Self-assembly of tau fragments as a key pathologic event in tauopathies

Tau protein is encoded by the microtubuleassociated protein tau(MAPT)gene and stabilizes microtubules in the neurons.Tau has unique biophysical properties that make it both highly water-soluble and positively charged.Although tau is an intrinsically disordered protein lacking defined secondary structures,it can acquire highly organized-sheet structures and stack into a filamentous inclusion such as a paired helical filament(PHF).

Soluble alpha-synuclein post-translational modifications:unexpected regulators of pathological alpha-synuclein amplification

The build-up of misfoldedα-synuclein(α-syn)in the central nervous system is the pathological hallmark of a number of neurodegenerative diseases that are known asα-synucleinopathies.These include Parkinson’s disease(PD),Parkinson’s disease with dementia(PDD),dementia with Lewy body(LB),multiple system atrophy(MSA),and a subset of Alzheimer’s disease.Growing evidence underscores that the intercellular transmission and amplification of pathologicalα-syn are critical processes underlying the progression ofα-synucleinopathies(Peng et al.,2020),and as such,the study of these processes could lead to the identification of promising therapeutics to mitigate disease progression.Most previous studies have focused solely on pathological seeds in relation to disease progression.

Clinical pathological characteristics of“crawling-type”gastric adenocarcinoma cancer:A case report

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a significant health problem worldwide,and early detection and accurate diagnosis are crucial for improving patient outcomes.Crawling-type gastric adenocarcinoma is a rare subtype of GC that has unique histopathological and clinical characteristics,and its diagnosis and management can be challenging.This pathological type of GC is also rare.CASE SUMMARY Here,we report the case of a patient who underwent ordinary endoscopy,na-rrow-band imaging,and endoscopic ultrasonography intending to determine the extent of tumor invasion and upper abdominal enhanced computed tomography and whether there was tumor metastasis.Then,endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed.After pathological and immunohistochemical examination,the pathological diagnosis was crawling-type gastric adenocarcinoma.This is a very rare and special pathological type of tumor.This case highlights the importance of using advanced endoscopic techniques and pathological examination in diagnosing and managing gastric crawling-type adenocarcinoma.Moreover,the findings underscore the need for continued research and clinical experience in this rare subtype of GC to improve patient outcomes.CONCLUSION The“crawling-type”GC is a rare and specific tumor pathology.It is difficult to identify and diagnose gliomas via endoscopy.The tumor is ill-defined,with a flat appearance and indistinct borders due to the lack of contrast against the background mucosa.Pathology revealed that the tumor cells were hand-like,so the patient has diagnosed with“crawling-type”gastric adenocarcinoma.

Mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor amplification correlates with adverse pathological features and poor clinical outcome in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the third most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide.Mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor(MET)gene participates in multiple tumor biology and shows clinical potential for pharmacological manipulation in tumor treatment.MET amplification has been reported in CRC,but data are very limited.Investigating pathological values of MET in CRC may provide new therapeutic and genetic screening options in future clinical practice.AIM To determine the pathological significance of MET amplification in CRC and to propose a feasible screening strategy.METHODS A number of 205 newly diagnosed CRC patients undergoing surgical resection without any preoperative therapy at Shenzhen Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences were recruited.All patients were without RAS/RAF mutation or microsatellite instability-high.MET amplification and c-MET protein expression were analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)and immunohistochemistry(IHC),respectively.Correlations between MET aberration and pathological features were detected using the chi-squared test.Progression free survival(PFS)during the two-year follow-up was detected using the Kaplan-Meier method and log rank test.The results of MET FISH and IHC were com pared using one-way ANOVA.RESULTS Polysomy-induced MET amplification was observed in 14.4%of cases,and focal MET amplification was not detected.Polysomy-induced MET amplification was associated with a higher frequency of lymph node metastasis(LNM)(P<0.001)and higher tumor budding grade(P=0.02).In the survival analysis,significant difference was detected between patients with amplified-and non-amplified MET in a two-year follow-up after the first diagnosis(P=0.001).C-MET scores of 0,1+,2+,and 3+were observed in 1.4%,24.9%,54.7%,and 19.0%of tumors,respectively.C-MET overexpression correlated with higher frequency of LNM(P=0.002),but no significant difference of PFS was detected between patients with different protein levels.In terms of concordance between MET FISH and IHC results,MET copy number showed no difference in c-MET IHC 0/1+(3.35±0.18),2+(3.29±0.11)and 3+(3.58±0.22)cohorts,and the MET-to-CEP7 ratio showed no difference in three groups(1.09±0.02,1.10±0.01,and 1.09±0.03).CONCLUSION In CRC,focal MET amplification was a rare event.Polysomy-induced MET amplification correlated with adverse pathological characteristics and poor prognosis.IHC was a poor screening tool for MET amplification.

Prediction of pathological complete response and prognosis in locally advanced rectal cancer

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is currently the third most common malignant tumor and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy(nCRT)is standard for locally advanced rectal cancer(LARC).Except for pathological examination after resection,it is not known exactly whether LARC patients have achieved pathological complete response(pCR)before surgery.To date,there are no clear clinical indicators that can predict the efficacy of nCRT and patient outcomes.AIM To investigate the indicators that can predict pCR and long-term outcomes following nCRT in patients with LARC.METHODS Clinical data of 128 LARC patients admitted to our hospital between September 2013 and November 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were categorized into pCR and non-pCR groups.Univariate analysis(using the χ^(2) test or Fisher’s exact test)and logistic multivariate regression analysis were used to study clinical predictors affecting pCR.The 5-year disease-free survival(DFS)and overall survival(OS)rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis,and differences in survival curves were assessed with the log-rank test.RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that pretreatment carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)level,lymphocyte-monocyte ratio(LMR),time interval between neoadjuvant therapy completion and total mesorectal excision,and tumor size were correlated with pCR.Multivariate results showed that CEA≤5 ng/mL(P=0.039),LMR>2.73(P=0.023),and time interval>10 wk(P=0.039)were independent predictors for pCR.Survival analysis demonstrated that patients in the pCR group had significantly higher 5-year DFS rates(94.7%vs 59.7%,P=0.002)and 5-year OS rates(95.8%vs 80.1%,P=0.019)compared to the non-pCR group.Tumor deposits(TDs)were significantly correlated with shorter DFS(P=0.002)and OS(P<0.001).CONCLUSION Pretreatment CEA,LMR,and time interval contribute to predicting nCRT efficacy in LARC patients.Achieving pCR demonstrates longer DFS and OS.TDs correlate with poor prognosis.

Research Progress on the Relationship between Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Pathological Characteristics of Liver Cancer

Liver cancer is one of the main malignant tumors in the digestive system.Early detection and treatment have positive significance in improving patient prognosis and reducing mortality.MRI is the main method for liver cancer examination,which mainly uses computers to compare imaging of different energy regions of tumors,observe the density and signal changes of liver cancer,and the degree of tumor enhancement.In particular,various new MRI functional imaging technologies,such as diffusion-weighted imaging,perfusion weighted imaging,delayed imaging,liver cell specific contrast agent enhanced imaging,etc.,can be used at the molecular level Multiple aspects such as cell function provide clinicians with richer diagnostic information.Therefore,further comparative analysis of MRI manifestations and pathological results of liver cancer can help to gain a deeper understanding of the biological behavior of tumors and provide a basis for treatment decision-making and prognosis evaluation.

Rare synchronous colorectal carcinoma with three pathological subtypes: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Synchronous colorectal carcinomas(SCRC)are two or more primary colorectal carcinomas identified simultaneously or within 6 mo of the initial presentation in a single patient.Their incidence is low and the number of pathological types of SCRC is usually no more than two.It is very unusual that the pathological findings of a patient with SCRC show more than two different pathological subtypes.Here,we report a rare case of SCRC with three pathological subtypes.CASE SUMMARY A 75-year-old woman who had no previous medical history or family history was admitted to the hospital because of intermittent hematochezia for more than a month.Colonoscopy displayed an irregularly shaped neoplasm of the rectum,a tumor-like lesion causing intestinal stenosis in the descending colon,and a polypoidal neoplasm in the ileocecum.Subsequently,she underwent total colectomy,abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer,and ileostomy.After operation,the pathological report showed three pathological subtypes including well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon,moderately differen-tiated adenocarcinoma of the descending colon,and mucinous adenocarcinoma of the rectum.She is now recovering well and continues to be closely monitored during follow-up.CONCLUSION Preoperative colonoscopy examination,imaging examination,and extensive intraoperative exploration play important roles in reducing the number of missed lesions.

Endoscopic and pathological characteristics of de novo colorectal cancer:Retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND Endoscopy has rapidly developed in recent years and has enabled further investigation into the origin and features of intestinal tumors.The small size and concealed position of these tumors make it difficult to distinguish them from nonneoplastic polyps and carcinoma in adenoma(CIA).The invasive depth and metastatic potential determine the operation regimen,which in turn affects the overall survival and distant prognosis.The previous studies have confirmed the malignant features and clinicopathological features of de novo colorectal cancer(CRC).AIM To provide assistance for diagnosis and treatment,but the lack of a summary of endoscopic features and assessment of risk factors that differ from the CIA prompted us to conduct this retrospective study.METHODS In total,167 patients with small-sized CRCs diagnosed by endoscopy were reviewed.The patients diagnosed as advanced CRCs and other malignant cancers or chronic diseases that could affect distant outcomes were excluded.After screening,63 cases were excluded,including 33 de novo and 30 CIA cases.Patient information,including their follow-up information,was obtained from an electronic His-system.The characteristics between two group and risk factors for invasion depth were analyzed with SPSS 25.0 software.RESULTS Nearly half of the de novo CRCs were smaller than 1 cm(n=16,48.5%)and the majority were located in the distal colon(n=26,78.8%).The IIc type was the most common macroscopic type of de novo CRC.In a Pearson analysis,the differential degree,Sano,JNET,and Kudo types,surrounding mucosa,and chicken skin mucosa(CSM)were correlated with the invasion depth(P<0.001).CSM was a significant risk factor for deep invasion and disturbed judgment of endoscopic ultrasound.A high degree of tumor budding and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are accompanied by malignancy.Finally,de novo CRCs have worse outcomes than CIA CRCs.CONCLUSION This is the first comprehensive study to analyze the features of de novo CRCs to distinguish them from nonneoplastic polyps.It is also the first study paying attention to CSM invasive depth measurement.This study emphasizes the high metastatic potential of de novo CRCs and highlights the need for more research on this tumor type.

Clinical and Pathological Research Status of Multiple Pulmonary Nodules

With the changes in disease spectrum and the popularization of screening of low-dose spiral CT (CT) in the chest, more and more pulmonary nodules have been detected, most of which are bipulmonary multiple nodules. The existence of multiple pulmonary nodules means that it may be a pathological state of benign and malignant co-existence. The origin and evolution of pulmonary nodules in different histopathological states have a great impact on the choice of treatment methods. In recent years, the rise of immunotherapy has brought a breakthrough in the treatment of refractory lung cancer. However, some patients are still ineffective in immunotherapy, which may be related to the immune microenvironment where nodules are proportioned in different components in different pathological states. This review article mainly predicts the development process of nodules by analyzing the origin of multiple pulmonary nodules and the immune microenvironment of nodules in different pathological conditions, so as to provide guidance for clinical treatment.

Genetic abnormalities assist in pathological diagnosis and EBVpositive cell density impact survival in Chinese angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma patients

Objective:To explore the application of genetic abnormalities in the diagnosis of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma(AITL)and the reliable pathological prognostic factors.Methods:This study included 53 AITL cases,which were reviewed for morphological patterns,immunophenotypes,presence of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg(HRS)-like cells,and co-occurrence of B cell proliferation.The Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)-positive cells in tissues were counted,and cases were classified into“EBV encoded RNA(EBER)high-density”group if>50/HPF.Targeted exome sequencing was performed.Results:Mutation data can assist AITL diagnosis:1)with considerable HRS-like cells(20 cases):RHOA mutated in 14 cases(IDH2 co-mutated in 3 cases,4 cases with rare RHOA mutation),TET2 was mutated in 5 cases(1 case comutated with DNMT3A),and DNMT3A mutated in 1 case;2)accompanied with B cell lymphoma(7 cases):RHOA mutated in 4 cases(1 case had IDH2 mutation),TET2 mutated in 2 cases and DNMT3A mutated in 1 case;3)mimic peripheral T cell lymphoma,not otherwise specified(5 cases):RHOA mutated in 2 cases(IDH2 co-mutated in 1 case),TET2 mutated in 3 cases,and DNMT3A mutated in 1 case;4)pattern 1(1 case),RHOA and TET2 co-mutated.Besides RHOAG17V(30/35),rare variant included RHOAK18N,RHOAR68H,RHOAC83Y,RHOAD120G and RHOAG17del,IDH2R172 co-mutated with IDH2M397V in one case.There were recurrent mutations of FAT3,PCLO and PIEZO1 and genes of epigenetic remodeling,T-cell activation,APC and PI3K/AKT pathway.EBER high-density independently indicated adverse overall survival and progression-free survival(P=0.046 and P=0.008,KaplanMeier/log-rank).Conclusions:Over half AITL cases might be confused in diagnosis for certain conditions without mutation data.Targeted exome sequencing with a comprehensive panel is crucial to detect both hot-spot and rare mutation variants for RHOA and IDH2 and other recurrent mutated genes in addition to TET2 and DNMT3A.EBER highdensity independently indicated adverse survival.

Evaluation of a novel deep learning based screening system for pathologic myopia

AIM:To evaluate the clinical application value of the artificial intelligence assisted pathologic myopia(PM-AI)diagnosis model based on deep learning.METHODS:A total of 1156 readable color fundus photographs were collected and annotated based on the diagnostic criteria of Meta-pathologic myopia(PM)(2015).The PM-AI system and four eye doctors(retinal specialists 1 and 2,and ophthalmologists 1 and 2)independently evaluated the color fundus photographs to determine whether they were indicative of PM or not and the presence of myopic choroidal neovascularization(mCNV).The performance of identification for PM and mCNV by the PMAI system and the eye doctors was compared and evaluated via the relevant statistical analysis.RESULTS:For PM identification,the sensitivity of the PM-AI system was 98.17%,which was comparable to specialist 1(P=0.307),but was higher than specialist 2 and ophthalmologists 1 and 2(P<0.001).The specificity of the PM-AI system was 93.06%,which was lower than specialists 1 and 2,but was higher than ophthalmologists 1 and 2.The PM-AI system showed the Kappa value of 0.904,while the Kappa values of specialists 1,2 and ophthalmologists 1,2 were 0.968,0.916,0.772 and 0.730,respectively.For mCNV identification,the AI system showed the sensitivity of 84.06%,which was comparable to specialists 1,2 and ophthalmologist 2(P>0.05),and was higher than ophthalmologist 1.The specificity of the PM-AI system was 95.31%,which was lower than specialists 1 and 2,but higher than ophthalmologists 1 and 2.The PM-AI system gave the Kappa value of 0.624,while the Kappa values of specialists 1,2 and ophthalmologists 1 and 2 were 0.864,0.732,0.304 and 0.238,respectively.CONCLUSION:In comparison to the senior ophthalmologists,the PM-AI system based on deep learning exhibits excellent performance in PM and mCNV identification.The effectiveness of PM-AI system is an auxiliary diagnosis tool for clinical screening of PM and mCNV.

Correlation of Pathological Findings with MRI Imaging in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Hyperacute Time Period in Non Human Primate Model

Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI) remains a significant cause of human suffering. The World Health Organization estimates that there are between 250,000 to 500,000 new cases every year. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been an important advancement in the diagnosis and management of TSCI. Nevertheless, there is a lack of literature correlating the radiological abnormalities and histopathological findings in the first hour (i.e., hyperacute period) after injury. The aim of this preliminary study is to elucidate the relationship between the MRI abnormalities and histopathological abnormalities in the hyperacute time period. In this study, a non-human primate model (NHP) primate model is used to characterize the histopathological and radiological features. Specifically, an experimental TSCI is created with an epidural catheter. This is followed by MRI imaging. The subject is then humanely euthanized and a post-mortem examination is completed. These results suggest that the noted radiological abnormalities are consistent with a combination of hemorrhage, edema as well as eosinophilic cellular matter in the central canal.

Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Epidemiological, Clinical and Pathological Aspects in a Digestive Endoscopy Unit and the Pathological Anatomy Service of Parakou in Benin Republic

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is the most common bacterial infection in the world. World Health Organization has classified this bacterium as a Class I carcinogen. The objective of this work is to study the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of Helicobacter pylori infection among adults in a digestive endoscopy unit and the pathological anatomy service of Parakou. Patients and Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study conducted from January 2020 to September 2020 in the digestive endoscopy unit and pathological anatomy service at the Departmental University Hospital Center of Borgou. Patients aged 18 years and older, who had undergone a gastroscopy with biopsies and who gave their oral consent were included. Three antral biopsies and two fundic biopsies were performed. The search for Hp was done under an optical microscope after staining with hematoxylin eosin. Results: A total of 151 patients were included and 51.66% were infected with Hp. Their average age was 40.63 ± 15.32 years and the sex ratio was 0.9. Epigastric pain was the most reported symptom (71.01%). Endoscopically, the prevalence of erythematous gastropathy was 98.72%. The study of chronic Hp gastritis according to Sydney system had shown signs of activity in 100% of patients with Hp and glandular atrophy in 83.33% of them. Intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia accounted for 24.35% and 29.48% of cases, respectively. Factors associated with Hp infection were: absence of proton pump inhibitor intake prior to examination, absence of handwashing with soap and water before eating, erythematous aspect of gastritis on gastroscopy, absence of intestinal metaplasia of the fundus, active and chronic aspects of gastritis on histology. Conclusion: The frequency of Hp infection in hospitals among adults admitted to the Digestive Endoscopy Unit of Parakou is high. To reduce this prevalence, it will be necessary to act on the factors identified.

Development and validation of an online calculator to predict the pathological nature of colorectal tumors

BACKGROUND No single endoscopic feature can reliably predict the pathological nature of colorectal tumors(CRTs).AIM To establish and validate a simple online calculator to predict the pathological nature of CRTs based on white-light endoscopy.METHODS This was a single-center study.During the identification stage,530 consecutive patients with CRTs were enrolled from January 2015 to December 2021 as the derivation group.Logistic regression analysis was performed.A novel online calculator to predict the pathological nature of CRTs based on white-light images was established and verified internally.During the validation stage,two series of 110 images obtained using white-light endoscopy were distributed to 10 endoscopists[five highly experienced endoscopists and five less experienced endoscopists(LEEs)]for external validation before and after systematic training.RESULTS A total of 750 patients were included,with an average age of 63.6±10.4 years.Early colorectal cancer(ECRC)was detected in 351(46.8%)patients.Tumor size,left semicolon site,rectal site,acanthosis,depression and an uneven surface were independent risk factors for ECRC.The C-index of the ECRC calculator prediction model was 0.906(P=0.225,Hosmer-Lemeshow test).For the LEEs,significant improvement was made in the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy(57.6%vs 75.5%;72.3%vs 82.4%;64.2%vs 80.2%;P<0.05),respectively,after training with the ECRC online calculator prediction model.CONCLUSION A novel online calculator including tumor size,location,acanthosis,depression,and uneven surface can accurately predict the pathological nature of ECRC.

Factors associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumor rupture and pathological risk:A single-center retrospective study

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST)is a rare gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor with potential malignancy.Once the tumor ruptures,regardless of tumor size and mitotic number,it can be identified into a high-risk group.It is of great significance for the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of GIST if non-invasive examination can be performed before surgery to accurately assess the risk of tumor.AIM To identify the factors associated with GIST rupture and pathological risk.METHODS A cohort of 50 patients with GISTs,as confirmed by postoperative pathology,was selected from our hospital.Clinicopathological and computed tomography data of the patients were collected.Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate factors associated with GIST rupture and pathological risk grade.RESULTS Pathological risk grade,tumor diameter,tumor morphology,internal necrosis,gas-liquid interface,and Ki-67 index exhibited significant associations with GIST rupture(P<0.05).Gender,tumor diameter,tumor rupture,and Ki-67 index were found to be correlated with pathological risk grade of GIST(P<0.05).Multifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed that male gender and tumor diameter≥10 cm were independent predictors of a high pathological risk grade of GIST[odds ratio(OR)=11.12,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.81-68.52,P=0.01;OR=22.96,95%CI:2.19-240.93,P=0.01].Tumor diameter≥10 cm,irregular shape,internal necrosis,gas-liquid interface,and Ki-67 index≥10 were identified as independent predictors of a high risk of GIST rupture(OR=9.67,95%CI:2.15-43.56,P=0.01;OR=35.44,95%CI:4.01-313.38,P<0.01;OR=18.75,95%CI:3.40-103.34,P<0.01;OR=27.00,95%CI:3.10-235.02,P<0.01;OR=4.43,95%CI:1.10-17.92,P=0.04).CONCLUSION Tumor diameter,tumor morphology,internal necrosis,gas-liquid,and Ki-67 index are associated with GIST rupture,while gender and tumor diameter are linked to the pathological risk of GIST.These findings contribute to our understanding of GIST and may inform non-invasive examination strategies and risk assessment for this condition.

Tumor recurrence after pathological complete response in locally advanced gastric cancer after neoadjuvant therapy:Two case reports

BACKGROUND The pathological complete response(ypCR)rate following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer remains low and lacks a universally accepted treatment protocol.Immunotherapy has achieved breakthrough progress.CASE SUMMARY We report two female patients with gastric cancer defined as clinical stage cT4N1-2M0.Detection of mismatch repair protein showed mismatch repair function defect,and perioperative treatment with programmed death protein 1 inhibitor combined with S-1+oxaliplatin achieved ypCR.Surprisingly,the patients underwent clinical observation after surgery but developed different degrees of metastasis at~6 mo after surgery.CONCLUSION PD-1 inhibitor combined with chemotherapy provides a more strategic choice for comprehensive perioperative treatment of gastric cancer.

Examining the Pathological Diagnostic Impact of Frozen Sections in Breast Cancer

Objective:To analyze the diagnostic value of frozen section pathology in the diagnosis of breast cancer.Methods:A total of 50 patients with breast tumors treated between July 2021 and February 2023 were randomly selected as samples.Both paraffin section and frozen section diagnoses were conducted.The paraffin section results served as the gold standard for evaluating the value of frozen section examination.Results:Among the frozen section diagnoses,48 cases(96.00%)were confirmed,1 case was misdiagnosed(2.00%),and 1 case was delayed(2.00%).Among the confirmed patients,45 cases(90.00%)were entirely consistent,and 3 cases(6.00%)were basically consistent.The diagnostic rate of the frozen section was 96.00%,compared with 100.00%for the paraffin section(P>0.05).The diagnostic time of the frozen section(35.25±2.11 min)was significantly shorter than that for the paraffin section(6911.36±58.36 min;P<0.05).Conclusion:Frozen section diagnosis is rapid and demonstrates relatively high diagnostic accuracy.It can guide doctors in determining whether to pursue breast-conserving treatment and aid in selecting appropriate surgical methods.This is beneficial for preventing unnecessary medical interventions and reducing the need for secondary surgeries in breast cancer patients.

Application Experience of Case-Introduction Teaching in the Pathological Regulation Teaching of the Lymphohematopoietic System

Pathology is the gold standard for clinical diagnosis and an important bridge between clinical work and basic disciplines.Therefore,training qualified clinical pathologists is very important for clinical work.It is challenging to diagnose lymphohematopoietic diseases in practice since they made up a large percentage of resident doctors’standardized training and there are numerous knowledge nodes associated with them.Therefore,this training base adopts the“case-introduction”teaching mode to help resident doctors master the knowledge nodes required by the outline in the study of lymphohematopoietic system pathology.

Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease:From Pathological Mechanism to Therapeutic Approach in Autophagy

As a“non-curable”disease,Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the aged population.Physical and mental pain exerts on every AD patient and their families.Even though there is no worldwide approved treatment against AD now,researchers have never given up on investigating and exploring potential approaches for curing AD.Gene therapy and drug treatment arise for alleviating AD symptoms.This paper illustrates the pathological mechanism of AD and focuses on the role of autophagy in AD pathology.Autophagy is a self-degrading mechanism to clear out dysfunctional cells;abnormal autophagy can directly trigger AD.This paper summarizes the effective and novel therapeutic approaches to treating AD by promoting autophagy activity,as well as AD diagnosis and assessment from early to severe stage,which provides promising approaches for researchers who are interested in AD treatments and feasible directions for science translational medicine.

Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies

Rheumatoid arthritis（RA） is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the lining of the synovial joints and is associated with progressive disability, premature death, and socioeconomic burdens. A better understanding of how the pathological mechanisms drive the deterioration of RA progress in individuals is urgently required in order to develop therapies that will effectively treat patients at each stage of the disease progress. Here we dissect the etiology and pathology at specific stages：（i） triggering,（ii） maturation,（iii） targeting, and（iv） fulminant stage, concomitant with hyperplastic synovium, cartilage damage, bone erosion, and systemic consequences. Modern pharmacologic therapies（including conventional, biological, and novel potential small molecule disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs） remain the mainstay of RA treatment and there has been significant progress toward achieving disease remission without joint deformity. Despite this, a significant proportion of RA patients do not effectively respond to the current therapies and thus new drugs are urgently required. This review discusses recent advances of our understanding of RA pathogenesis, disease modifying drugs, and provides perspectives on next generation therapeutics for RA.