基于英语学习活动观的语法教学探究——以Noun Clauses为例

文章以三维动态语法观为理论框架,以名词性从句为例,分析语法结构的三个维度,以活动观为指导进行设计与实施教学内容,将语法、语句、写作结合起来引导学生注意学习名词性从句的语境、语用、语篇意义,帮助学生创造性地在交际中得体地使用名词性从句。

The Conflict and Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Public Freedom of Information in the“Anti-circumvention Clause”

There is a long-standing conflict between intellectual property rights and public freedom of information.The continuous development of the“anti-circumvention clause”has caused the conflict to intensify.As a basic human right,freedom of information is being gradually eroded by the expansion of intellectual property rights.The existing research mainly carries on the right balance from the negative protection path,but the positive protection path is more advantageous to realizing the public freedom of information and alleviates the conflict between the two kinds of rights.In practice,there are some problems in the application of the anti-circumvention clause,such as the legality of the aim,the division of the protected part,and the determination of the circumvention.This is mainly due to the lack of restrictions on technical measures,the failure to distinguish between“copyright protection”and“contact control”,and the offside and absence of administrative bodies in practice.We should protect public freedom of information by distinguishing the two measures of copyright protection and contact control and the two torts of access and use,increasing the restrictive conditions for the use of technical protection measures,and changing the functions of administrative supervision agencies.

On the Translation Techniques of English Attributive Clause

Translation is the use of one language to another language;this is expressed by the contents of the re-express.For the English-Chinese translation,the attributive clause translation is the most important.However,the English attributive clause is divided into restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.In the translation process,it should be based on its structure and meaning.To take appropriate translation,get rid of restrictions on sentence structure so that the translation is equal to the original as much as possible.In this paper,the translation skills and samples have been used to further express the attributive clause to the readers.

An Investigation of Avoidance of Relative Clauses in the English Writings of High Vocational College Students

This study investigates the avoidance of relative clauses by high vocational college students and also explores the differences in the avoidance of the RCs by high-level students and low-level students in their English writings. The data used in this study have been collected from English writing tasks and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS17.0). The major findings of this study are stated as follows: 1) There are significant differences in the production of the relative clauses in their English writings by Chinese higher vocational college students and English native speakers. Avoidance of relative clauses exists in the English writings of higher vocational college students. 2) High-level Chinese higher vocational college students display less of the avoidance phenomenon in their English writings than low-level students.

论when clause的几种译法

英汉词汇往往只是部分对应关系,when clause也不例外,故翻译时应根据不同的语境灵活处理。作者分析了When Clause的几种不同含义,并详细论述了其具体翻译方法。

When-clause的涵义、特殊用法及翻译

试图全面梳理、分析连词when-clause的用法:when-clause,除了表示"当……时候",意为:during the time that之外,在具体语境中还有许多其他隐含义:时间先后、因果、转折、条件等逻辑关系,有时具有"突然性、巧合性及矛盾性"含义。

浅议欧盟/欧共体对外条约中的“断开条款(disconnection clause)”

欧盟法意义上的"断开条款"是指欧盟/欧共体在对外订立条约时就规定的、在共同体成员国之间适用欧盟/欧共体条款而非公约的一类特殊条款。该条款目前被作为一种格式化条款在欧盟对外条约中得到经常性的运用,它保障了欧盟内部法制的统一和欧盟法律的最高性,但却对欧盟的对外关系、人权公约和国际法本身带来了一些负面影响,因此需要在实践中对该条款的适用进行平衡和个案分析。

A Teaching Case of Subject Clause Based on Implicit Learning

The New English curriculum criteria suggest teaching English grammar based on the students’cognitive characteristics and emotional needs,helping them discover the rules and encouraging them to master the grammar by using it.But due to the limited time in a lesson,many English teachers adopt a simple approach to teach grammar,in which students are required to memorize the rules first and then practice a lot.This approach is effec-

α-Input and α-Unit Resolution Methods for Generalized Horn Clause Set in L_(V(n×2))F(X)

α-Input resolution and α-unit resolution for generalized Horn clause set are discussed in linguistic truth-valued lattice-valued first-order logic (LV(n×2)F(X)), which can represent and handle uncertain linguistic values-based information. Firstly the concepts of α-input resolution and α-unit resolution are presented, and the equivalence of them is shown. Then α-input (α-unit) resolution is equivalently transformed from LV(n×2)F(X) into that of LnP(X), and their soundness and completeness are also established. Finally an algorithm for α-unit resolution is contrived in LnP(X).

Application of ‘Division’ in E-C Translation of Long and Complex Attributive Clauses

The attributive clause plays a significant role in E-C translation.Due to the stylistic difference in Chinese and English(Chinese is paratactic while English is hypotactic),complex English attributive clauses cannot be translated literally as awkwardness may occur.One possible approach to coping with the problem is the adoption of‘Division’in translating long English attributive clauses.This essay provides three steps in translating complex English attributive clauses into Chinese(clarifying meaning units,restructuring and polishing)and the accompanied techniques such as amplification and omission to make the translation more readable and natural to Chinese readers.

A Functional Analysis of English Relative Clauses

Relative clauses in traditional grammars,which are sometimes called attributive clauses,are divided into two types:restrictive and non-restrictive.Building upon the discussion of recursion in Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar(SFG),this paper conducts a functional syntactic analysis of such clauses,aimed at probing into their logical structures.

An Overview of Relative Clauses

Relative clause is one kind of important modifiers among English grammar. It is a widely used clauses in English context. In order to get an overview of relative clause, this essay will analyze it in terms of form, meaning and use.

Relative Clauses in Learning and Teaching

This essay mainly analyze the source of difficulties in learning relatives as well as some pedagogical implications in teaching this grammar.

On Similarities and Differences between Relative Pronouns in Relative Clauses

This paper,in two installments,attempts to clarify the finer points in the similarities and differences in the usage of relative pronouns,who,that and which,while they are in relative clauses.They are illustrated and justified with examples.The paper,through the comparison of the usages of who,that and which,has shown their similarities and differences from one another.It will enable us to master their usages and help us in studying relative clauses.

The Basic Points in Learning the Attributive Clause

In this paper, some special but basic points in learning the attributiveclause are discussd only for the reader’s reference.

试析国际标准中clause、reference和can的翻译

"clause"、"reference"和"can"是三个常用的英文单词,但这三个词在际标准英译中时却容易被错译。本文试就这三个词的正确翻译进行分析。

Argument Ambiguities Make Subject Relative Clause More Difficult to Process than Object Relative Clause in Mandarin

Relative clauses(RCs)processing has been a hot issue in decades.Studies from head-initial languages have found that SRCs were easier to comprehend than ORCs,and many different models were constructed to account for SRCs preference.Chinese are head-final languages and the head noun phrases are behind the internal-clause.Such a great difference in syntactic structure made Chinese to be the optimum material to test the models mentioned above.In the paper,two experiments were carried out using eye-movement tracking methods to explore the difficulty with RCs processing in mandarin,and results showed that:when the two noun phrases were both from animate category,SRCs were more difficult than ORCs,but when the noun phrases in the internal-relative-clause were inanimate and the noun phrases in the matrix were animate,the difficulties with SRCs were greatly reduced.Based on these findings,we hold that the linear syntactic distance between the gap and the filler was not the key reason to the difficulty with SRCs.On the contrary,the ambiguity in argument construction may be the most important.

Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs Conseils (FIDIC) Variation Order Clause

To paraphrase the Greek philosopher Heraclitus, change is the only constant in construction projects. Changes in scope occur as projects progress from design through practical completion. FIDIC General Conditions Clause 13 [1] is one of the most important terms and implementing. It is also major factor for project success. Once all project parties understand and fairly use this clause, the impact will be minimising the expected disputes by 50% at least. Thus, this paper is considering illustrated variation order clause by flow chart technique to ensure that all the engineers are handling easily those subclasses.

An ERP Study of the Object Preference in Processing Chinese Relative Clauses

Through an event-related potential（ERP）study, we examined the processing mechanisms of four types of Chinese（Mandarin） relative clauses（RCs）,namely subject subject-extracted relative clause（SSR）,subject object-extracted relative clause（SOR）, object subject-extracted relative clause（OSR）, and object object-extracted relative clause（OOR） to test the universality and language specificity of RC comprehension processes. The results of this study support a preference for object-extracted RCs modifying both the subject and object of a sentence, i.e.,SORs and OORs. In particular, ERP results showed stronger P600 effects in the RC region for SSRs compared with SORs, which we argue reflects a canonical word order theory. Stronger N400 effects were observed for verbs compared with nouns, reflecting easier understanding for nouns. ERP results from the matrix clause object and the relativizer “de” showed stronger P600 effects in SSRs compared with SORs,suggesting thematic structure effects on syntactic construction and the processing preference of the whole sentence.