Calculation of Mass Concrete Temperature Containing Cooling Water Pipe Based on Substructure and Iteration Algorithm

Mathematical physics equations are often utilized to describe physical phenomena in various fields of science and engineering.One such equation is the Fourier equation,which is a commonly used and effective method for evaluating the effectiveness of temperature control measures for mass concrete.One important measure for temperature control in mass concrete is the use of cooling water pipes.However,the mismatch of grids between large-scale concrete models and small-scale cooling pipe models can result in a significant waste of calculation time when using the finite element method.Moreover,the temperature of the water in the cooling pipe needs to be iteratively calculated during the thermal transfer process.The substructure method can effectively solve this problem,and it has been validated by scholars.The Abaqus/Python secondary development technology provides engineers with enough flexibility to combine the substructure method with an iteration algorithm,which enables the creation of a parametric modeling calculation for cooling water pipes.This paper proposes such a method,which involves iterating the water pipe boundary and establishing the water pipe unit substructure to numerically simulate the concrete temperature field that contains a cooling water pipe.To verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method,two classic numerical examples were analyzed.The results showed that this method has good applicability in cooling pipe calculations.When the value of the iteration parameterαis 0.4,the boundary temperature of the cooling water pipes can meet the accuracy requirements after 4∼5 iterations,effectively improving the computational efficiency.Overall,this approach provides a useful tool for engineers to analyze the temperature control measures accurately and efficiently for mass concrete,such as cooling water pipes,using Abaqus/Python secondary development.

Experimental Study on the Resistance and Splash Performances of Water Collecting Devices for Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers

In recent years,water collecting systems,with the associated advantages of energy saving and noise reduction,have become the foundation for the development of a scheme to optimize the structure of cooling towers.To explore the feasibility of this approach for mechanical draft cooling towers,a small-scale experimental device has been built to study the resistance and splash performances of three U-type water collecting devices(WCDs)for different water flow rates and wind speeds.The experimental results show that within the considered ranges of wind speed and water flow rate,the pressure drop of the different WCDs can vary significantly.The resistance and local splash performances can also be remarkably different.Some recommendations about the most suitable system are provided.Moreover,a regression analysis of the experimental data is conducted,and the resulting fitting formulas for resistance and splash performance of WCD are reported.

Designing an Experimental Device for Swinging Excitation Spray Cooling

In this paper,we introduce the design principle of the oscillating excited spray cooling experimental device.We then designed an oscillating excited spray cooling experimental device.By using the device,the swaying motion can be realized through the control system,and the motion of the droplet under different vibration frequencies can be observed.By measuring the liquid flow rate and pressure,the changes in liquid flow rate,pressure,and temperature with time under different vibration frequencies were studied.The trajectory of the droplet and the temperature distribution of the droplet under different vibration frequencies could be observed.The device has a simple structure,is easy to control,and can achieve continuous observation of the spray cooling process.

Efficient thermal management and all-season energy harvesting using adaptive radiative cooling and a thermoelectric power generator

Passive daytime radiative cooling(PDRC) is useful for thermal management because it allows an object to emit terrestrial heat into space without the use of additional energy.To produce sub-ambient temperatures under direct sunlight,PDRC materials are designed to reduce their absorption of solar energy and to enhance their long-wavelength infrared(LWIR) emissivity.In recent years,many photonic structures and polymer composites have been studied to improve the cooling system of buildings.However,in cold weather(i.e. during winter in cold climates),buildings need to be kept warm rather than cooled due to heat loss.To overcome this limitation,temperature-responsive radiative cooling is a promising alternative.In the present study,adaptive radiative cooling(ARC) film fabricated from a polydimethylsiloxane/hollow SiO_(2) microsphere/thermochromic pigment composite was investigated.We found that the ARC film absorbed solar radiation under cold conditions while exhibiting radiative cooling at ambient temperatures above 40℃.Thus,in outdoor experiments,the ARC film achieved sub-ambient temperatures and had a theoretical cooling power of 63.2 W/m~2 in hot weather.We also demonstrated that radiative cooling with an energy harvesting system could be used to improve the energy management of buildings,with the thermoelectric module continuously generating output power using the ARC film.Therefore,we believe that our proposed ARC film can be employed for efficient thermal management of buildings and all-season energy harvesting in the near future.

Polymer nanocomposite dielectrics with high electrocaloric effect for flexible solid-state cooling devices

Nanocomposite dielectrics show great promising application in developing next generation wearable all-solidstate cooling devices owing to the possessed advantages of high cooling efficiency, light-weight and small volume without the induced greenhouse effect or serious harm to ozone layer in the exploited refrigerants. However, low electrocaloric strength in nanocomposite dielectric is severely restricting its wide-spread application because of high applied operating voltage to improve electrocaloric effect. After addressing the chosen optimized ferroelectric ceramic and ferroelectric polymer matrix in conjunction with the analysis of crucial parameters, recent progress of electrocaloric effect(ECE) in polymer nanocomposites has been considerably reviewed. Subsequently, prior to proposing the conceptual design and devices/systems in electrocaloric nanocomposites, the existing developed devices/systems are reviewed. Finally, conclusions and prospects are conducted, including the aspects of materials chosen, structural design and key issues to be considered in improving electrocaloric effect of polymer nanocomposite dielectrics for flexible solidstate cooling devices.

Experimental Investigation of Solar Panel Cooling by a Novel Micro Heat Pipe Array

A novel micro heat pipe array was used in solar panel cooling. Both of air-cooling and water-cooling conditions under nature convection condition were investigated in this paper. Compared with the ordinary solar panel, the maximum difference of the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 2.6%, the temperature reduces maximally by 4.7℃, the output power increases maximally by 8.4% for the solar panel with heat pipe using air-cooling, when the daily radiation value is 26.3 MJ. Compared with the solar panel with heat pipe using air-cooling, the maximum difference of the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 3%, the temperature reduces maximally by 8℃, the output power increases maximally by 13.9% for the solar panel with heat pipe using water-cooling, when the daily radiation value is 21.9 MJ.

Designing radiative cooling metamaterials for passive thermal management by particle swarm optimization

The passive radiative cooling technology shows a great potential application on reducing the enormous global energy consumption.The multilayer metamaterials could enhance the radiative cooling performance.However,it is a challenge to design the radiative cooler.In this work,based on the particle swarm optimization(PSO)evolutionary algorithm,we develop an intelligent workflow in designing photonic radiative cooling metamaterials.Specifically,we design two 10-layer SiO_(2) radiative coolers doped by cylindrical MgF_(2) or air impurities,possessing high emissivity within the selective(8–13μm)and broadband(8–25μm)atmospheric transparency windows,respectively.Our two kinds of coolers demonstrate power density as high as 119 W/m^(2) and 132 W/m^(2) at the room temperature(300 K).Our scheme does not rely on the usage of special materials,forming high-performing metamaterials with conventional poor-performing components.This significant improvement of the emission spectra proves the effectiveness of our inverse design algorithm in boosting the discovery of high-performing functional metamaterials.

Performance of thermoelectric generator with graphene nanofluid cooling

Improvement of the heat transfer of the cold side is one of the approaches to enhance the performance of TEG systems. As a new type of heat transfer media, nanofluids can enhance the heat transfer performance of working liquid signiticantly. Based on a three-dimensional and steady-state numerical model,the heat transfer and thermoelectric conversion properties of TEG systems were studied. Graphene anoplatelet aqueous nanoftuids were used as the coolants for the cold side of the TEG system to improve the heat transfer capacity of the cold side. The results showed that the heat absorbed by the hot side, voltage, output power, and conversion efficiency of the TEG system were increased greatly by the nanoftuid coolants. The output power and the conversion efficiency using 0.1-wt% graphene nanoplatelet aqueous nanofluid as the coolant are enhanced by 26.39% and 14.74%, respectively.

Energy Saving Model and Calculation Example of Three Cooling Schemes for Data Center in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Area

In order to achieve the goal of “carbon peak” in 2030 and “carbon neutralization” in 2060, the task of energy conservation has risen to the national strategic level, and its work is urgent. It focuses on energy saving and energy consumption in data center, 5G network and other fields. The gravity heat pipe double cycle air conditioning is a kind of room air conditioning which uses natural cooling source with high efficiency. According to the outdoor meteorological parameters of ten typical cities in China, the calculation model of unit hybrid refrigeration mode is established by using integral method. A simplified algorithm for statistical summation is proposed. Then it compares with the same type of refrigerant pump air conditioner, water-cooled chiller and natural cooling plate. The results show that the annual operation time of gravity heat pipe double cycle air conditioner is 50.8% longer than that of refrigerant pump air conditioner. Then the calculation model is verified by the annual actual operation data of a data center in Changsha. The results show that the double cycle air conditioner with gravity heat pipe can save about 34% energy compared with the chiller. The accuracy of the calculation model is 17.5%, which meets the engineering accuracy requirements. The application of gravity heat pipe double cycle air conditioning in hot summer and cold winter area is a scheme worthy of popularization and application.

Cooling Device Using the Natural Convection, Phase Change of Substance and Capillary Effect

Paper deals about testing of device with gravity assisted heat pipes and about researching of wick heat pipes used to effective heat transfers from power switches of energy converter. At first, to simulate ambient condition was designed thermostatic chamber where was monitoring temperature course on main parts of cooling device （energy converter, air cooler and heat pipes） at various position of cooling device. It was found, if the cooling device is in tilt position the cooling performance is better. But if the tilt angel of gravity assisted heat pipe is higher the heat transfer is lower. From reason improve heat transfer cooling device at tilt angle are manufactured heat pipes with the sintered, mesh screen and grooved capillary structures and tested their thermal performance at vertical and tilt angel 45~ position by calorimetric method. Article describes manufacturing process and thermal performance measuring method of wick heat pipes. This experiment testify that the wick heat pipe is able operate at tilt angle position than gravity assisted heat pipe and application of wick heat pipes into cooling device will improve his cooling performance.

A p-version embedded model for simulation of concrete temperature fields with cooling pipes

Pipe cooling is an effective method of mass concrete temperature control, but its accurate and convenient numerical simulation is still a cumbersome problem. An improved embedded model, considering the water temperature variation along the pipe, was proposed for simulating the temperature field of early-age concrete structures containing cooling pipes. The improved model was verified with an engineering example. Then, the p-version self-adaption algorithm for the improved embedded model was deduced, and the initial values and boundary conditions were examined. Comparison of some numerical samples shows that the proposed model can provide satisfying precision and a higher efficiency. The analysis efficiency can be doubled at the same precision, even for a large-scale element. The p-version algorithm can fit grids of different sizes for the temperature field simulation. The convenience of the proposed algorithm lies in the possibility of locating more pipe segments in one element without the need of so regular a shape as in the explicit model.

Thermoelastic stress analysis of multilayered films in a micro-thermoelectric cooling device

This paper presents an analytical solution for the thermoelastic stress in a typical in-plane＇s thin-film micro- thermoelectric cooling device under different operating con- ditions. The distributions of the permissible temperature fields in multilayered thin-films are analytically obtained, and the characteristics, including maximum temperature dif- ference and maximum refrigerating output of the thermo- electric device, are discussed for two operating conditions. Analytical expressions of the thermoelastic stresses in the layered thermoelectric thin-films induced by the tempera- ture difference are formulated based on the theory of mul- tilayer system. The results demonstrate that, the geometric dimension is a significant factor which remarkably affects the thermoelastic stresses. The stress distributions in layers of semiconductor thermoelements, insulating and support- ing membrane show distinctly different features. The present work may profitably guide the optimization design of high- efficiency micro-thermoelectric cooling devices.

Thermal field in water pipe cooling concrete hydrostructures simulated with singular boundary method

The embedded water pipe system is often used as a standard cooling technique during the construction of large-scale mass concrete hydrostructures. The prediction of the temperature distribution considering the cooling effects of embedded pipes plays an essential role in the design of the structure and its cooling system. In this study, the singular boundary method, a semi-analytical meshless technique, was employed to analyze the temperature distribution. A numerical algorithm solved the transient temperature field with consideration of the effects of cooling pipe specification, isolation of heat of hydration, and ambient temperature. Numerical results are verified through comparison with those of the finite element method, demonstrating that the proposed approach is accurate in the simulation of the thermal field in concrete structures with a water cooling pipe.

Testing Thermal Properties of Cooling Device with Heat Pipes to Improve His Heat Transfer Ability

This paper deals about testing thermal properties of the cooling device with heat pipes at inclination position, in consequence of using the natural convection to improve heat transfer properties. Head point testing of cooling device is monitoring temperature on the aluminium block of energy converter, heat pipes and ribs under temperature condition 30 ℃ in thermostatic chamber. Testing of the device was performed at tilt angles positions 0, 10 and 20° from the vertical level. The heat flux loaded to energy converter was 450 W. The next goal of the paper is to research on influence working position of the wick heat pipe on their thermal performance. In this research heat pipes were made with capillary structure sintered from copper powder granularity 100, 63 and 50 μm filled with water and ethanol. Next heat pipe thermal performance was performed by measuring heat source and working positions. Knowledge of these two research goals can bring potential improvements in purpose of cooling device for effective heat sink from high power electronic components.

锅炉水冷壁管失效分析

锅炉水冷壁管材料为20G钢,在320℃和10.3 MPa下使用约5年后外表面出现鼓包并泄漏。对失效的水冷壁管进行了宏观检查、化学成分分析、力学性能检测、金相检验、腐蚀产物分析及锅炉水质检测。结果表明:水冷壁管失效是由于锅炉水碱性超标从而发生高温碱腐蚀所致。

热管冷却反应堆系统研究进展和挑战

热管是一种高效的非能动热量传递元件,热管冷却反应堆核动力系统在多场景特种应用领域具备独特优势。本文概述了热管冷却反应堆特种核动力系统发展情况。首先介绍了热管冷却反应堆概念提出以及在海陆空天等领域的应用场景分析,同时总结了国内外典型堆型的发展现状。其次探讨了当前热管冷却反应堆面临的关键技术挑战,包括高性能材料研究、高性能热管研制、高效能量转换技术研究、设计分析技术研究。最后对未来发展趋势进行了分析和展望,强调了整体系统一体化研制、发电器件特性研究以及智能自主控制技术在热管冷却反应堆领域的重要性。本文的系统性总结将推动热管冷却反应堆技术的进一步发展,为未来特种核动力系统的应用提供重要支持。

热管堆单根热管失效事故瞬态数值分析研究

热管冷却反应堆(热管堆)如果发生单根热管失效事故,可能会超过热管最大允许温度和功率并出现级联失效。本文以热管堆堆芯为研究对象,通过建立单根热管失效事故瞬态计算模型,利用ANSYS Mechanical APDL程序对不同工况单根热管失效事故进行了瞬态数值分析研究。结果表明:最恶劣工况是处于靠近外围热管失效的工况,基体最高温度为1314.16 K,芯块中心最高温度达到1352.49 K,热管最高工作温度为1149.84 K,均未超出容许工作温度限值,约123 s达到新的稳态;在最恶劣工况下,靠近中心的热管最高功率为83709.87 W,未超出热管传热极限范围,并能顺利达成新的稳态进行工作,不会有整体级联失效的风险。本文结果可为该堆型的设计提供热管失效事故的参考,并为堆芯结构设计奠定基础。

食用油罐内冷媒管降温模拟试验与优化

为缓解食用油在储藏过程中出现的热分层现象,设计内置冷媒管的食用油储罐,并通过调整冷媒流动方式、冷媒流量和冷媒温度等对储油进行降温对比试验。结果表明:采用上供式和下供式降温均可在储油温度整体下降的同时有效缩小上下层温差(1.93、3.67℃),且与自然降温(6.79℃)相比,热分层现象得到明显改善。采用下供式降温的效率最高,较上供式提高了约20%,且下层油温较上供式低约1.9℃。基于Ansys(Fluent)商用计算流体动力学软件平台,通过数值模拟进一步研究了采用下供式的冷媒流量对下层油温的影响。结果显示下供式降温可有效阻隔外部传热,而下层温度变化集中在低温区域,对远离入口侧区域的影响并不明显。

温差热电转换型空间热管冷却反应堆瞬态分析程序开发及验证

热管冷却反应堆采用固态堆芯设计、高温热管传热,具有结构简单、非能动、高可靠性等优点。为研究温差热电转换型空间热管冷却反应堆电源系统的瞬态特性,本文针对该型电源系统中最主要的系统(包括堆本体、高温热管、温差热电转换系统)建立了详细的数学物理模型,并开发了系统瞬态分析程序,其中堆本体模型基于OpenFOAM进行模块开发,耦合了点堆动力学模型和反应性反馈模型。通过文献和试验数据分别验证了高温热管及温差热电转换模型,结果与参考值符合较好,其中温差热电转换模块发电功率与试验值的相对偏差小于2.75%。采用该程序对KRUSTY进行了建模分析,开展了反应性引入、热电转换模块失效、负荷跟踪、主动冷却丧失工况下的瞬态分析,并与试验值进行了对比。结果表明,在上述瞬态工况下堆芯燃料表面温度与试验值的偏差小于4.1 K,程序计算结果与试验值符合较好。

某主驱动减速机冷却装置结构设计及试验验证

主驱动减速机作为盾构机刀盘驱动系统的核心部件,其内部长时间过热易对齿轮箱寿命造成严重影响。故此设计了具有自封闭式螺旋型结构的冷却装置。通过计算和试验,最终确定冷却水进出水模式为“1进1出”,同时增加中箱体整体焊接水套的最优冷却方案。试验结果表明,高速负载时最恶劣工况下的热平衡温度较优化前,冷却效果提升约45.03%。