燃厚煤层工作面,因受采动影响造成地表出现裂隙,形成采空区漏风通道,大量新鲜空气通过地表裂隙迅速涌入采空区,为遗煤提供氧气,工作面回采期间存在采空区遗煤自燃隐患,采取注氮、均压等综合防灭火措施,控制采空区遗煤自燃,达到预期效果。

基于CFD的采空区三维流场分析及注氮参数优化研究

注氮是煤矿采空区发生自然发火征兆时常用的抑制措施,因其效果显著、安全可靠等特点被广泛应用于采空区灭火实践。注氮位置选取、注氮量的多少等直接影响注氮的效果及成本;采用数值模拟及现场实测相结合的方法,对注氮防灭火参数进行优化。以试验工作面为原型建立仿真物理模型,通过现场实测数据验证模型的有效性。在开展数值模拟试验的过程中,通过研究不同注氮位置、不同注氮流量等对采空区“三带”的影响,找到最优注氮参数,并进行了现场实测验证。研究结果表明,注氮口在进风侧距离工作面50 m处、注氮流量1 000 m~3/h时,注氮效果良好且成本最低。

朱集西煤矿自燃“三带”分布及注氮参数研究

为了研究朱集西煤矿11503综采工作面采空区自燃“三带”分布规律,在进、回风巷侧埋设束管对采空区内部氧气浓度变化规律进行现场实测,并采用数值模拟的方法研究不同注氮流量下自燃“三带”分布变化规律,确定合理的注氮流量。研究表明:增加注氮流量,采空区氧化带的分布范围和宽度会减小,当注氮流量增加至900 m^(3)/h以上时对减小氧化带宽度效果甚微,据此确定了合理的注氮流量900 m^(3)/h;通过计算得到11503工作面安全通风量为222 m^(3)/min。研究结果为该工作面的后续防灭火工作提供参考。

河口岸带氨氮原位快速分析方法研究

以自主研发的海水氨氮原位快速分析仪的现场可靠测量为目标,基于改进的靛酚蓝分光光度法建立了一种河口岸带氨氮的快速分析方法。论文基于正交实验分析,研究了不同盐度条件下,全自动快速测量最佳不完全显色反应时间,并确定了给定盐度范围内最佳不完全显色反应时间随盐度变化的规律。研究及分析结果表明,样品盐度为5‰的情况下,基于改进和优化后的靛酚蓝分光光度法,氨氮原位测量仪的检测耗时仅需要60s左右;样品盐度在0‰~25‰范围内,氨氮快速测量的最佳反应时间,随着盐度的增大而逐渐增加,样品盐度为25‰时,检测耗时为180s。光程长度为10cm、显色反应时间为60s时,盐度为5‰的氨氮样品检测下限为0.9945μmol·L^(-1),方法标准工作曲线R2大于0.99,证明改进后的靛酚蓝分光光度法可以满足河口岸带水体中氨氮的原位快速检测。将其应用于湛江湾水体中氨氮时间序列在线监测发现,监测期间氨氮浓度与水体盐度存在很好的负相关关系。与传统的人工检测和流动注射分析方法相比,自主研发的海水氨氮原位快速分析仪检测分析过程中样品和试剂消耗量极少(μL),反应时间短(盐度为5‰时60 s),可适用于河口岸带水体中氨氮的长时间序列原位及在线监测。

注氮对采空区自燃“三带”影响的考察

针对注氮对采空区“三带”范围的影响问题,在皖北某一工作面分别进行了有/无注氮操作下的采空区温度和氧气浓度检测。基于氧气浓度指标,发现注氮操作对采空区“三带”划分范围影响不大,但是在采空区中存在明显的氮气影响区域,并依据氧气浓度基本确定了该区域范围。在实际工程中,可通过调整注氮参数,将氮气影响区域的氧气浓度降至窒息带氧气浓度,从而获得最佳的注氮操作参数。

固溶处理对注射成形含氮双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响

将316L奥氏体不锈钢粉末和430铁素体不锈钢粉末制得的含氮双相不锈钢作为研究对象,在流动氩气保护下对含氮双相不锈钢进行固溶处理,固溶温度分别为1300、1320、1340℃。通过极化曲线和交流阻抗谱的检测,研究固溶处理温度对含氮双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:在流动氩气保护下1320℃固溶处理后,含氮双相不锈钢的耐点蚀性能比316L、430不锈钢好,自腐蚀电流密度、点蚀电位、电荷转移电阻分别为1.67×10^(-6)A·cm^(-2)、0.219 V、2.84×10^(3)Ω·cm^(2)。

大倾角工作面采空区均压-注氮联合防火数值模拟研究

以峻德煤矿93172大倾角外部漏风工作面为例,研究大倾角外部漏风采空区均压参数合理性以及对注氮防火的影响。采用Fluent数值模拟方法对采空区进行流场分析,充分考虑位压的影响,合理设置工作面和采空区进回风口及漏风口压力边界参数;建立了“L”形大倾角采空区冒落分布模型,进行采空区“恰当均压”,“欠均压”,“过均压”数值模拟,探究不同均压工况的采空区自燃三带分布,同时探讨了采空区均压注氮的合理参数选择。结果表明:“恰当均压”的采空区自然氧化带宽度最短;注氮防火应在“恰当均压”条件下进行,否则将会极大降低采空区惰化效果,徒增注氮量。研究结果对现场科学制定均压-注氮联合防火措施提供理论指导,同时压力边界参数设置方法为大倾角工作面采空区均压-注氮联合防火相关数值模拟研究提供科学参考。

基于压汞-低温液氮联孔与核磁共振分析的煤中孔径分布对比研究

煤中孔隙结构测量常用压汞法、低温液氮法和核磁共振法,因不同方法的原理和测试范围不同,导致结果无法统一使用,且压汞法中基质压缩效应会造成较大误差;为解决该问题,以沁水盆地晋城和长治矿区的3个高阶煤样为例,利用压汞、低温液氮吸附及核磁共振驰豫法分别测试煤样的孔隙结构,通过对压汞数据进行压缩性校正,与低温液氮数据在衔接孔径处拼接,对煤的孔隙结构进行了联合表征,并结合核磁共振对比分析了煤的孔径分布特征。结果表明:压汞数据校正后孔体积与低温液氮的结果更接近,偏差值在22.40%~38.51%;不同煤样采用联孔法进行孔隙结构分析的联孔位置在75~89 nm之间;联孔法煤样孔容积为0.00136~0.00458 cm^(3)/g,不同孔径孔容比例表现为过渡孔>大孔>中孔>微孔;与单一测试方法相比,联孔法与核磁共振法孔径分布更为接近,但同时也存在差异,联孔法表征的微孔、过渡孔、中孔和大孔平均分布比例分别为8.68%、45.58%、20.54%和25.20%,核磁法微孔、过渡孔、中孔和大孔平均分布比例分别为10.64%、64.21%、14.23%和10.92%,结果差异原因可能主要与压汞法、低温液氮法加压改变了煤的孔隙结构有关;通过核磁共振结果对比,联合校正后的压汞与低温液氮数据可提高煤中孔径分布测试结果的准确性。

直射喷嘴结构对超低温氮气射流温度和速度的影响

液氮冷却低温切削是实现钛合金等难加工材料的绿色、高质量加工的有效手段之一。为实现面向超低温氮气射流过程温-速控制的喷嘴结构优选,采用数值模拟结合实验研究的方法,探析锥直型喷嘴入口直径D、出口直径d、收缩角α0以及长径比l/d对出口射流场温-速分布的影响规律。研究结果表明:存在一核心结构场使得场内射流速度和温度与喷嘴出口处的一致,而核心结构场外速度衰减幅值与温升幅值随出口直径d增加而减小。在实验条件下,当d从2.0 mm增至4.0 mm时,射流速度衰减幅值自386.3 m/s降至40.1 m/s,射流温升幅值自92.7 K降至41.1 K;射流速度核心区长度sn1和射流温度核心区长度sn2与d呈线性正相关,且sn1的变化率为sn2变化率的1.4倍;相较于l/d,d对出口轴心射流速度um的影响更显著。随着d从2.0 mm增至4.0 mm,um降低了74.9%;随着长径比l/d从1增至4,um增加了3.2%,表明减小喷嘴出口直径和增大长径比有利于提高锥直型出口射速。

注氮条件下大采高综放工作面采空区自燃“三带”的分布规律

为解决大采高综放工作面因采高大、回采率低、开采扰动强等造成采空区遗煤自燃危险性增大的问题,以宁夏某煤矿大采高综放工作面为研究对象,应用渗透率演变方程和气体流动模型,分析注氮前后氧浓度时空演化规律及采空区自燃“三带”分布特征。结果表明:采空区氧浓度在注氮条件下呈现出中部大,两侧小的倒“U”型分布;在氧浓度划分下,氧化带范围呈现出先增大后减小的半月形,最大宽度由未注氮时的100 m缩小到50 m;在风速划分下,氧化带较未注氮时整体向工作面方向前移了15 m左右,有效降低了自燃危险区范围。

全自动流动注射分光光度法测定锰厂排放水中的总氮

探讨了全自动流动注射分光光度法测定锰厂排放水质总氮含量的方法.在0~6.000 mg·L^(-1)浓度范围内呈线性关系,其回归方程为y=134.86x+116.7,相关系数R达到1.000 0,方法检出限为0.006 7 mg·L^(-1),加标回收率在98.6%~109%之间,实验结果表明线性关系良好,方法准确可靠.并采用全自动流动注射分光光度法和碱性过硫酸钾消解-紫外分光光度法对质控样品进行了对比测试,两种方法测定结果无显著差异,测定值均在标准值范围内.该法应用于电解锰厂排放废水水质总氮测定,具有操作简单、测试快速、准确度高、精密度好、检出限低的优点,能快速完成大批量样品测定.