Rural labor migration and farmers’arrangements of rice production systems in Central China:Insight from the intergenerational division of labor

Rice production is crucial for food security in China,and its relationship with rural labor migration has been studied extensively.Labor migration in rural China has taken new forms in recent years.There has been a discernible trend wherein adult children have started migrating to cities while their elderly parents return to villages to re-engage in on-farm work.The phenomenon has notably shaped the intergenerational division of labor(IDL)within households.However,it remains to be seen how farmers adjust their rice production systems in response to the IDL.The age of 60 years for employment injury insurance is the eligibility threshold for off-farm employment and is used to obtain a source of exogenous variation in the IDL.Based on a representative household survey of 1,752 rice farmers in the Hubei Province of Central China,our fuzzy regression discontinuity analysis reveals that farmers in IDL households are more likely to adopt ratoon rice(RR)than single cropping rice(SR)or double cropping rice(DR).The effect of the IDL varies under different levels of operational scales and specialized agricultural service availability.Further analysis suggests that farmers’arrangements are associated with two potential mechanisms of downward intergenerational transfer.Monetary transfer for urban housing purchases increases RR in IDL households,and time transfer for intergenerational childcare significantly promotes SR in IDL households.This study enhances the understanding of the relationship between rural labor migration and rice production in China,providing a reference for adjusting rice production systems to ensure food security.

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Rural Labor Migration in China: Evidence from the Migration Stability under New-type Urbanization

Although the factors affecting rural-to-urban migration have been discussed and analyzed in detail, few studies have examined the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of rural migrants’ employment and working-cities in the post-immigrate era, which is essential for the citizenization and social integration of new-type urbanization in China. This study uses survey data from rural migration laborers across the eastern, central, and western China to construct a comprehensive labor migration stability index, and compares the determinants of the migration stability of rural labor among cities and industries using Geodetector. The results are as follows: 1) Compared with the midwestern cities, eastern cities have attracted younger and more skilled rural labor, and industries with higher technical content have higher migration stability among rural laborers. 2) Rural laborers more often adapt to changes by changing employment instead of changing working-cities. 3) The individual experiences of rural laborers and urban characteristics have significant impacts on the stability of migration, and family and societal guanxi(Chinese interpersonal relationships) enhance migration stability. 4) A unified labor market and convenient transportation have somewhat slowed industrial transfers and labor backflow. This study enhances our understanding of the roles of industrial transfer and new-type urbanization in shaping the labor geography landscape and provides policy implications for the promotion of people-oriented urbanization.

Influences of labor migration on rural household land transfer:A case study of Sichuan Province,China

The influence of labor migration on rural household land transfer has been hotly debated in academic circles, which focuses on whether part-time employment leads to land transfer. Using survey data on rural households in the Sichuan Province, and applying the theoretical framework of new economics of labor migration, this study explores the influences of labor migration on the direction and scale of land transfer from the perspective of rural household structure. The results indicate that: 1) the quantity of laborers has significant influence on the direction and scale of land transfer. The larger the on-farm labor variable(Labor), the lesser the possibility that land will be rented-out and the amount of land rented out will also be smaller. In addition, there is a greater probability that land will be rented-in and the amount of land rented-in will be greater. 2) The greater the ratio of off-farm laborers to rural household laborers(Off-farm) the greater the possibility that land will be rented-out. In addition the higher the ratio of on-farm laborers to the total household laborers(On-farm), the larger the possibility that land will be rented-in. Meanwhile, if the household has individuals at the age of 64 or older(Old) who are engaged in agriculture, there is a smaller possibility that land will be rentedout. 3) the ratio of part-time laborers to rural household laborers(Pluriactivity) have significant inverse U-shaped influences on the rent-in of land as well as the amount of land rented-in. The inflection points are 33.27% and 14.10%, respectively. Such findings confirm the significance of this study in better understanding the influence of labor migration on rural household land transfer.

Marginalization of Arable Land and its Correlation with Rural Labor Migration——A Case of Tongcheng County,Hubei Province,China

Based on the introduction of the connotation of marginalization,the index of diagnosing the marginalization degree is put forward.According to the 685 copies of questionnaires on peasant households in Tongcheng County of Hubei Province and the statistical data of local government,marginalization of arable land and its correlation with rural labor migration in Tongcheng County are studied by using aggregative indicator method,clustering analysis method and correlation analysis method.Result shows that marginalization of arable land has happened two times in Tongcheng County since 1985.Dry land has severer marginalization degree than paddy field.There is significant correlation between marginalization degree of arable land and rural labor migration;and the correlation between marginalization degree and rural labor migration in paddy field is greater than that in dry land.Marginalization of arable land will advance the rural labor migration,while in response to the poor current circulation of lands;the rural labor migration will further deepen the marginalization degree.Marginalization of arable land is one of the important factors affecting the labor migration in rural areas.

The Impact of Education Input on Labor Migration and Inequality in China

By introducing a general equilibrium framework to China's dual economic structure, this paper studies the microscopic mechanism of education input to narrow the urban-rural income gap and how to improve the allocation efficiency of education funds in China's "new normal" economy. The empirical analysis results show that education input is effective in narrowing the urban-rural income gap and achieving a Pareto improvement state in both direct and indirect ways. However, the effect of education input at different stages varies. In particular, the impact of compulsory education on improving inequality is more significant than the other education levels. With adjustment for the macroeconomic slowdown, raising fiscal expenditures on education can improve potential economic growth by promoting human capital accumulation and labor productivity in the long run. In all, education input can promote labor migration and narrow the urban-rural income gap, which is conducive to alleviating the contradiction of the structural transformation lag in employment and achieving inclusive growth targets.

The effect of rural labor migration on poverty alleviation:a village-level study in China

The construction of the new socialist countryside is being carried out in China nowadays. Although lots of successful experience has been gotten, different problems occur in various regions yet. To analyze the relationships among rural labor migration, poverty alleviation and characteristics of migrants is important in considering the effect of rural labor migration on the construction of the new. socialist countryside, Available sampling and typical case study are adopted and 236 questionnaires are collected from four villages in northwest GuangxL China, Daxin, Lixin, Longhe and Yongehang, We analyze the rural labor migration status, characteristics of migrants, remittance situation and income, household income and the ratio of remittance income to total household income. About 2/3 of the households have migrants in surveyed villages. And nearly half of the migration households have only one family member as migrants in the four villages. The migrants mainly comprise male and the younger, with the education level of junior middle school and higher More than half of the migrants are employed in Guangdong Province. But the characteristics of migrants in Yongchang are more diverse. The rural labor migration in the village is extremely active and extensive. And over 60% of the household with family members as migrants have remittance income. The rate in Yongchang is extremely high （80%）, And the income of households with migrants getting remittance income is significantly higher than their counterparts. More than half of their income comes from remittance as far as the former kind of household is concerned And in Yongchang, the rate is nearly 80%. The conclusion is that rural labor migration is popular and extensive in lots of villages. And the migration and remittance play an important role in rural household income, especially in some poor villages. For this kind of village, the rural labor migration may be some ＂compulsory course＂ in rural development. And the rural labor emigration is an essential way in poverty alleviation. This is the first step in the construction of the new socialist countryside.

Migration in the Middle Asia and Its Effects on the Labor Market

Many Middle Asia countries declaring their independence after the splitting of the Soviet Union, cannot meet the economical and social needs of their citizens by falling much behind of the era in terms of industry despite the natural wealth they have. In addition to all these, the problems in the ruling class and the chaos environment have resulted in the migration of many people to alternative living spaces. These migrations have affected labor market both positively and negatively besides the social life. The labor demand increased by the entrance of the immigrants into the market has affected the employee wages and also this situation has affected the life standards of the citizens In this study, the migration that took place in the countries established after the splitting of the Soviet Union, forming one of the two poles of the world before the cold war, and the effects of this migration on the labor market have been analyzed considering previous studies on the subject. The studies carried out on this subject have yielded various results according to the area in which it is carried out, the time interval it includes, and the period＇s structure For this reason, the points of views on the subject are compared by making a long literature review

The New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme and Its Implications on Rural Labor Migration in China：Evidence from Longitudinal Surveys

In 2003, China initiated the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme （NRCMS） in order to provide basic health care coverage for the rural population. However, the NRCMS has had a marked impact on rural-urban labor migration as its current regulations present a barrier for cross-region participation in the NRCMS, and its reimbursement system is biased when the enrollees seek medical services outside their location of hukou, a household registration system in China. This paper performs a variety of empirical tests on a panel data set from the China Health and Nutrition Survey （CHNS） to study how the NRCMS affects rural residents＇ work location choices. We observed a ＂locking effect＂ on potential rural migrant workers and a ＂pulling effect＂ on existing ones. According to the results, the NRCMS has discouraged rural residents from working outside their location of hukou, lowering the probability of relocation by 3.52 percent. Meanwhile, the NRCMS system actually encourages existing migrant workers to return home. This paper concludes that the NRCMS has to some extent restrained the free flow of the labor force and exacerbated the migrant worker shortage.

The pull of inter-provincial migration of rural labor force and its influence on policy-making

As a social phenomenon closely related to development of economy, the population is always the focis of economists＇ attention. Based on the fifth census in 2001, this paper analyzes labor migration in Hubet Provtnce and establishes an econometric model to analyze the pull according to the push and pull theory,, which is the famous theory on the population flow and migration. It points out that the per capita consumption and the employment rate attract strongly the rural labors and makes a deep exploration into the ensuing problems. Such conclusion is a special reference to the decision-making of government. The government can provide some guidance to the rural labors according to the per capita consumption and the employment rate in order to avoid the futility of blind migration.

Migration,Language,and Language Personality in the Global Context

This article explores key aspects of migration,modern views on language,and language personality and their interrelations that affect socio-economic,cultural,educational,and security segments of a global labor market.Migration and linguistic dimensions include sociolinguistic issues as well as technological,economic,socio-cultural,and language transformations of the 21st century,which determine policies toward national and foreign languages and globalization of modern education.Our research efforts aim to identify migration-language-personality characteristics relevant for current economic development of the global workforce.Interrelated social-linguistic activities and multinational and multicultural interactions,grounded on digital business and electronic communication and provided by the international workforce,serve for the global businesses and for the national interests as well.In this article,we examine the following considerations:(1)migration issues and factors that determine linguistic implications of migration in the global labor market;(2)language and alternative modern visions on language and its functions;(3)language personality theory and its various interpretations related to social settings in the global context;and(4)challenges for a global workforce/migrants associated with language issues.

Catalysts or Barriers?The Impacts of Natural Disasters on Internal Labor Migration in China

This paper discusses ways in which negative economic shocks captured by natural disasters can shape internal labor migration in China.The impact of negative economic shocks on migration depends on the combination of two opposite driving forces:(i)negative economic shocks can make staying in the affected area less profitable,thus enhancing returns to migration;(ii)the shocks can make it more difficult to migrate out,thus inducing a higher fixed cost of migration.Based on a nationwide dataset of China,this paper shows that when natural disasters were not severe,they caused migration out of rural areas.With sufficiently severe damage,however,the negative effect of natural disasters could be mitigated by villages'prior migrant networks.Specifically,with a severe shock,only clan members were able to migrate in response to natural disasters and enjoyed the complementary effects of prior migrant networks,as they could receive more help from social capital.

Spatio-Temporal Impact of Rural Livelihood Capital on Labor Migra- tion in Panxi, Southwestern Mountainous Region of China

Labor migration to urban centers is a common phenomenon in the Panxi region of the southwestern mountainous region of China, mainly owing to inadequate livelihood capital in rural areas. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between labor migration and its causes, such as individual and family characteristics, but few studies have focused on livelihood capital. This paper examines the impact factors on labor migration employment location selection and duration from a household livelihood capital perspective. A case study of 279 households from 10 villages in the area was carried out in February 2016. We used both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the data. On the basis of the 279 questionnaires, the proportion of households with non-labor migration is 48.4%, whereas households with labor migration within a local city and migration across regions account for 28.7% and 22.9%, respectively. Social, financial, and human capitals are the primary factors that influence migrants' employment location choice positively. Among them, social capital has a significant impact on both migration within a local city and across regions; each of the regression coefficients is 1.111 and 1.183. Social, human, and financial capitals also have a positive impact on the duration of labor migration, and similarly, social capital is the highest coefficient with 2.489. However, physical capital only partly impacts labor migration across regions, whereas the impact of labor migration within a local city, and the duration, are not significant. Furthermore, the impact of household natural capital on migration space and time are all negative relationships, especially for labor migration across the regions and duration, with coefficient scores of 4.836 and 3.450, respectively. That is to say, a laborer is inclined to migrate within a local city for a short term, or not migrate at all, if natural capital is abundant. Our analysis results show that household livelihood capital has a strong spatio-temporal impact on labor migration.

Study on the Quantity and Age Structure of Rural Surplus Labor Force in China

Based on the data from the Second National Agriculture Census in 2006, this paper analyzed the absolute quantity and age structure of China rural surplus labor force by the classical approach. It showed that the migration of rural labor force was still far away from ＂Lewis turning point＂, and ＂mingong huang＂ （ shortage of peasant workforce） appearing in coastal areas could be explained with the location separation between the labor-intensive industries and rural labor force. It was a feasible and an effective way to push forward the transfer of labor-intensive industries from the east coast to central and Western China to absorb the abundant supply of rural labor force.

Migrant Laborers in China and Their Contributions to Rural Development

This paper will look at the importance that the migrant labors in China are doing today. The main question posed in this paper is “how migrant labors in China are contributing to rural development？”. Furthermore, the paper will answer the following sub-questions： （1） Is migration an important factor in the development of rural areas？ （2） Can migration bridge the poverty gap between urban and rural areas？ The objectives of this paper are the following： （1） to identify the migrant labors contributions in China’s rural development; （2） to look into the importance of migration for the rural Chinese; and （3） to know and analyze the problems that migrant workers in China are facing in relation to their migratory work. Furthermore, this paper posits that migrant labors in China are contributing to rural development through their remittances, their investments, and the new knowledge and techniques that they acquired in the urban areas which they share in their home areas. In addition to that, this research looks at the migrant labors’ remittances, their investments, and the new knowledge and techniques that they acquired in their home areas as their contributions to rural development.

从劳动力迁移视角审视传统乡村向现代乡村的演化

人口迁移是促进农村转型发展的重要驱动力,然而,鲜有研究从劳动力迁移视角审视中国的乡村如何从传统向现代演化。聚焦该议题,发现缺乏人口流动是传统乡村的典型特征,劳动力迁移使乡村原本可预期的以人情交换为主要特征的利益交换模式逐渐淡化,继而演化出以市场交易机制为主导的合作模式。但这并不意味着维系传统乡村熟人社会的机制不再发挥作用,村庄剩余人口间的互助与合作、迁移群体与村庄的联系以及“城归”群体作用的发挥均受到乡村熟人社会规则的约束。构建合适的体制机制,充分发挥市场的作用以及乡村剩余人口间信息对称的优势,促进农户间密切协作,是未来乡村治理的关键所在。同时,构建迁移人口与村庄的利益联结机制能够为乡村治理现代化提供更多可能。

数字普惠金融赋能城乡融合——基于产业和城乡协同发展视角

数字普惠金融为破除城乡金融体系二元对立、优化城乡资源配置、助推城乡融合开辟了新路径。本文基于2011-2021年中国地级市面板数据,从产业和城乡协同发展视角分析数字普惠金融赋能城乡融合的作用渠道。研究发现,数字普惠金融有效促进了城乡融合发展。从各维度来看,覆盖广度与使用深度是促进城乡融合的关键,信贷和保险业务发挥了显著的协同效应,数字普惠金融的城乡融合效应在空间和社会维度上显著;在东部、中部地区和农村资金外流程度较轻的地区,数字普惠金融赋能城乡融合的作用更强;数字普惠金融能够促进生产要素在产业和城乡间流动,发挥劳动力转移和产业结构升级的带动作用,间接赋能城乡融合。

劳动力迁移与制造业技术创新效率提升——基于30个省级面板数据分析

劳动力迁移可改变迁入地收入分配机制,解决制造业技术创新资源投入冗余与产出不足矛盾,助力制造业高质量发展。文章基于2012—2021年中国30个省级面板数据,结合新古典经济增长和新迁移等理论,实证检验劳动力迁移与制造业技术创新效率的关系。研究发现:劳动力迁移可显著提升制造业技术创新效率,且会随着时间推移而减弱;人口集聚效应、知识溢出效应是劳动力迁移与制造业技术创新效率关系的中介变量;劳动力迁移对东部和中部地区、劳动密集型和资本密集型制造业技术创新效率具有显著正向作用;市场化程度和政府干预均能增强劳动力迁移对制造业技术创新效率的促进作用,但这一影响存在最优边界。

乡村振兴背景下农民合作社何以留住农村劳动力?——基于新迁移经济学视角

农民合作社是农村集体经济的重要组织形式,是推进乡村振兴战略的重要抓手。文章使用2020年中国乡村振兴调查(CRRS)数据,从新迁移经济学视角考察农户加入合作社决策对家庭劳动力外出务工选择的影响。研究发现:农户加入合作社后,家庭中劳动力外出务工的概率降低6.8%;机制分析表明,农户加入合作社可以促进乡村产业和非农经营发展,提升农户信贷可得性,提高绝对收入和相对收入,从而弱化农村劳动力外出务工的动机;农户加入合作社显著降低劳动力在本县务工和跨省务工的概率,且只有家庭禀赋条件较好的农户加入合作社才会降低劳动力外出务工概率。研究深化了对农民合作社的微观效应认识,为吸引农村劳动力回流、促进乡村振兴提供了重要参考。

中国高技能人才和一般技能劳动力省际迁移的空间格局及影响机理

统筹吸引高技能人才和一般技能劳动力对促进中国区域经济高质量和包容性增长具有重要意义。本研究从职业类型视角来界定高技能人才与一般技能劳动力,利用中国2015年1%人口抽样调查微观数据库,分析了2010—2015年全国高技能人才与一般技能劳动力省际迁移空间格局特征,并选用零膨胀负二项回归模型揭示了高技能人才与一般技能劳动力省际迁移的影响机理。结果发现:①一般技能劳动力的跨省迁移流动性强于高技能劳动力,高技能劳动力省际迁移的空间分布比一般技能劳动力更分散。②东部发达省市均为高技能和一般技能劳动力主要净流入地区,中部地区均为高技能和一般技能劳动力主要净流出地区,但一般技能劳动力净迁移更活跃,东北地区和甘肃高技能劳动力的高强度净流失问题更为严峻。③高技能劳动力主要从中部、西南及东北地区迁移至广东、北京和上海,而一般技能劳动力则主要从中部和西南地区迁移至广东、浙江、上海和江苏。④中国高技能和一般技能劳动力省际迁移均为经济主导型,知识-技术密集型产业和生活性服务业就业机会的关联匹配效应导致了不同技能劳动力迁入格局相似的“粘性”效应,而收入和房价等经济因素对一般技能劳动力省际迁移流动性的影响要强于对高技能劳动力省际迁移流动性的影响。子女小学教育质量是高技能与一般技能劳动力均最为重视的舒适性需求,而教育及文化服务舒适性,以及气候舒适性对高技能劳动力跨省迁移的促进作用要高于对一般技能劳动力。

数字经济、农村劳动力迁移与农民农村共同富裕

文章使用2012—2022年我国30个省份的数据,实证考察数字经济、农村劳动力迁移与农民农村共同富裕三者之间的关系,并实证检验人口密度的调节作用。研究发现,数字经济发展水平和农民农村共同富裕水平均呈现稳步上升趋势;数字经济能够促进农民农村共同富裕,农村劳动力迁移在其中起到部分中介作用。进一步研究发现,人口密度在数字经济对农民农村共同富裕的影响过程中具有正向调节作用。面板门槛模型的回归结果显示,在经济发展环境越好的地区,数字经济对农民农村共同富裕的推动作用越强。