Sero-Prevalence of Brucellosis among Nomadic Herdsmen, Abattoir and Livestock Workers in Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria

Brucellosis is a reemerging zoonotic disease that causes more than half a million infections to humans every year. The disease is common in most developing countries, the human mortality rate is about 2%, and the disease causes severe rheumatism, infertility in males, spontaneous abortion and also results in wastage of resources through prolonged treatment. Brucella organisms are also potential biological weapon which could be cheaper to produce but more devastating than chemical weapons. About 5 mililitres of blood was drawn from 228 subjects using sterile vacutainers and analyzed by using standard tube agglutination tests: (SAT3 160) and ELISA (IgG, IgM) kits specific for Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis antibodies. Semi structured questionnaire was administered to collect data. In the study, overall sero prevalence was 70 (30.8%). More male participated in the study with a frequency of 24.6% of whom 7.92% falls within the age group of 20 to 30, followed by 31 - 35 years with 5.72% and 3.52% within 36 - 45 years. Least affected were those in the age groups above 46 years (2.20%). Approximately, 21.54% of the subjects had formal education either at Quranic, primary and secondary or tertiary level. Majority acquired Quranic education (9.68%), 7.48% primary and 0.88% had tertiary training. A total of 21 (9.24%) never acquired any form of education. Headache, muscle aches, malaise, chills and fatigue were the most common clinical signs and symptoms experienced by about 30% among the participants. In the distribution of Brucella antibodies, ELISA diagnostic kits showed high sensitivity with the prevalence rate of 18.04% (n = 41) followed by SAT 12.76% (n = 29). The sensitivity and specificity of RDPT kits were 37 % and 69%, with a positive and negative predictive value of 18% and 86% respectively. Unprocessed milk from the market and consumption of unboiled milk were associated with brucellosis. Therefore, patients with brucellosis should be treated to prevent the devastating effect of the disease and the accompanying sequelae, public health education programs should explain modes of transmission and Brucella febrile diagnostic kit should be used at the health facilities.

Nomadic Features of Traditional Mongolian Furniture

Traditional Mongolian furniture is one of the necessities of Mongolian traditional furniture.In the vast Mongolian Plateau, natural grasslands and primary forests determine the nomadic life of Mongolians, Mongolian yurt is their main residence. The above conditions contribute to the types and nomadic features of traditional Mongolian furniture. Most traditional Mongolian furniture has a box-like structure, and the nomadic features are reflected in the following aspects: made of local materials; small size for the application in Mongolian yurt; demountable and foldable for the convenience of transportation,because Mongolians have to move to different grasslands for grazing; the furniture parts is bulky for frequent transportation; and colored drawing and carved furniture enrich the life color.

Taboos of Tibetan Nomadic Tribes

ＴａｂｏｏｓｏｆＴｉｂｅｔａｎＮｏｍａｄｉｃＴｒｉｂｅｓＡＯＨＯＮＧＴｉｂｅｔａｎｆｏｌｋｌｏｒｅｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｖａｒｉｏｕｓｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｃｅｌｅｂｒａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｓａｃｒｉｆｉｃｉａｌＯｆｆｅｒｉｎｇｓ，ａｎｄｗｅｄｄｉｎｇａｎｄｆｕｎｅｒａｌ...

A Day in a Tibetan Nomadic Village

Yagla is the biggest nomadic village I have seen in northern Tibet.It lies in Sog County,about one kilometer away from the downtown of Sog. This village is situated on flat terrain by the mountainside,adjacent to Sogchu River.A suspension bridge links the two river banks and further extends into abundant grazing lands skirted with flourishing grass and spotted by countless flocks of yaks,goats,

The relationship between interannual dry/wet changes and nomadic wars in the Hexi Corridor region of China during the period 241–1912 A.D.

The link between climate and war has long been a topic of great scientific and social interest.In this study,we investigate the influence of climate on warfare in China’s Hexi Corridor region since 241 A.D.Using the superposed epoch analysis of tree-ring data and historical war data,we observe a notable correlation between interannual dry-wet variations and wars instigated by nomadic groups in the Hexi Corridor.However,this relationship is dynamic and influenced by the region’s relative unity.During periods in which the Hexi Corridor was ruled by multiple regimes,wars tended to follow dry climatic conditions,which may be due to the fact that unusual drought during these periods likely heightened competition for resources and land.Conversely,during times of regional unity,wars were more likely to occur when climatic conditions were wet because the expansion of rangelands and the accumulation of resources helped fuel the nomads’outward conquest.These findings underscore the complexity of the relationship between war and climate change.To gain a more comprehensive understanding of this relationship,continuous,high-resolution historical temperature and humidity datasets with broader and more uniform coverage are needed across multiple regions.In addition,collecting and examining disaggregated historical war data for regions with distinct characteristics is essential.

Reconsideration of the origins of the pastoral nomadic economy in the Eurasian Steppe

Archaeological discoveries indicate that a variety of economic models have operated in the inland areas of Asia.One of these models,pastoral nomadism,differs from agriculture,agro-pastoral,and settled pastoralism in terms of cattle-breeding,cultivation and manufacture.Pastoral nomadism is a livestock-breeding management mode of production,in which the stock is fed by uninterrupted moving in a large geographical area.The Eurasian Steppe,which includes the cold forest-steppe area in the north and the semi-arid desert-steppe in the south,is the major region in which the ancient nomadic population flourished.Because of the absence of both intrinsic motivation and external pressure for the transition to pastoral nomadism,early animal husbandry economy in the forest-steppe area could not have developed into the initial pastoral nomadic economy;instead,the pastoral nomadic economy emerged from the agro-pastoral economy in the semi-arid desert-steppe.These agro-pastoral people were forced to minimize the scale of agriculture and sedentary pastoralism and to turn to a nomadic lifestyle,with the internal cause being a shortage of feed resources caused by expansion of the human population and livestock,with the added external pressure of climatic and environmental deterioration.From archaeological findings,the eastern Tianshan area in Xinjiang,China,was a major region for the emergence of the early pastoral nomadic economy.The main evidence for this conclusion is a series of pastoral nomadic settlement sites in the northern and southern piedmonts of the Tianshan Mountains,which display settlement conditions,resources and environments entirely different from those of agricultural and agro-pastoral settlements elsewhere.

Ethics of Human Resources Management in the Cameroonian Health System, Medical Nomadism and the Ineffectiveness of the Fight against High Blood Pressure

Context/objectives: The fight against Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) is a long-term undertaking, which requires available, motivated and well-managed human resources (HR). The administrative management of skills on both qualitative and quantitative levels is one of the essential functions of a health system. To better implement policies of fight against High Blood Pressure (HBP) and other chronic diseases, it is important to establish strategies to retain health personnel. This loyalty requires favorable working conditions and consideration of the contribution-reward couple. Good working conditions are likely to reduce the phenomenon of medical nomadism;conversely, poor HR management can contribute to their exodus towards exotic “green pastures”, thus leading to an additional crisis in the Cameroonian health system. The fight against HBP is a complex, multifaceted and multifactorial reality that requires appropriate management model for all types of resources mainly HR. The main objective of this research is to show the impact of poor management of human resources in Cameroon health system on medical nomadism and the ineffectiveness of the fight against High Blood Pressure. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive survey among five hundred (500) health facilities in the center region of Cameroon has been conducted. A stratified probabilistic technique has been used, and the number of health facilities to be surveyed has been determined using the “sample size estimation table” of Depelteau. The physical questionnaires have been printed and then distributed to data collectors. After data collection, the latter were grouped during processing in Excel sheets. The Chi-square test was used for data with a qualitative value and that of Kolmogorov-Sminorf for data with a quantitative value to assess the normality and reliability of data. The Crochach’s Alpha reliability test allowed us to have a summary of the means and variances and then to search for intragroup correlations between variables. Descriptive analysis was possible with the XLSTAT 2016 software. Results: 43.60% of Health Facilities (HF) managers were unqualified. 82.20% of HF managers have staff in a situation of professional insecurity. They are mainly contractual (49.00), decision-making agents (24.40%), casual agents (08.80). The proportion of unstable personnel is average of 22.00% and very unstable, 12.00%.

Nomadic Norms

Expats often complain that upon befriending Asiatic people,hidden oblig ations, likeun wanted cold sores, may

The Nomadic Art

Traveling troupes bring culture and joy to the remote corners of China’s vast grasslands The people living on the grassland of north China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are born with a passion for art,ex-

“土成金真”计划--大望“干泉”和Nomadic艺术家疯

这绝不是一个单纯的展览，更像是一个研究项目：陶瓷装置结合与公众互动。徐洪波说自己是一个Nomadic艺术家。

基于NOMAD模型的交通枢纽行人仿真研究

在分析交通枢纽内行人交通特性的基础上,探讨了基于社会力原理的NOMAD模型的分层结构、输入条件以及模型构建思路,指出其非常适于进行交通枢纽内行人行为微观仿真以及行人设施评价.根据交通调查数据对NOMAD行人仿真模型的参数进行了标定,利用标定后的NOMAD模型对复兴门换乘枢纽建立仿真模型,分析了该枢纽的性能特点,获得了与换乘系统相关的量化参数,通过仿真数据与观测数据的对比分析可知,利用NOMAD模型能很好地模拟所研究的换乘枢纽内行人换乘行为特性,模型模拟结果与实际观测数据之间的相对误差均在10%以内,验证了NOMAD模型应用于交通枢纽行人仿真的有效性.

Health and sanitary status in 1970 of Tubu nomads dwelling in Northeastern Niger

Background: The Tubu are nomadic people who live in remote parts of the central Sahara, primarily in the Tibesti massif(Chad), and in both Northeastern Niger and Southern Libya. All of these areas are close to become conflict zones. However, no data about the Tubu's health and sanitary status are currently available, which would be of major concern if humanitarian interventions would become required.Methods: In 1970, the "Mission Anthropologique Belge au Niger"(MABN) investigated a Tubu tribe named Broaya that lived at Seguedine and Djado on the northeastern rim of the Tenere desert. One hundred fifty-one adult volunteers answered an oral questionnaire and underwent a medical examination, followed by the collection of blood thin films and samples of urine and stool. The environmental fauna of medical importance was also studied.Results: Albeit 43 year-old, these results have not been previously published. The estimated age of death for fathers was approximately 56 years, and that for mothers was 60 years. On average, each married woman had had 4.7 children. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 232 ‰, the overall infant mortality rate was 153 ‰, and the overall child mortality rate was 99 ‰. The mean height was 164.1 cm and 157.4 cm, the mean weight was 50.1 kg and 47.9kg, and the mean blood pressure was 131/78 mm Hg and 127/75 mm Hg for males and females, respectively. The physical examination found 6 cases of blindness(4.0%). Five subjects presented with an elevated blood pressure(3.3%), and 5(3.3%) displayed an abnormal thoracic auscultation evocative of tuberculosis or of an acute lung infection. The abdominal examination and renal palpation found 5 large masses(3.3%), and 2 subjects had a palpable enlarged spleen(1.3%). The blood thin films were fixed in methanol and subsequently examined in Toulouse. The search for blood parasites was negative. The urine samples were centrifuged and then microscopically examined in the field. No blood-fluke eggs were found. The stool samples were mixed with a preservative MIF solution and then stored to be examined later in Toulouse. Three subjects(2%) passed E. histolytica/E. dispar cysts in stools, 16(10.6%) were parasitized with Giardia sp. and 4(2.65%) were parasitized with Hymelepis nana. Two specimens of scorpions captured in the camp were subsequently identified as belonging to the harmful genus Androctonus or Leiurus. An investigation into the freshwater fauna was conducted in the marshy ponds surrounding the ghost city of Djado, and no intermediate snail hosts for schistosomiasis haematobium were found. Numerous nymphs of Ceratopogonidae, which are possible vectors for arboviruses of veterinarian importance, were collected, as were larvae and nymphs from two anopheline species, Anopheles hispaniola and An. multicolor, which are not efficient vectors for malaria.Conclusions: Infection-related blindness and trachoma, along with acute pulmonary infections and probably tuberculosis were the major health burden in this tribe. The harsh dry and hot climate may explain the low prevalence of soil-transmitted protozoan diseases or helminthiases.

关于ABBS建筑论坛Nomad大叔言行的几点联想

Nomad自2000年9月10日起参与ABBS建筑论坛的讨论,在最活跃的几年间在ABBS发了1300多个帖子,但是在很长的一段时间内很多读者并不了解他的个人背景及学术路数。著名的din版主在2001年6月17日的帖子里写道:1.江湖上一直有人传闻Nomad来自西域异帮,原因在于Nomad斑竹对欧美各国的武功套路了解,实在令我等大开眼界。

The Continuity and Discontinuity of the Chinese Culture

Chinese culture has been disrupted and distorted for several times during its history. Two cases are introduced to discuss how the Chinese culture was affected by the various factors. Some cultural legacies of China may be lost, and the way for remedy is to keep Chinese culture open up and in a competitive environment.

The Integration of Farmers and Nomads: Archaeological Evidence for the Human Subsistence Strategy in Northwestern China during the Han Dynasty

The integration of farmers and nomads in northwestern China during the Han Dynasty(206 BCE ~ 220 CE) provides a crucial opportunity to reconstruct the material exchanges, formation and development of the Silk Road in antiquity. The subsistence strategy is arguably an effective proxy for the integration of various groups of people(e.g. farmers and nomads). In this paper, we have reported new stable isotope data from the Huangwan tombs dated to the Han dynasty in middle Gansu, which was the key juncture between the Han and Xiongnu empire, in order to fill the gap and further understand the substance strategies employed by the local people. According to the results of plant remains and stable isotopic data, millet farming, the typical agricultural activities for the Han Chinese in the Central Plains, was also the primary lifestyle for the Huangwan people in the mid Gansu. More importantly, this shows fundamentally remarkable difference from the agricultural practices in the Bronze Age Gansu Corridor, which were based on a variety of crops, including wheat, barley and millet. This major shift in the subsistence production at Huangwan can be correlated to a wider historical background in which the Han empire showed increasing political and military presence in the Gansu Corridor, indicating that local indigenous nomads followed the lifestyle of Han Chinese(e.g., millet farming), and/or the Han immigrates maintained millet farming.

VoLTE语音质量评价方法及测试方案

截至2014年1月,全球已有超过40家运营商开始部署VoLTE服务。中国移动也宣布将在2014年底之前全网部署VoLTE服务。VoLTE和高清语音服务预期可以给客户提供更佳的语音用户体验,帮助运营商应对OTT语音冲击和ARPU值下降的不利趋势。对运营商而言,部署VoLTE将带来两方面的价值,一是提升无线频谱利用率、降低网络成本;二是提升用户体验。思博伦通信许可所撰《VoLTE语音质量评价方法及测试方案》一文分别对常用语音质量评价方法和Nomad-HD语音测试解决方案进行了深入分析和研究,可供相关技术人员参考。

包头地区史前文化与农业

内蒙古中南部的包头地区,在仰韶时期出现了定居农业。农业的出现,与仰韶大暖期的气候条件密不可分。到了龙山时期的西园三期文化,包头地区的史前文化随着农业的发展达到鼎盛期;同时,由于气候变得干凉,区域人口的增长,为了争夺生存资源,防御性石城出现。随着宗教仪式的发展,社会内部进一步复杂化,酋邦国家形成。龙山后期,这一地区的气候越来越不适合于农业的发展,原有的定居农业消失,生计方式也逐渐游牧化。

蒙古国Nomads餐饮集团企业品牌生态分析

构建蒙古国本土最大餐饮连锁企业Nomads集团的品牌生态系统框架,研究蒙古国政府、社会等宏观要素,主要表现为营商环境分析以及蒙古国品牌知识产权政策概况。分析蒙古国餐饮业行业发展现状、Nomads集团公司概况及竞争者状况。进一步解析企业内部包括品牌发展延伸等内在成长机制等的内部品牌生态系统。蒙古国Nomads餐饮集团企业品牌生态发展有利于形成系统持久的竞争优势。

“游牧”与“Nomades”关系辨识

中文一般以"游牧"和"游牧民"对译英文中的nomadism和nomad。然而,池上二良、杉山正明和郭静云等学者认为,nomadism或nomad仅有"游"的意思,而无"畜牧"之意,从而主张选词翻译。在中国古文献中,游牧一词,词义清晰,既指移动性,又有畜牧之义,最初并不带有任何民族性的含义,只是因为异民族的生产生活方式恰好符合这个词的词义,才被贴上了民族的标签。以斯基泰人为例梳理相关古希腊文献,可以发现古希腊文nomades在具体语境中词义偏重有所不同,然其词义总体上仍是"游""牧"兼有,并非特指一端。综合考虑,目前以游牧来对译nomadism,以游牧民来对应翻译nomad是比较合适的。