High Dimension Multivariate Data Analysis for Small Group Samples of Chemical Volatile Profiles of African Nightshade Species

Quantitative headspace analysis of volatiles emitted by plants or any other living organisms in chemical ecology studies generates large multidimensional data that require extensive mining and refining to extract useful information. More often the number of variables and the quantified volatile compounds exceed the number of observations or samples and hence many traditional statistical analysis methods become inefficient. Here, we employed machine learning algorithm, random forest (RF) in combination with distance-based procedure, similarity percentage (SIMPER) as preprocessing steps to reduce the data dimensionality in the chemical profiles of volatiles from three African nightshade plant species before subjecting the data to non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). In addition, non-parametric methods namely permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) were applied to test hypothesis of differences among the African nightshade species based on the volatiles profiles and ascertain the patterns revealed by NMDS plots. Our results revealed that there were significant differences among the African nightshade species when the data’s dimension was reduced using RF variable importance and SIMPER, as also supported by NMDS plots that showed S. scabrum being separated from S. villosum and S. sarrachoides based on the reduced data variables. The novelty of our work is on the merits of using data reduction techniques to successfully reveal differences in groups which could have otherwise not been the case if the analysis were performed on the entire original data matrix characterized by small samples. The R code used in the analysis has been shared herein for interested researchers to customise it for their own data of similar nature.

Non-Dimensional Analysis of Thermal Effect on Skin Exposure to an Electromagnetic Beam

We consider the problem of inducing withdrawal reflex on a test subject by exposing the subject’s skin to an electromagnetic beam. Heat-sensitive nociceptors in the skin are activated wherever the temperature is above the activation temperature. Withdrawal reflex occurs when the activated volume reaches a threshold. We non-dimensionalize the problem to write the temperature as the product of a parameter-free function of non-dimensional variables and a function of beam parameters. This formulation allows studying beam parameters without knowing skin material parameters. We examine the effects of spot size, total power and distribution type of the electromagnetic beam on 3 quantities at reflex: 1) the time to reflex, 2) the maximum temperature increase, and 3) the total energy consumption. We find that the flat-top beam is the best, with the lowest energy consumption and the smallest maximum temperature increase. The Super-Gaussian beam is only slightly inferior to the flat-top. The Gaussian beam has by far the worst performance among these three.

Non-dimensional analysis of static bifurcation in a natural circulation loop

The steady-state characteristics of a two-phase natural circulation loop were investigated based on the homogenous model. Transcendental equations of non-dimensional loop mass flow rate under various conditions were also derived. The static bifurcation diagram of a two-phase natural circulation described with non-dimensional vari-ables Npch-m + was obtained. In addition, various steady-state characteristics of a natural circulation loop were ana-lyzed and discussed. These characteristics include the existence of multiple solutions under certain conditions, and the maximum mass flow rate. The authors also examined the effects of important parameters such as sub-cooling number, riser-to-heated-region length ratio, and riser-to-heated-region diameter ratio.

Local Similarity Relationships of Non-Dimensional Wind and Temperature Gradient in the Tower-Layer Atmosphere over Beijing City

Micrometeorological data for wind and temperature from a 325 m high tower in Beijing City are analyzed by use of local similarity theory. Non-dimensional wind and temperature gradients, Phi(m) and Phi(h), are determined by three techniques called, respectively, eddy-correlation, mean profiles and inertia-subrange cospectra (ISC) method for a wide range of atmospheric stratification from unstable to stable conditions. Average dissipation rate Phi(e) of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is evaluated from u-spectrum, as a quantity required in the last technique. Ratio of the eddy transfer coefficients, alpha(= K-h / K-m), is calculated from Phi(m) and Phi(h) estimations. The results from various techniques are compared with each other and with some available empirical results in the tower-layer, It is shown that the empirical relationships determined by mean profiles and ISC methods in the lower-layer turbulence ore in agreement with each other and with some other results.

An Improved Three-Dimensional Non-Equilibrium Mixing Pool Model

This paper presents an improved three-dimensional non-equilibrium mixing pool model.It is a simplified form of the original model and is more practical for applications.The simulation re-sults show that the industrial scale distillation tray columns can be described closely by the improvedmodel.The effects of model parameters,such as the number of mixing pools,the point efficiencyand flow pattern,on separation are analyzed quantitatively.

Clinical observation of gemcitabine and concomitant three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effect of gemcitabine and concurrent three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) . Methods: From April 2002 to June 2005, 38 pa-tients with inoperable stage III NSCLC were treated with gemcitabine and 3D-CRT simultaneously. Chemotherapy consisted of intravenously gemcitabine 350 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36. 3D-CRT was delivered up to a total dose of 60–64 Gy with a 2.0 Gy dose fraction per day, 5 days per week. Results: The overall response rates of primary tumor and mediastinum metastatic node were 86.8% (33/38) and 90.6% (29/32) respectively, and 91.7% (22/24) and 78.6% (11/14) for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma respectively. The acute side effects of patients were mostly myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, radiation-induced esophagitis and pneumonitis (RTOG I/II), however, all of them were cured. Conclusion: Con-current application of gemcitabine and 3D-CRT can improve the overall response rate for locally advanced NSCLC without aggravating the side effects.

NEW STRUCTURES FOR NON-SELFSIMILAR SOLUTIONS OF MULTI-DIMENSIONAL CONSERVATION LAWS

In this article, we get non-selfsimilar elementary waves of the conservation laws in another kind of view, which is different from the usual self-similar transformation. The solution has different global structure. This article is divided into three parts. The first part is introduction. In the second part, we discuss non-selfsimilar elementary waves and their interactions of a class of twodimensional conservation laws. In this case, we consider the case that the initial discontinuity is parabola with u＋ 〉 0, while explicit non-selfsirnilar rarefaction wave can be obtained. In the second part, we consider the solution structure of case u＋ 〈 0. The new solution structures are obtained by the interactions between different elementary waves, and will continue to interact with other states. Global solutions would be very different from the situation of one dimension.

One-dimensional consolidation of double-layered soil with non-Darcian flow described by exponent and threshold gradient

Based on non-Darcian flow law described by exponent and threshold gradient within a double-layered soil, the classic theory of one-dimensional consolidation of double-layered soil was modified to consider the change of vertical total stress with depth and time together. Because of the complexity of governing equations, the numerical solutions were obtained in detail by finite difference method. Then, the numerical solutions were compared with the analytical solutions in condition that non-Darcian flow law was degenerated to Dary's law, and the comparison results show that numerical solutions are reliable. Finally, consolidation behavior of double-layered soil with different parameters was analyzed, and the results show that the consolidation rate of double-layered soil decreases with increasing the value of exponent and threshold of non-Darcian flow, and the exponent and threshold gradient of the first soil layer greatly influence the consolidation rate of double-layered soil. The larger the ratio of the equivalent water head of external load to the total thickness of double-layered soil, the larger the rate of the consolidation, and the similitude relationship in classical consolidation theory of double-layered soil is not satisfied. The other consolidation behavior of double-layered soil with non-Darcian flow is the same as that with Darcy's law.

Vertical two-dimensional non-hydrostatic pressure model with single layer

The vertical two-dimensional non-hydrostatic pressure models with multiple layers can make prediction more accurate than those obtained by the hydrostatic pres- sure assumption. However, they are time-consuming and unstable, which makes them unsuitable for wider application. In this study, an efficient model with a single layer is developed. Decomposing the pressure into the hydrostatic and dynamic components and integrating the x-momentum equation from the bottom to the free surface can yield a horizontal momentum equation, in which the terms relevant to the dynamic pressure are discretized semi-implicitly. The convective terms in the vertical momentum equation are ignored, and the rest of the equation is approximated with the Keller-box scheme. The velocities expressed as the unknown dynamic pressure are substituted into the continuity equation, resulting in a tri-diagonal linear system solved by the Thomas algorithm. The validation of solitary and sinusoidal waves indicates that the present model can provide comparable results to the models with multiple layers but at much lower computation cost.

Analysis of one-dimensional consolidation of soft soils with non-Darcian flow caused by non-Newtonian liquid

Based on non-Darcian flow caused by non-Newtonian liquid, the theory of one-dimensional (1D) consolidation was modified to consider variation in the total vertical stress with depth and time. The finite difference method (FDM) was adopted to obtain numerical solutions for excess pore water pressure and average degree of consolidation. When non-Darcian flow is degenerated into Darcian flow, a comparison between numerical solutions and analytical solutions was made to verify reliability of finite difference solutions. Finally, taking into account the ramp time-dependent loading, consolidation behaviors with non-Darcian flow under various parameters were analyzed. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of 1D consolidation combined with non-Darcian flow caused by non-Newtonian liquid was conducted in this paper.

Exact solutions of (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear incompressible non-hydrostatic Boussinesq equations

The symmetries and the exact solutions of the （3＋l）-dimensional nonlinear incompressible non-hydrostatic Boussi- nesq （INHB） equations, which describe atmospheric gravity waves, are studied in this paper. The calculation on symmetry shows that the equations are invariant under the Galilean transformations, the scaling transformations, and the space-time translations. Three types of symmetry reduction equations and similar solutions for the （3＋ 1）-dimensional INHB equations are proposed. Traveling and non-traveling wave solutions of the INHB equations are demonstrated. The evolutions of the wind velocities in latitudinal, longitudinal, and vertical directions with space-time are demonstrated. The periodicity and the atmosphere viscosity are displayed in the （3＋1）-dimensional INHB system.

Analysis of Object Depth Effects on Accuracy of Dimensional Shape in X and Y Directions Using Single Non-metric Image

一般来说，重建大楼的精确形状，我们为每座大楼需要至少一个立体声模型(二张相片) 。然而，在大多数情况中，仅仅一张单个非公制的相片是可得到的，它是由一个业余运动员的通常获得的任何一个，例如一个旅游者，或从一份报纸或一张明信片。从一幅单个非公制的图象评估 3D 重建的有效性，当这被认为是，这研究借助于模拟法用一幅单个非公制的图象在 X 和 Y 方向在维的形状的精确性上分析目标深度的效果在大多数情况中，在记录并且记录大楼的数据收集的主要来源。

A New Fourth Order Difference Approximation for the Solution of Three-dimensional Non-linear Biharmonic Equations Using Coupled Approach

This paper deals with a new higher order compact difference scheme, which is, O(h4) using coupled approach on the 19-point 3D stencil for the solution of three dimensional nonlinear biharmonic equations. At each internal grid point, the solution u(x,y,z) and its Laplacian Δ4u are obtained. The resulting stencil algo-rithm is presented and hence this new algorithm can be easily incorporated to solve many problems. The present discretization allows us to use the Dirichlet boundary conditions only and there is no need to discretize the derivative boundary conditions near the boundary. We also show that special treatment is required to handle the boundary conditions. Convergence analysis for a model problem is briefly discussed. The method is tested on three problems and compares very favourably with the corresponding second order approximation which we also discuss using coupled approach.

Numerical method for dynamics of multi-body systems with two-dimensional Coulomb dry friction and nonholonomic constraints

Based on the dynamical theory of multi-body systems with nonholonomic constraints and an algorithm for complementarity problems, a numerical method for the multi-body systems with two-dimensional Coulomb dry friction and nonholonomic constraints is presented. In particular, a wheeled multi-body system is considered. Here, the state transition of stick-slip between wheel and ground is transformed into a nonlinear complementarity problem （NCP）. An iterative algorithm for solving the NCP is then presented using an event-driven method. Dynamical equations of the multi-body system with holonomic and nonholonomic constraints are given using Routh equations and a con- straint stabilization method. Finally, an example is used to test the proposed numerical method. The results show some dynamical behaviors of the wheeled multi-body system and its constraint stabilization effects.

Three-dimensional perfused human in vitro model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM To develop a human in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), utilising primary hepatocytes cultured in a three-dimensional(3D) perfused platform. METHODS Fat and lean culture media were developed to directly investigate the effects of fat loading on primary hepatocytes cultured in a 3D perfused culture system. Oil Red O staining was used to measure fat loading in the hepatocytes and the consumption of free fatty acids(FFA) from culture medium was monitored. Hepatic functions, gene expression profiles and adipokine release were compared for cells cultured in fat and lean conditions. To determine if fat loading in the system could be modulated hepatocytes were treated with known anti-steatotic compounds. RESULTS Hepatocytes cultured in fat medium were found to accumulate three times more fat than lean cells and fat uptake was continuous over a 14-d culture. Fat loading of hepatocytes did not cause any hepatotoxicity and significantly increased albumin production. Numerous adipokines were expressed by fatty cells and genes associated with NAFLD and liver disease were upregulated including: Insulin-like growth factorbinding protein 1, fatty acid-binding protein 3 and CYP7A1. The metabolic activity of hepatocytes cultured in fatty conditions was found to be impaired and the activities of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 were significantlyreduced, similar to observations made in NAFLD patients. The utility of the model for drug screening was demonstrated by measuring the effects of known antisteatotic compounds. Hepatocytes, cultured under fatty conditions and treated with metformin, had a reduced cellular fat content compared to untreated controls and consumed less FFA from cell culture medium.CONCLUSION The 3D in vitro NAFLD model recapitulates many features of clinical NAFLD and is an ideal tool for analysing the efficacy of anti-steatotic compounds.

THE RIEMANN PROBLEM FOR A TWO-DIMENSIONAL HYPERBOLIC SYSTEM OF CONSERVATION LAWS WITH NON-CLASSICAL SHOCK WAVES

The Riemann problem for a two-dimensional 2 x 2 nonstrictly hyperbolic system of nonlinear conservation laws has been solved thoroughly for any given initial data which are constant in each quadrant. The non-classical shockwaves, which are labelled as delta-shock waves, appear in some solutions. The solutions have been obtained are not unique. Due to the specific property of the system considered, there are no rarefaction waves in solution. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part constructs Riemann solutions for initial data involving two contact discontinuities while the second considers the case for other initial data. The last part briefly discusses the non-uniqueness of the solutions.

大盾构管片最不利上浮状态下三维形变特征模型试验方案设计

隧道施工期管片所受浆液浮力并非恒定,壁后浆液压力的不均匀分布会导致管片变形和隧道环的位错损伤。为减弱或避免因管片上浮造成的结构病害,通过自主设计研发一种考虑千斤顶水平推力、围岩压力以及同步注浆上浮力作用的管片三维加载模型试验系统,对大直径管片最不利上浮状态下的瞬时变形进行分析。试验装置由围压加载装置和非均布上浮力加载装置组成,可实现单点或多点同步加卸载;模型试验采用不同刚度弹簧模拟上浮期隧道与地层之间的相互作用;根据相似理论对管片模型和连接螺栓进行精细化设计和加工;根据实际工程中试验段的围压对模型围压初始值进行换算,并将动、静态上浮力相结合,提出更符合工程实际的盾构隧道横、纵向上浮力分析模型。结果表明:在拱底非均布上浮力的作用下,拱底竖向位移和收敛变形沿纵向均近似呈对数正态分布,其最大值均出现在脱出盾尾后第3环;各环管片的收敛变形与拱底竖向位移近似呈线性关系,斜率介于0.63~1.49之间;模型试验结果与实测数据相吻合。研究成果可为盾构隧道管片抗浮设计和施工提供一定的技术支持。

基于SolidWorks的快速造型非标准螺纹的几种方法

分析了SolidWorks中造型非标螺纹的多种方法,详细介绍了各种方法造型过程,阐述了各种方法可能出现的问题和解决技巧,并从操作难易程度、可编辑性、运行速度、生成工程图是否符合国标、能否3D打印等多方面对几种方法进行了比较,指明了几种方法的应用场合,设计者可以根据需要灵活选择。

浅海孤立子内波作用下的三维声场空间特性

针对浅海环境下孤立子内波对声场空间特性的影响,以三维抛物方程理论及高精度根式算子近似方法为基础,建立了适应孤立子内波环境的三维声场计算方法。充分考虑孤立子内波传播特点与浅海中点源柱扩散形式的声场结构特征,形成以直角坐标系−柱坐标系的联合环境处理的声场计算形式,通过改变环境参数输入形式,提升了计算效率,并研究了孤立子内波影响下的三维声场分布特性。结果表明,平坦海底情况下,内波影响下的三维声场垂直和水平分布结构均发生变化,且随频率增加而增大,尤其是声源深度在跃层附近时变化更为明显;非平坦海底环境下,三维声场受到非水平海底和内波的双重调制作用,导致孤立子内波影响下的声场水平分布变化进一步加剧,从而在一定程度上反映出海底地形这一大尺度非均匀性对声场产生的水平折射效应以及对声传播特性的影响。