Soil management practices affect rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities, which in turn influence soil ecosystem processes. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of different nitrogen applica...Soil management practices affect rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities, which in turn influence soil ecosystem processes. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of different nitrogen application rates on wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) rhizosphere soil microorganisms and enzyme activities, and their temporal variations in relation to soil fertility under supplemental irrigation conditions in a fluvo-aquic region. For this, we established a split-plot experiment for two consecutive years(2014–2015 and 2015–2016) in the field with three levels of soil moisture: water deficit to no irrigation(W1), medium irrigation to(70±5)% of soil relative moisture after jointing stage(W2), and adequate irrigation to(80±5)% of soil relative moisture after jointing stage(W3);and three levels of nitrogen: 0 kg ha^–1(N1), 195 kg ha^–1(N2) and 270 kg ha^–1(N3). Results showed that irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities. Soil microbiological properties showed different trends in response to N level;the highest values of bacteria, protease, catalase and phosphatase appeared in N2, while the highest levels of actinobacteria, fungi and urease were observed in N3. In addition, these items performed best under medium irrigation(W2) relative to W1 and W3;particularly the maximum microorganism(bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi) amounts appeared at W2, 5.37×10^7 and 6.35×10^7 CFUs g^–1 higher than those at W3 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively;and these changes were similar in both growing seasons. Microbe-related parameters fluctuated over time but their seasonality did not hamper the irrigation and fertilization-induced effects. Further, the highest grain yields of 13 309.2 and 12 885.7 kg ha^–1 were both obtained at W2 N2 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively. The selected properties, soil microorganisms and enzymes, were significantly correlated with wheat yield and proved to be valuable indicators of soil quality. These results clearly demonstrated that the combined treatment(W2 N2) significantly improved soil microbiological properties, soil fertility and wheat yield on the Huanghuai Plain, China.展开更多
针对目前小麦高产栽培中大量投入氮肥引起的土壤板结、肥效降低等突出问题,2013—2014和2014—2015年度大田条件下设置自然降水(W1)、适墒(W2,70%±5%)、足墒(W3,80%±5%)3个水分处理和3个氮肥水平处理,即不施氮肥(N1)、减氮(N2...针对目前小麦高产栽培中大量投入氮肥引起的土壤板结、肥效降低等突出问题,2013—2014和2014—2015年度大田条件下设置自然降水(W1)、适墒(W2,70%±5%)、足墒(W3,80%±5%)3个水分处理和3个氮肥水平处理,即不施氮肥(N1)、减氮(N2,195 kg hm^(–2))和高氮(N3,270 kg hm^(–2)),研究了不同水肥条件对冬小麦旗叶功能期内光响应曲线特征参数、水分利用效率和籽粒产量及其构成因素的影响。在W1和W2条件下,N2处理不同时期旗叶净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)的光响应曲线逐渐上升的幅度均高于N1和N3处理,胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)光响应曲线下降的幅度也大于N1和N3处理;在W3条件下,N2、N3光响应曲线的变化趋势相近。N2W2处理的旗叶光合参数在开花期最具优势,最大净光合速率为33.20μmol CO_2 m^(–2) s^(–1),光饱和点达1507.4μmol m^(-2) s^(-1),分别比其他处理平均提高21.4%和9.5%,而光补偿点最低,表现出较高的光合潜能。连续两年产量结果显示,N2W2处理穗粒数和千粒重在9个处理中最高,差异显著(P<0.01);籽粒产量在9500 kg hm^(–2)以上,水分利用效率比W2和W3条件下的其他处理平均提高18.8%。上述结果表明,在适墒条件下施氮量从270 kg hm^(–2)减少至195 kg hm^(–2),能充分发挥旗叶功能期的光合潜力,增加穗粒数和千粒重,提高籽粒产量。展开更多
基金supported by the National Technology R&D Program of China (2013BAD07B07, 2015BAD26B01 and 2018YFD0300701)
文摘Soil management practices affect rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities, which in turn influence soil ecosystem processes. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of different nitrogen application rates on wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) rhizosphere soil microorganisms and enzyme activities, and their temporal variations in relation to soil fertility under supplemental irrigation conditions in a fluvo-aquic region. For this, we established a split-plot experiment for two consecutive years(2014–2015 and 2015–2016) in the field with three levels of soil moisture: water deficit to no irrigation(W1), medium irrigation to(70±5)% of soil relative moisture after jointing stage(W2), and adequate irrigation to(80±5)% of soil relative moisture after jointing stage(W3);and three levels of nitrogen: 0 kg ha^–1(N1), 195 kg ha^–1(N2) and 270 kg ha^–1(N3). Results showed that irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities. Soil microbiological properties showed different trends in response to N level;the highest values of bacteria, protease, catalase and phosphatase appeared in N2, while the highest levels of actinobacteria, fungi and urease were observed in N3. In addition, these items performed best under medium irrigation(W2) relative to W1 and W3;particularly the maximum microorganism(bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi) amounts appeared at W2, 5.37×10^7 and 6.35×10^7 CFUs g^–1 higher than those at W3 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively;and these changes were similar in both growing seasons. Microbe-related parameters fluctuated over time but their seasonality did not hamper the irrigation and fertilization-induced effects. Further, the highest grain yields of 13 309.2 and 12 885.7 kg ha^–1 were both obtained at W2 N2 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively. The selected properties, soil microorganisms and enzymes, were significantly correlated with wheat yield and proved to be valuable indicators of soil quality. These results clearly demonstrated that the combined treatment(W2 N2) significantly improved soil microbiological properties, soil fertility and wheat yield on the Huanghuai Plain, China.
文摘针对目前小麦高产栽培中大量投入氮肥引起的土壤板结、肥效降低等突出问题,2013—2014和2014—2015年度大田条件下设置自然降水(W1)、适墒(W2,70%±5%)、足墒(W3,80%±5%)3个水分处理和3个氮肥水平处理,即不施氮肥(N1)、减氮(N2,195 kg hm^(–2))和高氮(N3,270 kg hm^(–2)),研究了不同水肥条件对冬小麦旗叶功能期内光响应曲线特征参数、水分利用效率和籽粒产量及其构成因素的影响。在W1和W2条件下,N2处理不同时期旗叶净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)的光响应曲线逐渐上升的幅度均高于N1和N3处理,胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)光响应曲线下降的幅度也大于N1和N3处理;在W3条件下,N2、N3光响应曲线的变化趋势相近。N2W2处理的旗叶光合参数在开花期最具优势,最大净光合速率为33.20μmol CO_2 m^(–2) s^(–1),光饱和点达1507.4μmol m^(-2) s^(-1),分别比其他处理平均提高21.4%和9.5%,而光补偿点最低,表现出较高的光合潜能。连续两年产量结果显示,N2W2处理穗粒数和千粒重在9个处理中最高,差异显著(P<0.01);籽粒产量在9500 kg hm^(–2)以上,水分利用效率比W2和W3条件下的其他处理平均提高18.8%。上述结果表明,在适墒条件下施氮量从270 kg hm^(–2)减少至195 kg hm^(–2),能充分发挥旗叶功能期的光合潜力,增加穗粒数和千粒重,提高籽粒产量。
