OsNPF3.1,a nitrate,abscisic acid and gibberellin transporter gene,is essential for rice tillering and nitrogen utilization efficiency

Low-affinity nitrate transporter genes have been identified in subfamilies 4-8 of the rice nitrate transporter 1(NRT1)/peptide transporter family(NPF),but the OsNPF3 subfamily responsible for nitrate and phytohormone transport and rice growth and development remains unknown.In this study,we described OsNPF3.1 as an essential nitrate and phytohormone transporter gene for rice tillering and nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUtE).OsNPF3.1 possesses four major haplotypes of its promoter sequence in 517 cultivars,and its expression is positively associated with tiller number.Its expression was higher in the basal part,culm,and leaf blade than in other parts of the plant,and was strongly induced by nitrate,abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellin 3(GA_3)in the root and shoot of rice.Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that OsNPF3.1 is a pH-dependent low-affinity nitrate transporter,with rice protoplast uptake assays showing it to be an ABA and GA_3 transporter.OsNPF3.1 overexpression significantly promoted ABA accumulation in the roots and GA accumulation in the basal part of the plant which inhibited axillary bud outgrowth and rice tillering,especially at high nitrate concentrations.The NUtE of OsNPF3.1-overexpressing plants was enhanced under low and medium nitrate concentrations,whereas the NUtE of OsNPF3.1 clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)plants was increased under high nitrate concentrations.The results indicate that OsNPF3.1 transports nitrate and phytohormones in different rice tissues under different nitrate concentrations.The altered OsNPF3.1 expression improves NUtE in the OsNPF3.1-overexpressing and CRISPR lines at low and high nitrate concentrations,respectively.

Effect of Rural Sewage Irrigation Regime on Water-Nitrogen Utilization and Crop Growth of Paddy Rice in Southern China

Reclaimed water irrigation has become an effective mean to alleviate the contradiction between water availability and its consumption worldwide.In this study,three types of irrigation water sources(rural sewage’s primary treated water R1 and secondary treated water R2,and river water R3)meeting the requirements of water quality for farmland irrigation were selected,and three types of irrigation water levels(low water levelW1 of 0–80 mm,medium water level W2 of 0–100 mm,and high water level W3 of 0–150 mm)were adopted to carry out research on the influence mechanismS of different irrigation water sources and water levels on water and nitrogen use and crop growth in paddy field.The water quantity indicators(irrigation times and irrigation volume),soil ammonium nitrogen(NH4+-N)and nitrate nitrogen(NO3−-N),rice yield indicators(thousand-grain weight,the number of grains per spike,and the number of effective spikes),and quality indicators(the amount of protein,amylose,vitamin C,nitrate and nitrite content)of rice were measured.The results showed that,the average irrigation volume under W3 was 2.4 and 1.9 times of that under W1 and W2,respectively.Compared with R3,the peak consumption of rice was lagged behind under R1 and R2,and the nitrogen form in 0–40 cm soil layers under rural sewage irrigation was mainly NH4+-N.The changes of NO3−-N and NH4+-N in the 0–40 cm soil layer showed the trend of declining and then increasing.The water level control only had a significant effect on the change of NO3−-N in the 60–80 cm soil layer.Both irrigation water use efficiency and crop water use efficiency were gradually reduced with the increase of field water level control.The nitrogen utilization efficiency under rural sewage irrigation was significantly higher than that under R3.Compared with the R3,rural sewage irrigation could significantly increase the yield of rice,and as the field water level rose,the effect of yield promotion was more obvious.It was noteworthy that the grain of rice under R1 monitored the low nitrate and nitrite content,but no nitrate and nitrite was discovered under R2 and R3.Therefore,reasonable rural sewage irrigation(R2)and medium water level(W2)were beneficial to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency,crop yield and crop quality promotion.

Methods on Identification and Screening of Rice Genotypes with High Nitrogen Efficiency

In order to establish methods for indentification and screening of rice genotypes with high nitrogen （N） efficiency, N absorption efficiency （NAE）, N utilization efficiency （NUE） and N harvest index （NHI） in ten rice genotypes were investgated at the elongation, booting, heading and maturity stages under six N levels in a pot experiment with soil-sand mixtures at various ratios. NAE in various rice genotypes firstly increased, peaked under a medium nitrogen rate of 0.177 g/kg and then decreased, but NUE and NHI always decreased with increasing nitrogen levels. NAE in various rice genotypes ever increased with growing process and NUE indicated a descending tendency of elongation stage〉heading stage〉maturity stage〉booting stage. N level influenced rice NAE, NUE and NHI most, followed by genotype, and the both effects were significant at 0.01 level. In addition, the interaction effects of genotype and nitrogen level on rice NAE and NUE were significant at 0.01 level, but not significant on rice NHI. Because the maximum differences of NAE and NUE were found at the elongation stage, it was thought to be the most suitable stage for identification and screening these two paremeters. Therefore, the optimum conditions for identification and screening of rice NAE, NUE and NHI in a pot experiment were the nitrogen rate of 0.157 g/kg at the elongation stage, low nitrogen at the elongation stage, and the nitrogen rate of 0.277 g/kg at the maturity stage, respectively.

Integrated management strategy for improving the grain yield and nitrogen-use efficiency of winter wheat

Understanding of how combinations of agronomic options can be used to improve the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency（NUE） of winter wheat is limited. A three-year experiment involving four integrated management strategies was conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Tai＇an, Shandong Province, China, to evaluate changes in grain yield and NUE. The integrated management treatments were as follows： current practice（T1）; improvement of current practice（T2）; high-yield management（T3）, which aimed to maximize grain yield regardless of the cost of resource inputs; and integrated soil and crop system management（T4） with a higher seeding rate, delayed sowing date, and optimized nutrient management. Seeding rates increased by 75 seeds m^-2 with each treatment from T1（225 seeds m^-2） to T4（450 seeds m^-2）. The sowing dates were delayed from T1（5 th Oct.） to T2 and T3（8 th Oct.）, and to T4 treatment（12 th Oct.）. T1, T2, T3, and T4 received 315, 210, 315, and 240 kg N ha^-1, 120, 90, 210 and 120 kg P2O5 ha^-1, 30, 75, 90, and 45 kg K2O ha^-1, respectively. The ratio of basal application to topdressing for T1, T2, T3, and T4 was 6：4, 5：5, 4：6, and 4：6, respectively, with the N topdressing applied at regreening for T1 and at jointing stage for T2, T3, and T4. The P fertilizers in all treatments were applied as basal fertilizer. The K fertilizer for T1 and T2 was applied as basal fertilizer while the ratio of basal application to topdressing（at jointing stage） of K fertilizer for both T3 and T4 was 6：4. T1, T2, T3, and T4 were irrigated five, four, four and three times, respectively. Treatment T3 produced the highest grain yield among all treatments over three years and the average yield was 9 277.96 kg ha^-1. Grain yield averaged across three years with the T4 treatment（8 892.93 kg ha^-1） was 95.85% of that with T3 and was 21.72 and 6.10% higher than that with T1（7 305.95 kg ha^-1） and T2（8 381.41 kg ha^-1）, respectively. Treatment T2 produced the highest NUE of all the integrated treatments. The NUE with T4 was 95.36% of that with T2 and was 51.91 and 25.62% higher than that with T1 and T3, respectively. The N uptake efficiency（UPE） averaged across three years with T4 was 50.75 and 16.62% higher than that with T1and T3, respectively. The N utilization efficiency（UTE） averaged across three years with T4 was 7.74% higher than that with T3. The increased UPE with T4 compared with T3 could be attributed mostly to the lower available N in T4, while the increased UTE with T4 was mainly due to the highest N harvest index and low grain N concentration, which consequently led to improved NUE. The net profit for T4 was the highest among four treatments and was 174.94, 22.27, and 28.10% higher than that for T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Therefore, the T4 treatment should be a recommendable management strategy to obtain high grain yield, high NUE, and high economic benefits in the target region, although further improvements of NUE are required.

Review: Nitrogen Utilization Features in Cotton Crop

Cotton is one of the important cash crops and a fiber crop most widely grown and the highest yielding as well. Cotton fiber is woven to be the fabrics commonly used in our daily life due to its excellent performance and great production in the world, especially in China. To access to such high quantities must ensure the requirements of materials such as nutrients for plant growth and take care of the smallest details to make the production cost less, to improve the utilization efficiency, such as nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Hence, N fertilization studies are not only about the dosages, timing and ratio, but also the uptake processes by the plant, N effect on cotton yield and its formation, as well as the movement and metabolism within the plant. As economic and ecological issues are concerned, economizing N fertilization is paid more and more attention. Many approaches have been done and suggested in order to improve NUE like combine the plant sensing techniques and precision application. Simulations and recent field trials demonstrate that site-specific nitrogen management helped reduce technological constraints to higher AE achievement, profit and more sustainable N management. Therefore, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is one of the key points to ensure cotton production development sustainable. In this review, we try to highlight the accomplishments of N effect on cotton growth and yield, NUE and factors related to NUE in cotton production based on the current knowledge, and from our viewpoint we propose some possible approaches to improve NUE through N managements in terms of application splits, rates, and timing.

Effects of Different Nitrogen Levels on Growth and Nitrogen Utilization of Sugarcane

[Objectives]To systematically study the effects of different nitrogen levels on the growth and nitrogen utilization of sugarcane in Guangxi.[Methods]Through field experiment and indoor analysis,different nitrogen application levels were set up to determine soil nitrogen content and sugarcane nitrogen content.The effects of different nitrogen levels on sugarcane yield,agronomic characters and nitrogen utilization were studied.[Results]The effect of nitrogen application rate on sugarcane yield showed a quadratic curve,and nitrogen application could significantly increase sugarcane yield,and the sugarcane yield reached the maximum when the nitrogen application rate reached 714 kg/ha.[Conclusions]With the increase of nitrogen application rate,sugarcane yield increased,but when it exceeded a certain range,the sugarcane yield decreased significantly.

Arabidopsis NLP7 improves nitrogen use efficiency and yield in cotton

Background: Nitrogen(N) is a required macronutrient for cotton growth and productivity. Excessive N fertilizers are applied in agriculture for crop yield maximization, which also generates environmental pollution. Improving crop N use efficiency(NUE) is the most economical and desirable way of reducing fertilizer application and environmental pollution. NUE has been an important issue in cotton. So far there is no report on cotton NUE improvement via transgenic approach. Nin-like proteins(NLP) are transcription factors regulating NUE. We previously demonstrated that At NLP7 improved NUE and biomass when overexpressed in Arabidopsis. However, it is not known whether At NLP7 can be used to improve NUE in crops.Results: To test the feasibility, we expressed At NLP7 in cotton and evaluated NUE and yield of the transgenic cotton in the field. Transgenic cotton showed improved NUE and yield under both low and high N conditions. In addition, plant biomass, amount of absorbed N, N contents, activities of N-assimilating enzymes, and the expression of N-related marker genes were significantly increased in transgenic cotton compared with the wild type control, suggesting that At NLP7 enhances NUE in cotton.Conclusion: Together, our results demonstrate that At NLP7 is a promising candidate to improve NUE and yield in cotton.

Effect of Nitrogen Applied Before Transplanting on NUE in Rice

Nitrogen （N） application before transplanting, where N fertilizers are applied in seedling-bed and carried to the paddy field with seedlings, is a novel method proposed in this article aiming for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency （NUE） in rice. The effect of this method on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil was investigated in a field experiment with a japonica variety, Ningjing 2, in seasons of 2004 and 2005. There were four levels of N applied 16 h before transplanting： zero N （NO）, 207 kg ha^-1 （NL）, 310.5 kg ha^-1 （NM）, and 414 kg ha^-1 （NH）. The result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect of increasing mineral N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice. Generally, N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice tended to increase with the amount of N fertilizer before transplanting, with the NH treatment having the largest effect. Additionally, N fertilizer before transplanting had significant influence on rice NUE and grain yield. Compared with other treatments, the NM treatment showed the largest influence, with basal-tillering NUE, total NUE, and grain yield being 15%, 12%, and 529.5 kg ha^-1 higher than those of NO treatment. This result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil of rice, thus improving NUE and grain yield.

Nitrogen application levels based on critical nitrogen absorption regulate processing tomatoes productivity, nitrogen uptake, nitrate distributions, and root growth in Xinjiang, China

The unreasonable nitrogen(N)supply and low productivity are the main factors restricting the sustainable development of processing tomatoes.In addition,the mechanism by which the N application strategy affects root growth and nitrate distributions in processing tomatoes remains unclear.In this study,we applied four N application levels to a field(including 0(N0),200(N200),300(N300),and 400(N400)kg/hm^(2))based on the critical N absorption ratio at each growth stage(planting stage to flowering stage:22%;fruit setting stage:24%;red ripening stage:45%;and maturity stage:9%).The results indicated that N300 treatment significantly improved the aboveground dry matter(DM),yield,N uptake,and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),while N400 treatment increased nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)^(-)-N)residue in the 20–60 cm soil layer.Temporal variations of total root dry weight(TRDW)and total root length(TRL)showed a single-peak curve.Overall,N300 treatment improved the secondary root parameter of TRDW,while N400 treatment improved the secondary root parameter of TRL.The grey correlation coefficients indicated that root dry weight density(RDWD)in the surface soil(0–20 cm)had the strongest relationship with yield,whereas root length density(RLD)in the middle soil(20–40 cm)had a strong relationship with yield.The path model indicated that N uptake is a crucial factor affecting aboveground DM,TRDW,and yield.The above results indicate that N application levels based on critical N absorption improve the production of processing tomatoes by regulating N uptake and root distribution.Furthermore,the results of this study provide a theoretical basis for precise N management.

控失尿素对氮素利用率、土壤硝态氮含量及冬小麦增产效果的影响

为探索控失尿素的施用方法,发现控失尿素在施用中存在的问题,以冬小麦为试验对象,开展了田间小区试验,考察了不同施肥处理和施肥方式对冬小麦产量、氮素利用率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:施氮处理的冬小麦产量高于不施氮处理的,处理间差异极显著;氮素施用量和施肥方式相同时,控失尿素处理的冬小麦产量高于普通尿素处理的,处理间差异极显著;氮素施用量和肥料品种相同而施肥方式不同时,底施+追施的增产效果优于全底施的,处理间差异显著;控失尿素氮素施用量比普通尿素减少20%的条件下,冬小麦产量无显著性差异;与施用普通尿素的处理相比,施用控失尿素的处理不仅氮素利用率高,且均不同程度地降低了土壤中硝态氮的含量。施用控失尿素可以提高冬小麦的产量和氮素利用率,降低土壤中硝态氮的含量。

不同施氮量对玉米产量及氮元素利用效率的影响

以不施氮肥为对照(CK),设置4个施氮水平,分别为30kg/hm^(2)(N_(1))、60kg/hm^(2)(N_(2))、90kg/hm^(2)(N_(3))120kg/hm^(2)(N_(4)),研究了玉米产量和氮素利用效率的变化特征。结果表明,施用氮肥能显著增加玉米干物质积累量产量,随着氮肥用量的增加,穗粒数、千粒质量和产量呈逐渐增加的趋势;但是随着施氮量的增加,氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮肥表观利用率均下降。说明氮肥用量增加,氮肥利用效率虽然降低但产量和籽粒氮素积累量增加,且施氮量为90kg/hm^(2)时的产量效益较好,是较为适宜当地的施氮量。

浙江省农地规模化的空间潜力与减氮增效研究

我国农业以小农经营为主,为解决浙江省细碎化经营带来的收益和资源利用效率低、面源污染严重等问题,本研究通过分析浙江耕地分布格局,量化浙江农地规模化潜力和空间优化路径,结合农田氮平衡和成本收益分析,评估农地规模化对浙江农业生产和环境效应的影响。结果表明:浙江耕地平均田块面积为0.4 hm^(2),面积低于0.6 hm^(2)的耕地占70%。通过土地整理,73%的耕地连片面积在16 hm^(2)以上。耕地连片规模化经营可以使氮肥投入减少53%,促进氮素利用效率从38%增加至56%。农业劳动力需求从每公顷4人减少至1人,农业投入成本降低77%,劳动力农业年均收入可提高9 457元。浙江省推动实施农地规模化具备良好的资源条件,在全省范围内推行有助于发挥农业生产提质增效和环境资源保护作用。政府应当加强政策引导、加大财政支持、推动农业转型,以农地规模化提升浙江农业可持续发展潜力。

高光效小麦群体提高氮素吸收利用和产量的机理

[目的]研究通过调整小麦种植密度构建高光能利用效率群体,促进群体氮素积累、分配和转运的效果和机理,为充分利用光能提高小麦产量提供理论依据。[方法]试验于2018—2019年在安徽省濉溪县和蒙城县进行,以分蘖能力强(安1302)和弱(皖垦麦0622)的品种为材料,设置180×10^(4)株/hm^(2) (D1)、240×10^(4)株/hm^(2)(D2)、300×10^(4)株/hm^(2)(D3)、360×10^(4)株/hm^(2) (D4)4个种植密度,调查了群体籽粒产量、光合有效辐射截获率和截获量、光合有效辐射转化率,以此为基础,将小麦群体分为光效率高、中、低3个类型,比较了不同光效率类型群体的叶面积指数、花前氮素积累和转运量、花后(乳熟期)氮素积累量。[结果]品种、密度及其互作效应显著影响小麦群体的光能利用率和籽粒产量。高光效型群体的光能利用率和籽粒产量分别达1.4%和9.7 t/hm^(2),分别比中、低效型群体提高5%、14%和1%、5%。不同群体间开花期、乳熟期光合有效辐射截获率、开花期至乳熟期光合有效辐射截获量差异不显著,高光效型群体开花期至乳熟期光合有效辐射转化率高于中、低效型群体,达2.34 g/MJ。高光效型群体开花期、乳熟期叶面积指数及开花期茎秆叶鞘、叶片、单位叶面积氮素积累量均不同程度高于其他类型群体,分别达7.24、4.53及63.9 kg/hm^(2)、79.5 kg/hm^(2)和143.78μg/cm^(2)。此外,高光效型群体中群体和单茎花前氮素转运量分别为129 kg/hm^(2)和15 mg,均显著高于中、低效型群体,主要为茎秆+叶鞘和叶片氮素转运量较高,各营养器官间氮素转运率差异不显著,且高光效型群体成熟期个体营养器官仍保持较高的氮素积累量。[结论]高光效型群体开花期茎秆+叶鞘、叶片以及单位叶面积氮素积累量高,提高了开花期的叶面积指数,有利于光能的吸收和利用。虽然高光效型群体茎秆+叶鞘和叶片中的氮素转运量较高,其花后营养器官的氮素积累量依然较高,有助于维持花后较大叶面积指数,有效提升花后光合有效辐射转化率,获得更高的小麦籽粒产量。

氮肥运筹对旱地胡麻氮代谢及氮肥利用的调控效应

为进一步提高西北旱区胡麻氮肥利用效率,降低化肥投入量,采用田间二因素裂区试验设计,以不施氮为对照,研究了3个施氮水平(N1:60 kg·hm^(-2);N2:120 kg·hm^(-2);N3:180 kg·hm^(-2))和3个施肥时期(T1:全部基施;T2:2/3基施+1/3现蕾初期追施;T3:1/3基施+1/3分茎初期追施+1/3现蕾初期追施)互作对旱地胡麻氮代谢及氮肥利用率的调控效应。结果表明:随氮肥施用量增加,胡麻叶片氮代谢酶活性、氮素积累、氮素转运及籽粒产量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,胡麻氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力则呈降低的趋势。从同一氮肥水平不同施肥时期来看,上述指标均表现为T2处理最高。氮肥综合运筹表现为N2T2处理的胡麻氮代谢酶(硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶)活性和氮素积累量分别较传统模式(N3T1)显著提高。其中,硝酸还原酶提高14.21%~34.93%,亚硝酸还原酶提高18.66%~29.27%,谷氨酰胺合成酶提高14.92%~55.82%,氮素积累量提高10.63%~36.74%;较不施氮对照分别显著提高22.75%~54.84%、23.62%~69.81%、43.61%~78.09%和23.33%~57.88%。籽粒产量、氮素籽粒生产效率、花前氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率均在N2T2处理较高,分别较其它处理平均提高14.35%、4.20%%、28.45%和17.37%。相关分析表明,胡麻氮素积累量与氮代谢酶活性、氮素转运、籽粒产量、氮肥利用效率呈极显著正相关关系。可见,120 kg·hm^(-2)氮肥按2/3基施+1/3现蕾初期追施可显著提高胡麻氮代谢酶活性和氮肥利用效率,可作为实现旱地胡麻高效生产的氮肥运筹模式。

水稻氮素利用相关基因遗传研究进展

水稻氮素利用效率的高低直接影响水稻产量以及生态环境。在水稻氮素利用相关基因的研究中,研究人员通过连锁作图和关联作图等方法克隆基因,并解析水稻的氮素利用机理,为水稻氮素高效利用育种提供了基因资源。本文从水稻氮素利用QTL定位及基因克隆,基于全基因组关联分析的水稻氮素利用相关基因克隆,利用突变体克隆水稻氮素利用相关基因,利用反向遗传学克隆水稻氮素利用相关基因等方面总结了近年水稻氮素利用相关基因的研究进展。同时对该领域的未来研究进行了展望。本文为水稻氮素高效利用基因的研究和氮素高效利用育种提供了参考。

滴灌条件下施氮量对不同氮效率水稻品种物质积累及养分吸收的影响

研究滴灌条件下施氮量对不同氮效率品种关键生育时期干物质积累和氮素吸收转运及产量的影响,为干旱半干旱区滴灌水稻高产高效生产提供技术参考。试验于2021—2022年开展,以氮高效品种(T-43)和氮低效品种(LX-3)为供试材料,采用裂区设计;设置4个施氮水平,分别为N0(0 kg hm^(-2))、N1(150 kg hm^(-2))、N2(300 kg hm^(-2))和N3(450 kg hm^(-2))。分析滴灌水稻在抽穗期和成熟期干物质积累、氮素吸收利用及产量对施氮量的响应差异。结果表明:(1)施用氮肥可以增加滴灌水稻干物质积累量(1.99%~26.02%)和氮素积累量(25.67%~97.69%),提高水稻产量(23.75%~66.75%);但过量施氮(450 kg hm^(-2))会减小对干物质积累的促进作用,导致结实率和穗粒数下降,使氮素主要集中在秸秆中,最终降低水稻对氮素的利用效率。(2)在同一施氮条件下,T-43的有效穗数、结实率、抽穗期叶片和穗部干物质及氮素积累量均高于LX-3(分别为1.65%~5.19%、0.42%~8.47%、7.61%~19.68%、19.81%~40.73%、19.81%~30.23%和20.14%~49.65%),最终产量高于LX-3(4.23%~28.47%)。(3)氮素利用效率对施氮量的响应存在品种间差异(P<0.05)。与LX-3相比,T-43有更高的氮肥农学利用效率、氮素回收率和氮肥偏生产力(分别高1.05%~25.23%、5.86%~20.05%和10.09%~18.01%)。综上所述,在滴灌栽培条件下,选用氮高效品种(T-43),配施300 kg hm^(-2)氮肥表现出更佳的氮素吸收转运能力和更高的产量,能更好地利用养分资源,是本试验最佳的品种和施氮量组合方式。

缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦产量、氮素利用和籽粒品质的影响

为探究不同缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦生产的影响,在沿淮下游地区,以淮麦52和淮麦920为材料,通过随机区组试验,以缓释掺混肥(SRF,N∶P2O5∶K_(2)O=26∶12∶12)和丰卉尿素(U,46%N)为供试肥料,设置U四次分施(M_(1))、SRF一次基施(M_(2))、60%SRF基施+40%U拔节期追施(M_(3))、60%SRF基施+40%SRF返青期追施(M_(4))、M_(3)模式减氮15%(M_(5))和M_(4)模式减氮15%(M_(6))6种施肥模式,分析了不同处理下小麦产量、氮素积累及利用、干物质转运和品质等的差异。结果表明,缓释掺混肥一次基施(M_(2))和减氮15%条件下两次分施(M_(5)和M_(6))较常规肥料处理(M_(1))均能实现稳产。缓释掺混肥两次分施(M_(4))可有效促进稻茬小麦花后光合物质生产和氮素向籽粒运转,增加籽粒氮素积累量,提高氮肥利用率,氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率、氮素生理效率和氮收获指数分别较M_(1)处理增加16.49%、11.09%、4.86%和4.72%,较M_(2)处理增加21.31%、15.19%、5.32%和18.60%;M_(4)处理较M_(1)处理增产9.01%和6.78%,较M_(2)处理增产11.43%和12.10%,实现产量提升的同时显著改善小麦籽粒蛋白品质。综上,60%缓释掺混肥基施和40%缓释掺混肥返青期追施有助于实现小麦的高产优质高效生产,适宜在沿淮下游稻茬麦区推广应用。

禾豆间作系统水分和根系分隔对牧草氮素吸收利用及转移的影响

[目的]禾豆间作可兼顾生产和生态效益,提高氮素利用效率并减少氮肥污染。目前对不同水分条件下禾豆间作体系氮素利用吸收及转移分配过程尚不清晰。[方法]通过设置2时段总水量相同但间隔3,5天的不同频次水处理,结合根系分隔(不分隔、尼龙网分隔、塑料板分隔)和氮同位素标记方法,研究间作禾豆牧草的地上生物量、氮素的吸收利用、固氮率和氮转移率。[结果]间作披碱草的地上生物量、氮含量和氮素累积量相较单作披碱草显著提升,而苜蓿间作相比单作均降低。在总水量持平的情况下,高频水分处理使牧草的地上生物量比中低频水分处理分别提高6.28%,17.32%,苜蓿的固氮率也在高频水处理下比中低频水处理分别提高39.82%,44.81%,但部分中低频水分处理下氮含量和氮素累积量显著高于高频水分处理(p<0.05),且促进氮素的转移。根系分隔使禾豆相互作用减弱,表现为根系分隔增加间作苜蓿的地上生物量、各部位氮含量及地上部氮素累积量,减小间作披碱草的对应指标。间作苜蓿的固氮和氮转移率表现为不分隔>尼龙网分隔>塑料板分隔。[结论]适度的水分调控可以提高禾豆间作的优势,且根系互作是促进豆科牧草生物固氮和氮转移的关键。

黑土机械压实对玉米生长、产量及氮利用效率的影响

【目的】阐明黑土机械压实对玉米生长、产量及氮利用效率的影响。【方法】设置压实程度和施氮量2个试验因素,其中压实程度设置轻度压实(C1)、中度压实(C2)、重度压实(C3)3个水平;施氮量设置施用氮肥(F)和不施用氮肥(F0)2个水平;共计6个处理,每个处理重复3次。【结果】压实程度对玉米叶面积指数(LAI)和株高均有显著影响,重度压实处理下的玉米LAI和株高显著减小,施用氮肥显著影响株高,但对LAI的影响不显著。压实程度和施用氮肥对玉米产量均有极显著影响,重度压实和中度压实相比轻度压实减产24%和10%。压实程度和施用氮肥对土壤硝态氮量有极显著影响。重度压实抑制玉米生长,减少氮吸收,进而导致土壤硝态氮量增加。压实程度对玉米地上部吸氮量和总氮素积累量有极显著影响,施用氮肥条件下,3个压实处理下的玉米氮吸收量明显增加,但氮利用效率均有所下降。【结论】黑土机械重度压实严重抑制了玉米的生长,减少了作物对土壤氮素的吸收和利用,进而导致土壤硝态氮残留量增加。

基于APSIM模型模拟内蒙古春小麦不同土壤缺水条件下水氮优化管理模式

水分和氮肥是小麦生长最主要的两大限制因子,如何优化灌溉小麦高产稳产、获得农业资源高效和环境友好的水肥管理方案是亟待解决的生产问题。控制试验结果的推广受限于试验地点、年限和试验设计,而基于过程机理的作物模型则可有效解决这一问题,已成为探究作物种植管理决策、评估农业适应气候变化的有力手段和技术工具。本研究利用2010-2018年内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市临河区农业气象实验站春小麦‘永良4号’的试验观测资料(气象、作物、土壤和管理数据),确定模型中小麦生长发育关键参数;基于校准后模型及1986-2020年气象数据资料,设计不同干旱程度下多种智慧管理情景模式,结合水氮管理决策的遴选关键指标(产量、水肥施用量和水肥利用效率),确定春小麦水氮管理最优方案。结果表明:(1)基于APSIM模型春小麦发育期(出苗期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期)模块模拟值与观测值的RMSE在1.96~3.21d范围内;基于APSIM模型春小麦生长(叶面积指数、地上部干物质质量和产量)模块模拟值与观测值的RMSE分别为1.65、292.44g·m^(-2)和588.96kg·hm^(-2),APSIM模型可较好地定量模拟春小麦生长发育过程。(2)以产量、灌溉量、水分利用效率(WUE)、施氮肥量和氮素利用效率(NUE)为目标,得出土壤根层水分亏缺程度达40%(S3P40)和土壤根层水分亏缺程度达50%(S3P50)管理模式要优于其他管理模式。(3)与常规管理模式相比,以显著提高产量为生产目标,优选S3P40管理模式,产量提高14.4%;以稳产且减少水肥用量为生产目标,优选S3P50管理模式,灌溉量减少23.2%,施氮量减少32.4%。