An experimental study on RP-3 jet fuel injection on a common rail injection system

RP-3 jet fuel could be an alternative fuel for diesel engines.In this study,the injection characteristics of RP-3jet fuel under single and split injection strategies were investigated and compared with diesel fuel.The experimental results indicate that RP-3 jet fuel has slightly shorter injection delay time than diesel fuel,but this difference is negligible in actual engine operations.Further,although the lower density and viscosity of RP-3 jet fuel lead to higher volumetric injection rates and cycle-based injection quantities,the cycle-based injection mass and the mass injection rates at the stable injection stage of RP-3 jet fuel are close to or slightly lower than those of diesel fuel.Based on these experimental observations,it could be concluded that fuel physical properties are the secondary factor influencing the injection characteristics in both single and split injection strategies,as RP-3 jet fuel and diesel fuel are taken for comparison.

Bubbling to Jetting Transition during Argon Injection in Molten Steel

Bubbling to Jetting Transition is of the outmost importance in metallurgical processes given that the flow regime influences the refining rates, the refractory erosion, and the blockage of injection nozzles. Bubbling to jetting transition during subsonic bottom injection of argon in molten steel is studied here. The effect of the molten steel height, the injection velocity, the nozzle diameter, and the molten steel viscosity on the jet height and the bubbling to jetting transition is numerically analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Five subsonic argon injection velocities are considered: 5, 25, 50, 100 and 150 m/s. Three values of the metal height are taken into account, namely 1.5 m, 2 m and 2.5 m. Besides, three values of the nozzle diameters are considered: 0.001 m, 0.005 m and 0.01 m. Finally, three values of the molten steel viscosity are supposed: 0.0067, 0.1 and 1 kg/(m·s). It is observed that for the argon-molten steel system, the bubbling to jetting transition occurs for an injection velocity less than 25 m/s and that for the range of viscosities considered, the molten steel viscosity does not exert significant influence on the jet height and the bubbling to jetting transition. Due to the jet instability at subsonic velocities, a second transition, namely jetting to bubbling, is appreciated.

A Voice Coil Powered Controllable Micro-Jet Injection System

A medical device of micro-jet injection for drug delivery is described in this paper. The device is powered by a Lorentz force driver (or voice coil motor, VCM) and is able to perform pulsed injection through controlling the direction of the current passing through the device. The driving force and the resulting injection pressure are also controllable through control of the current intensity of the VCM. A physical model was established by combining the existing jet injection model with the relationship of the driving force obtained from a finite-element-method (FEM) analysis, and was verified by experimental measurements. The numerical calculation of the physical model reveals the relationship between the injection pressure and the current intensity of VCM under system conditions. In normal cases, the injection dose can be varied. Thus the relationship between the current intensity of VCM and the dose value was numerically obtained under the condition for the maximum injection pressure to be above a threshold value. These results can be used for optimization of the device.

Cryogenically Cooled High-Pressure Hydrogen Cluster Jet Injection into the HL-2A Tokamak

The experimental set-up of SMBI system in HL-2A and the detail structure of the molecular beam valve with cooling trap are shown in Fig.l. The valve used for producing hydrogen cluster jet is a solenoid valve S99 with a nozzle orifice of 0.2 mm diameter. The distance between the nozzle of the valve and the edge plasma is about 1.28 m. A liquid nitrogen cryogenic trap is applied for cooling the valve body and decreasing the working gas temperature. The hydrogen cluster jet used for the experiments is in fact a free jet. For real gases, the adiabatic expansion of gas through a nozzle into vacuum results in substantial cooling in the frame of the moving gas. Atoms or molecules that interact weakly at low temperature can form clusters as a result. Attractive forces between atoms can be hydrogen bonding,

Adaptability research of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression

To study the effectiveness of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression,the unsteady cavitation flow field around the NACA0066 hydrofoil at attack angle of 6°was simulated by the modified RNG k-εturbulence model combined with the full-cavitation model.The structure of cavitation flow field and the hydrodynamic performance of hydrofoil were analyzed at the cavitation number of 0.85,0.70,0.55,respectively.The results show that barriered by the jet,the momentum of the reentrant jet was reduced;The development of cavitation and the strength of cavity shedding were weakened to some extent.Cavitation suppression effect was very obvious in the cavitation conditions with the cavitation number of 0.7 and above when the injection position was at 37% chord length from the hydrofoil leading edge and the jet-flow ratio kept 0.3.Time-averaged lift and drag coefficient were reduced,and the lift-drag ratio increased in water injection conditions.

Re-Densification Effect of Pressure-Injected Peptide-Hyaluronic Acid Combination on Male Androgenic Alopecia

Introduction: Mechanism of male androgenic alopecia (MAGA) is complex and leads to an excessive hair shedding and decreased hair density. Oral, topical, and injectable autologous treatments demonstrate ability to stimulate hair re-growth, but the response is suboptimal or plateaus off. Synthetic combination of the peptide complex and hyaluronic acid (P-HA) demonstrated hair regrowth in alopecia patients. Electronically-operated pneumatic injections (EPI) generate micro-trauma in the dermis and under wound-healing conditions may enhance regeneration effect of P-HA. Methods: Subjects seeking improvement of their male pattern hair loss (Hamilton-Norwood type 2-4) received the P-HA treatments through EPI. The course included 4 treatments every two weeks over the 8-week period. In 6 months, the hair growth was assessed comparative to baseline by global clinical photography and digital phototrichograms. The treatment safety and tolerability were documented through the whole study period. Results: Twelve men (30-45 years old) completed the treatment course with high tolerability and without adverse events. Post-treatment assessment of the previously bald areas showed improved coverage on the clinical photographs. The phototrichograms demonstrated statistically significant increase in terminal hair density by 36%, cumulative hair thickness by 37%, and follicular units by 20%;all contributing to a 38% increase in cumulated hair density (all p Conclusion: Electronic pneumatic injections are well tolerated and can be safely used for the needle-free administration of the peptide-hyaluronic acid combination in MAGA therapy. We achieved significant hair re-densification in the balding scalp. The exact role of the EPI-induced impact in the hair re-growth mechanism remains to be ascertained. .

Experiments on Gas Jet in the Wendelstein 7-AS Stellarator

Wendelstein 7-AS (W7-AS) pertains to an advanced helical stellarator. A new fuelling method, the supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI, named Gas Jet in Germany) system was installed in W7-AS in May 2001 as a cooperation research item co-supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China and the Max-Planck Institute of Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany. The experiments of the gas jet with hydrogen or deuterium on W7-AS were implemented. The experimental results exhibit the following features such as high fuelling efficiency, stable high-density plasmas and reduction of the recycling fluxes from the vessel wall during injection. These crucial points show that the new fuelling method can be applied to long and stable discharges.

Analyzing of mixing performance determination factors for the structure of radial multiple jets-in-crossflow

The radial multiple jets-in-crossflow mixing structure(RMJCMS) is extensively used in industrial manufacture. In this research, the effects of thickness of injection ring on mixing performance and factors influencing the mixing performance of RMJCMS were discussed based on the results of computational fluid dynamics. The simulation results showed that the dimensionless mixing distance, with the increase of the thickness of injection ring, drops from 1.1 to 0.18 first and then increases to 0.27 while the uniformity of flux monotonously improves, manifesting that the consistency of flux is not the single element determining the mixing performance. Analyzing the simulation results, a conclusion was drawn that the consistency of flux, penetration mode and interaction among injection flows which can be altered by adjusting the thickness of injection ring, determine the mixing performance of RMJCMS jointly. That is to say, in RMJCMS an injection ring with a suitable thickness can realize the function of injection and rectification simultaneously, which not only improves the mixing performance but also reduces the complexity of RMJCMS as well.

Study of the expansion characteristics of a pulsed plasma jet in air

In the background of electrothermal-chemical （ETC） emission,an investigation has been conducted on the characteristics of a freely expanding pulsed plasma jet in air.The evolutionary process of the plasma jet is experimentally investigated using a piezoelectric pressure sensor and a digital high-speed video system.The variation relation in the extended volume,axial displacement and radial displacement of the pulsed plasma jet in atmosphere with time under different discharge voltages and jet breaking pressures is obtained.Based on experiments,a two-dimensional axisymmetric unsteady model is established to analyze the characteristics of the two-phase interface and the variation of flow-field parameters resulting from a pulsed plasma jet into air at a pressure of 1.5-3.5 MPa under three nozzle diameters （3 mm,4 mm and 5 ram,respectively）.The images of the plasma jet reveal a changing shape process,from a quasiellipsoid to a conical head and an elongated cylindrical tail.The axial displacement of the jet is always larger than that along the radial direction.The extended volume reveals a single peak distribution with time.Compared to the experiment,the numerical simulation agrees well with the experimental data.The parameters of the jet field mutate at the nozzle exit with a decrease in the parameter pulse near the nozzle,and become more and more gradual and close to environmental parameters.Increasing the injection pressure and nozzle diameter can increase the parameters of the flow field such as the expansion volume of the pulsed plasma jet,the size of the Mach disk and the pressure.In addition,the turbulent mixing in the expansion process is also enhanced.

射流与搅拌协同式浮选机气体引射规律探究

为了探究射流与搅拌协同式浮选装置在射流与搅拌协同作用下的气体引射规律,建立了射流与搅拌耦合区域模型,分别模拟了射流速度变化、搅拌速度变化、射流速度与搅拌速度同时变化对装置吸气能力的影响,搭建了射流与搅拌协同式浮选装置并对其进行试验。结果表明,射流速度是影响装置吸气能力的主要影响因素,搅拌速度对装置吸气能力产生一定的影响;射流与搅拌协同作用下浮选装置的吸气能力取决于射流速度与搅拌速度的相对贡献;射流速度与搅拌速度的增大对喷嘴的吸气能力分别产生促进与抑制的效果;当射流速度带来的增益效果大于搅拌速度带来的抑制效果时,提高装置吸气量的同时也促进了物料的混合,反之则降低装置的吸气量;随着搅拌速度的不断增加,叶轮剪切射流束的剪切力与剪切面积逐渐减小,射流束不再冲击叶轮,此时装置的吸气能力取决于射流速度大小。射流与搅拌协同式浮选装置在流量8.2m^(3)/h以上工作时,搅拌速度对喷嘴吸气能力影响较小;当在流量8.4m^(3)/h、转速7.5m/s的条件下工作时,此时喷嘴的吸气能力得到质的提高并且物料混合效果较好,浮选装置具有较好的工作能力;当搅拌速度达到8.75r/s以上时,射流束逐渐发生轨迹偏移,装置吸气能力取决于射流速度且射流束不再冲击驱动叶轮。

基于射流补水的水泵水轮机S特性改善研究

针对水泵水轮机的“S”特性提出了在导叶顶盖位置无叶区处加装注水管的解决方案,并模拟了注水管安装在不同位置时的“S”特性曲线,分析了加装注水管后转轮区域内流线及转轮各叶道流量的分布规律。结果表明,于导叶顶盖加装注水管可以有效改善转轮内部流动,减轻转轮和导叶内部流动的相互影响,减小叶道涡的尺寸,同时有效缓解了转轮各叶道流量分布不均的现象。在注水管处于无叶区中段和活动导叶附近时,对“S”特性的改善效果明显。

冲压发动机燃烧室超声速来流横向喷雾轨迹预测模型及动态特性分析研究

为探究超声速来流下圆柱横向射流轨迹及喷雾动态特性,在宽来流马赫数(Ma=1.50,2.02,3.09)条件下开展了不同喷嘴直径与喷注压力的煤油喷雾试验,通过纹影系统捕捉射流图像并进行外边界拟合与频谱分析。建立了考虑射流前激波效应的穿透深度预测模型,最大与平均相对误差较先前的预测模型分别下降约36%和19.1%。通过快速傅里叶变换分析,发现喷雾所受扰动以低频波为主,同时伴有时间特征较为复杂的波动。本征正交分解分析结果证明,喷雾表面同时存在高低频扰动,但低频波占据主导地位,高频波能量较低可被忽略,对应了快速傅里叶变换分析结果;低频波频率与来流有效韦伯数有关,有效韦伯数增大会使波长减小,当喷雾前端的来流速度差别较小时,频率就会增大。

直射喷嘴结构对超低温氮气射流温度和速度的影响

液氮冷却低温切削是实现钛合金等难加工材料的绿色、高质量加工的有效手段之一。为实现面向超低温氮气射流过程温-速控制的喷嘴结构优选,采用数值模拟结合实验研究的方法,探析锥直型喷嘴入口直径D、出口直径d、收缩角α0以及长径比l/d对出口射流场温-速分布的影响规律。研究结果表明:存在一核心结构场使得场内射流速度和温度与喷嘴出口处的一致,而核心结构场外速度衰减幅值与温升幅值随出口直径d增加而减小。在实验条件下,当d从2.0 mm增至4.0 mm时,射流速度衰减幅值自386.3 m/s降至40.1 m/s,射流温升幅值自92.7 K降至41.1 K;射流速度核心区长度sn1和射流温度核心区长度sn2与d呈线性正相关,且sn1的变化率为sn2变化率的1.4倍;相较于l/d,d对出口轴心射流速度um的影响更显著。随着d从2.0 mm增至4.0 mm,um降低了74.9%;随着长径比l/d从1增至4,um增加了3.2%,表明减小喷嘴出口直径和增大长径比有利于提高锥直型出口射速。

木塑复合材料3DP设备微滴喷射过程仿真及关键参数研究

【目的】以自主研发的木塑复合材料三维打印与胶黏(3DP)微滴喷射系统为基础,开展紫外线固化黏结剂(UV胶)微滴喷射过程的研究,优化喷射系统工艺参数和阀体结构参数,为木塑复合材料3DP工艺液滴铺展渗透研究提供数据支撑。【方法】对喷射阀撞针的位移特征、UV胶的流变特性进行测定分析,确定了影响木塑复合材料3DP设备微滴喷射过程的喷射参数。采用有限元法对微滴喷射过程进行仿真,分析了微滴喷射过程中UV胶在喷嘴处速度、压力和质量流率的变化特征,获得了喷射参数对微滴喷射过程的影响规律。选取撞针速度、喷嘴直径、供胶压力为自变量,以液滴成形质量和主液滴速度为评价指标,开展仿真试验求解优化参数组。【结果】单因素试验得到了撞针速度0.3~0.9 m·s^(−1),喷嘴直径0.10~0.20 mm,供胶压力0.1~0.3 MPa,阀座锥角120°~130°的合理喷射参数范围。正交试验得到了喷嘴直径是影响液滴质量的显著因素,供胶压力是影响液滴速度的显著因素,并获得最优的喷射参数组合为喷嘴直径0.10 mm,撞针速度0.9 m·s^(−1),供胶压力0.1 MPa、阀座锥角130°。【结论】建立了基于木塑复合材料3DP微滴喷射过程的VOF有限元模型,完成了喷射参数对微滴喷射影响的研究,获得了最优的喷射参数组合。

浅析喷墨打印装置的喷头技术

喷墨打印装置广泛应用于各行各业,喷头是喷墨打印装置的核心部位,喷头的状态将直接影响到喷墨打印装置的性能与寿命。本文对喷墨打印装置中喷头技术进行探讨,分析了喷头结构及性能指标,并对喷头结构的具体分类及其各自的特征作了详细的论述,对于提高喷墨打印质量具有重要意义。

The jet over a stretching wall with suction or injection

The steady laminar wall jet over a stretching surface in the presence of lateral suction or injection is considered. Similarity solutions absent in previous publications are found in some new ranges of parameters in the governing equation. The accuracy and reliability of the solutions have been checked through detailed convergence study and compared with the solutions from the numerical method and analytic method, and excellent agreement has been found. This gives the strongest evidence that those solutions are indeed new ones.

Experimental investigation on upstream-injection interaction with a scramjet cavity flameholder

The study has evaluated the coherent structures and the velocity field of gaseous transverse jet upstream of a scramjet flameholder in a supersonic turbulent flow.The high spatiotemporal resolution coherent structures of the jet plume/wakes and the cavity shear layer were obtained by utilizing the nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering technique.Compared to the no upstream injection case,the cavity shear layer downstream of the jet shows significant mass exchange with mainstream.The particle image velocimetry velocity field and the velocity profiles demonstrated that the interaction intensity of the cavity shear layer with the upstream injection is further enhanced as the injection stagnation pressure increases.

船用微引燃甲醇发动机喷油器参数对燃烧和排放特性的影响

[目的]为改善大功率船用发动机燃烧、性能及排放,采用柴油微喷引燃甲醇喷射方式,研究发动机缸内燃烧和排放特性。[方法]基于一台大缸径船用ACD320中速柴油机,建立柴油微喷引燃甲醇发动机三维仿真模型,研究喷油器参数(喷孔数与甲醇喷雾夹角γ)对大缸径船用甲醇发动机燃烧性能与排放特性的影响。[结果]研究结果表明:随着喷孔数的增加,缸内甲醇雾化效果较好,使缸内工质混合较充分,CA50提前,燃烧持续期缩短,获得了较高的指示热效率和较好的燃油消耗率,并有助于降低碳烟排放,但会导致NO_(x)排放量升高。但随着甲醇喷雾夹角的增大,指示热效率增大,能够获得较好的燃油经济性和较低碳烟排放量。当甲醇喷雾夹角位于柴油喷雾夹角时(γ>60°),缸内火焰传播速度较快,指示热效率较大,燃料燃烧较充分,获得碳烟最低排放量和最优燃油消耗率。[结论]分析结果可为发动机喷油器布置提供了理论依据。

基于射流点火和气道喷水技术的缸内直喷汽油机稀薄燃烧特性研究

在一台4缸涡轮增压汽油机的基础上,增加预燃室和进气道喷水系统,在最佳油耗工况附近(转速2500 r/min,平均有效压力为0.8~1.2 MPa)开展了试验,研究和分析了汽油机稀薄燃烧特性,以及射流点火和进气道喷水技术对稀薄燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,稀薄燃烧可以将有效热效率从当量燃烧的39.5%提高到42.4%左右,但是当过量空气系数超过1.4以后,燃烧稳定性和碳氢排放变差。采用射流点火技术可以将稳定燃烧的过量空气系数拓展到1.7以上,热效率增加至43.0%以上,燃烧持续期最大缩短37.6%,循环波动不超过1.3%。在此基础上增加进气道喷水,对于平均有效压力在1.1 MPa以上的负荷,抑制爆震效果明显,喷水脉宽达到4 ms时,爆震限制的燃烧重心可以提前到活塞上止点后8°左右,同时最大热效率超过44%,循环波动不超过3%;但是对于平均有效压力低于1.1 MPa的负荷,爆震现象不严重,喷水反而会降低燃烧速率和热效率,同时燃烧稳定性和未燃碳氢排放也随之恶化。

射流泵注采一体化管柱中旁通阀蒸汽-液滴多相流冲蚀模拟分析

射流泵注采一体化技术在海上稠油油藏开发中应用广泛,该技术避免了注采过程中的频繁起下管柱作业,降低了施工成本,提高了开发效益。但是,注汽过程中,旁通阀结构改变会导致蒸汽携带的液滴产生高速冲蚀作用。为此,以数值模拟为手段,对旁通阀进行蒸汽-液滴两相流模拟,重点分析液滴引发的工具内壁冲蚀问题。研究得到如下结论:液滴跟随蒸汽经过流通道进入蒸汽通道,在过流通道附近受流动结构变化的影响液滴速度发生改变,绝大部分液滴在自身惯性作用下冲击球头下游管道内壁,导致此处壁面剪切应力较高;液滴冲蚀模拟分析结果表明,管道内壁冲蚀最严重处位于球头下游注汽通道密封面附近,与液滴速度分布情况对应,因此在工具优化时,需重点考虑过流通道附近注汽通道壁面冲蚀情况。以避免液滴对注汽通道内壁的冲蚀作用,保证注蒸汽过程的安全性。