A Computer Method of Steady Non-Uniform Gradually Varied Flow in Open Channel & in River

Most of water flow in open channel or in river belongs to steady non-uniform flow. The surface profiles are caused by changes of channel section. It is very important to analyze its computation. According to the regularity of its surface change, the suitable sectional dimensions of open channel or flood control work can be designed. Commonly, computation of non-uniform flow adopts the traditional methods by hand or by graphic method. The speed and precision of computation are restricted. In this paper, a software to calculate water surface profile is introduced. The software is put forward by using C++ .By means of interpolate method and dialogue between user and computer, we can calculate the water surface profile much more quickly and exactly.

Heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow towards a shrinking sheet with non-uniform heat flux

In this paper, the effect of non-uniform heat flux on heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow over a shrinking sheet is studied. The variable boundary heat fluxes are considered of two types： direct power-law variation with the distance along the sheet and inverse power-law variation with the distance. The governing partial differential equations （PDEs） are transformed into non linear self-similar ordinary differential equations （ODEs） by similarity transformations, and then those are solved using very efficient shooting method. The direct variation and inverse variation of heat flux along the sheet have completely different effects on the temperature distribution. Moreover, the heat transfer characteristics in the presence of non-uniform heat flux for several values of physical parameters are also found to be interesting.

Unsteady Non-Uniform Flow of Molten Metals in Rectangular Open Channels

In the metallurgical industries, it is very important to characterize the flow of molten metals in open channels given that they are transported through these devices to different plant sections. However, unlike the flow of water which has been studied since ancient times, the flow of molten metals in open channels has received little attention. The unsteady non-uniform flow of blast furnace molten pig iron in a rectangular open channel is analyzed in this work by numerical solution of the Saint-Venant equations. The influence of mesh size on the convergence of molten metal height is studied to determine the proper mesh and time step sizes. A sinusoidal inflow pulse is imposed at the entrance of the channel in order to analyze the propagation of the resulting wave. The influence of the angle of inclination of the channel and the roughness coefficient of the walls on the amplitude and the dynamic behavior of the height of the molten metal are analyzed. Phase portraits of the channel state variables are constructed and interpreted. Numerical simulations show that as the angle of inclination of the channel increases, the amplitude of the formed wave decreases. From 10 degrees onwards, the peak of the wave descends even below the initial height. On the other hand, the roughness coefficient affects the molten pig iron height profiles in an inverse way than the angle of inclination. The amplitude of the formed wave increases as the roughness coefficient increases.

Analysis of one-dimensional consolidation of soft soils with non-Darcian flow caused by non-Newtonian liquid

Based on non-Darcian flow caused by non-Newtonian liquid, the theory of one-dimensional (1D) consolidation was modified to consider variation in the total vertical stress with depth and time. The finite difference method (FDM) was adopted to obtain numerical solutions for excess pore water pressure and average degree of consolidation. When non-Darcian flow is degenerated into Darcian flow, a comparison between numerical solutions and analytical solutions was made to verify reliability of finite difference solutions. Finally, taking into account the ramp time-dependent loading, consolidation behaviors with non-Darcian flow under various parameters were analyzed. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of 1D consolidation combined with non-Darcian flow caused by non-Newtonian liquid was conducted in this paper.

Effect of viscous dissipation and heat source on flow and heat transfer of dusty fluid over unsteady stretching sheet

This paper investigates the problem of hydrodynamic boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a dusty fluid over an unsteady stretching surface. The study considers the effects of frictional heating （viscous dissipation） and internal heat generation or ab- sorption. The basic equations governing the flow and heat transfer are reduced to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations by applying suitable similarity transformations. The transformed equations are numerically solved by the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg-45 order method. An analysis is carried out for two different cases of heating processes, namely, variable wall temperature （VWT） and variable heat flux （VHF）. The effects of various physical parameters such as the magnetic parameter, the fluid-particle interaction pa- rameter, the unsteady parameter, the Prandtl number, the Eckert number, the number density of dust particles, and the heat source/sink parameter on velocity and temperature profiles are shown in several plots. The effects of the wall temperature gradient function and the wall temperature function are tabulated and discussed.

大孔隙参数对斜坡非均匀渗流与稳定性的影响

为揭示降雨条件下大孔隙参数对斜坡水分非均匀运移与稳定性的影响,基于两域模型与稳定系数场原理,建立降雨入渗下斜坡非均匀渗流与稳定性求解模型,并借助COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场有限元平台,编制相应的模型求解程序,通过大孔隙土柱降雨试验验证数值模型的合理性,对比均匀流与非均匀流条件下斜坡体积含水率和点稳定系数,分析大孔隙参数(大孔隙占比ω_(f)、两域导水系数之比μ、大孔隙经验参数r_(w))对斜坡渗流场及稳定系数场的影响规律。结果表明:相比不考虑大孔隙,考虑大孔隙时的基质域和大孔隙域表层体积含水率分别增长7.7%和降低5.1%,入渗深度分别增长83.3%和150.0%;边坡浅层失稳面积增大3.9%。基质域和大孔隙域入渗深度均随大孔隙占比ω_(f)的增大而减小;随着大孔隙域与基质域饱和渗透系数之比μ增大,两者入渗深度变化趋势相反,即μ越大,基质域入渗深度越小,大孔隙域反之;两者与经验参数r_(w)无显著关系。至降雨结束,基质域表层土体体积含水率已达最大值;大孔隙域则随着ω_(f)和μ的增大而增大,但几乎不受经验参数r_(w)的影响。非均匀流条件下,边坡水分交换沿着剖面从上往下分为负交换区、正交换区和无交换区,水分交换平衡深度与基质域入渗深度变化趋势一致;水分交换负交换区与正交换区的深度均存在一个峰值,并随大孔隙占比ω_(f)的增大而减小,随着μ和r_(w)的增大而增大。不同参数取值下,边坡均为浅层失稳破坏,ω_(f)和μ越大,失稳层深度越大,表层点稳定系数越小,因此大孔隙不利于边坡稳定。

热风黏合烘箱有限元仿真分析与结构优化

为研究和提升热风黏合烘箱内部流场和温度场的均匀性,采用有限元分析方法对烘箱内部流场进行了仿真分析与优化。使用SolidWorks建立了烘箱流体域三维模型,根据烘箱工作时条件设定仿真计算的边界条件,通过实验测量得到纤维网的流阻数值,设定流阻相同的多孔介质模型代替纤维网实际结构,利用Fluent软件对烘箱内部流体域模型进行仿真计算,通过实验验证了仿真建模及计算的正确性。仿真结果表明:现有结构的烘箱上风道内流场不匀,纤维网表面温度场均匀性较差,针对仿真结果反映出的问题对烘箱结构进行了优化;优化后的烘箱仿真结果显示烘箱内部流场均匀性提升,纤维网上表面温度的总体均匀度由86.43%提升到93.06%。对烘箱进行结构优化后不仅提升了烘箱内部整体流场和温度场的均匀性,同时有利于降低烘箱的能耗。

Robust design of natural laminar flow supercritical airfoil by multi-objective evolution method

Abstract A transonic, high Reynolds number natural laminar flow airfoil is designed and studied. The γ-θ transition model is combined with the shear stress transport （SST） k-w turbulence model to predict the transition region for a laminar-turbulent boundary layer. The non-uniform free-form deformation （NFFD） method based on the non-uniform rational B-spline （NURBS） basis function is introduced to the airfoil parameterization. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II （NSGA-II） is used as the search algo- rithm, and the surrogate model based on the Kriging models is introduced to improve the efficiency of the optimization system. The optimization system is set up based on the above technologies, and the robust design about the uncertainty of the Mach number is carried out for NASA0412 airfoil. The optimized airfoil is analyzed and compared with the original airfoil. The results show that natural laminar flow can be achieved on a supercritical airfoil to improve the aerodynamic characteristic of airfoils.

入口流场不均匀性对固体火箭发动机大膨胀比喷管内流场的影响

在高机动飞行过程中,固体火箭发动机承受长时间的小过载会导致喷管入口处燃气方向改变,而药柱空间非均匀燃烧又会导致燃气密度分布不均匀,从而影响喷管入口处质量通量分布。二者均会造成入口燃气流动非均匀性,这是引起喷管流场不均匀性的主要原因之一,直接影响发动机性能。以膨胀比为100的固体火箭发动机喷管为研究对象,改变入口处质量通量分布规律与入射方向,结合计算流体力学软件研究入口流场不均匀性对喷管内流场的影响规律。结果表明:当喷管入口质量通量呈抛物面分布时,入口的不均匀性对喷管内流场影响较小,在喷管喉部位置不均匀效应基本消除;由俯仰过载导致燃气非垂直入射时,喷管入口位置流场周向不均匀性高达23%;随着燃气充分膨胀,不均匀效应减弱,在喷管扩张比达到92.8时,流场基本均匀,但是在有限扩张比条件下由入射角度导致的流场不均匀效应无法完全消除。

低阻叉流板式换热器传热性能与热阻靶向调控研究

用于烟气余热回收的板式换热器存在温度分布不均的问题。为改善烟气温度分布均匀性,有效遏制换热器腐蚀,本文通过实验测试对比碳钢与铸铁材质低阻叉流板式换热器性能差异,运用数值仿真预测局部流动传热特性并开展热阻分析,采用局部热阻调控方法设计了非均匀翅片结构。实验结果表明,在450℃高温时碳钢与铸铁材质的叉流板式换热器总传热系数分别达到32.5 W/(m^(2)·K)与25.1 W/(m^(2)·K)。通过数值仿真研究发现,叉流传热方式导致烟气侧沿程截面温度分布极不均匀,在热侧出口与冷侧入口交叉区、热侧出口与冷侧出口交叉区的热阻大,极易导致局部烟气温度低于露点温度。基于热阻分析法开发非均匀翅片结构,实施局部热阻靶向调控,最终实现维持阻力几乎不变情况下,使出口截面平均温度方差由6.9℃降至1.1℃,换热器内流体温度分布均匀性得到显著提升。

基于流固耦合的AUV伴流对螺旋桨性能影响

自主式水下航行器(Autonomous Underwater Vehicle,AUV)螺旋桨的运转通常是在非均匀流场中,其中以AUV航行时产生的尾部伴流为主。为了分析尾部伴流对螺旋桨水动力及噪声的影响,首先利用P 4 119螺旋桨验证双向流固耦合数值模拟的可行性、准确性,其次建立AUV与B型图谱桨耦合模型,对比2种工况下螺旋桨动力性能与无空化噪声分布情况。结果表明,在AUV尾部不均匀的来流影响下,螺旋桨所需提供的推力和转矩有所提高,此增幅在最高时分别可以达到83.77%和50.50%;相较于1倍叶频时伴流对螺旋桨噪声的微弱影响,2倍和3倍叶频时螺旋桨噪声在各个监测点的声压级相较均匀来流衰减了20~50 dB,并且导致2倍叶频时螺旋桨噪声的分布呈现无规则形。

气液两相流分配器参数敏感性分析与优化

针对制冷系统气液两相流分配不均引起的多流路蒸发器能效低下,以及分配器结构设计不合理问题,基于六面体网格和Euler-Euler模型,构建了分配器中制冷剂气液两相流动模型,详细分析了制冷剂在分配器中的流动特性,研究了不同工况下腔体高度、腔体直径以及支管插入深度等参数对分配不均匀度的影响规律,并结合田口法进行敏感性分析及参数优化,得到了各参数的影响权重及最优参数组合。数值结果表明:随着腔体高度与直径的增大,气液两相流混合效果得到改善,分配不均匀度逐渐下降;随着插入深度的增大,分配器不均匀度先降低后增大,插入深度最优值为5 mm;随着质量流量的增大,腔体高度与插入深度的贡献逐渐增大,而腔体直径的贡献逐渐减小,表明分配均匀性对腔体直径的依赖程度降低;相对于基准案例,所得最优组合的不均匀度降低了6.6%~19.3%。该研究可为抑制气液两相流相分离和分配器结构设计提供理论基础及数据支撑。

入口来流对离心泵内部流动的影响

为研究入口来流对离心泵内部流动的影响,选取某型号离心泵作为研究对象,通过在泵入口布置直管和4种不同入流方向(0°,90°,180°,270°)的三通管,设计了5种离心泵的入口来流方案.采用SST k-ω湍流模型,通过数值计算方法对离心泵内部流动进行模拟和分析,研究不同入流管道对泵内部流动的影响.结果表明:不同入口来流角度对离心泵内部流动特性具有显著影响,入口来流的扰动导致叶轮内的分离涡分布沿三通管转动方向发生变化,同时,叶轮所承受的径向力大小和方向也发生变化;不同进口管道类型对泵的性能和效率有一定影响,在90°三通管工况下,对平衡叶轮径向力最有利.研究结果对理解不同入口来流对离心泵内部流动不稳定性的影响机制具有重要意义,有助于解决因入流不均匀引起的流动振动问题,并进一步为流动控制策略和设计优化方法提供参考.

考虑进口温度畸变的涡轮级非定常流动数值仿真

为更好地预测涡轮级非定常流动特征,以准确分析进口温度畸变对下游叶排产生的影响。本文基于有限差分法开发了多级涡轮非定常流动数值求解器,通过试验数据验证其准确性和可行性,利用该求解器针对进口温度畸变进行了单级涡轮非定常流动数值仿真。以某单级高压涡轮作为研究对象,改变进口总温分布条件,设计了在进口总温均匀分布、总温沿径向不均匀分布和涡轮进口存在热斑3种方案下,进口温度畸变对马赫数、叶片热负荷等因素产生的影响,以及高温气流迁移路径的变化规律。结果显示,进口温度畸变对单级涡轮内部流场的影响不大,进口温度径向不均匀分布会导致导叶径向中上部分出现带状高温区域,在60%叶高处的导叶前缘温度最高。这种现象会因热斑的存在而加剧,在同一周期内进口温度畸变不会造成导叶表面最高温值的大幅度变化。主流气体在涡轮流道作加速运动,热斑由椭圆形逐渐变窄,温度降低,在导叶尾缘与脱落涡相互作用,气体受挤压边缘呈现锯齿状。动静交接面后,在动叶前缘和动叶压力面热负荷较为显著,并且在同一周期内进口温度畸变会使动叶表面的最高温值在一定范围内变化,在涡轮流道内进口温度畸变不会使高温气流在径向方向上的发生较大的偏移。

全钒液流电池多孔电极非均匀压缩的数值模拟

电极压缩会导致全钒液流电池的多孔电极侵入流道影响电池性能。本文建立了蛇形流道多孔电极非均匀压缩的三维稳态模型,对比研究了多孔电极非均匀压缩和多孔电极矩形压缩的内部压降、电解质流速和过电位分布的不同,发现多孔电极非均匀压缩与实际情况符合程度高。分析了不同压缩比对电极非均匀压缩多孔电极内部压降、电解质速度、反应物质浓度分布、电解质电位、过电位、局部电流密度和浓差过电位的影响。结果表明:在压缩比增大的情况下,电极非均匀压缩多孔电极内部压降和速度增大程度高于电极矩形压缩,电极非均匀压缩侵入部分与流道接触区域处过电位高于电极矩形压缩。电极非均匀压缩多孔电极内部反应物质浓度分布均匀性增大,电解质电位和过电位降低,阴极区域局部电流密度和浓差过电位上升。

非均匀散粒粗糙床面明渠水流流速结构PIV试验研究

鉴于床面非均匀散粒粗糙直接影响明渠水流的流速结构问题,基于PIV水槽试验,研究了非均匀散粒粗糙床面明渠水流的流速结构,探讨了水流时均流速沿流向和沿垂线的分布规律,分析了脉动流速的象限分布特征。结果表明,梅花形排列的大尺度非均匀散粒粗糙显著影响了颗粒顶部以下的水流结构,大、小颗粒周围时均流速结构相似,颗粒大小明显影响了流动分离区形状尺度和内外层流体分界点位置;象限分析显示外层流体中,大颗粒使其上方区域Q2、Q4事件的概率减小;内层流体中Q1、Q3事件占主导,颗粒上游及大颗粒附近相比下游及小颗粒附近更易产生强紊流事件。

An Inverse Design Method for Non-uniform Flow Inlet with a Given Shock Wave

For the hypersonic inlet and fore-body integrated design, the non-uniform incoming flow generated by the fore-body will bring a relatively big challenge to the inward-turning inlet design. To make the inlet match the non-uniform incoming flow, this paper, based on previous studies, develops a cross-stream marching plus(CSMP) method, by which an aerodynamic surface used to generate a given shock shape can be acquired.The method can correct such solution points as may give rise to grid distortions or flow-field abnormity and overcome the shortcoming of the insufficient stability of previous methods. Numerical simulation results of the conical supersonic flowfield show that the error obtained from the proposed CSMP method drops with the reduction of the grid dimension and the marching step, being less than 0.05% for reducing the marching step to 10%; that with this method the maximum relative error of the pressure on the profile is less than 0.23%. In the design process of the inward-turning inlets that match the fuselage fore-body, it's found that in comparison with the results of the inviscid CFD results, the aerodynamic surface designed with the CSMP method can fully generate the given shock wave shape. Thus, the CSMP method provides a new direction for the inlet/fore-body integrated design.

非均匀流环境中悬浮隧道锚索动力响应分析

为研究非均匀流作用下悬浮隧道锚索动力响应,建立了锚索-管体耦合振动理论模型。基于Hamilton原理建立了指数型流场环境中悬浮隧道锚索-管体系统振动方程组,求解得到锚索的动力响应,分析了最大流速和锚索-管体频率比对动力响应的影响。结果表明:在非均匀流中,悬浮隧道锚索表现出多频振动的特点;随着流速的增大,锚索最大位移值并不随之增大,但会激发锚索高阶模态参与振动并发生主振模态的转换。当涡激升力频率接近锚索的某阶模态频率时,锚索会出现涡激共振,锚索最大位移值一般出现在主振模态的峰值处。锚索-管体频率比为2时,锚索会受到涡激振动和参数共振的联合作用。

涡轮增压器离心压气机内部流场周向非均匀特性研究

涡轮增压器离心压气机蜗舌对气流的滞止效应会导致蜗壳周向静压分布不均匀。为了进一步挖掘压气机气动性能提升潜力,利用全环三维数值模拟对其内部非对称流场进行了分析。结果表明,不同工作状态下扩压器内部静压分布规律随流量变化,流量减小,静压最大值从周向90°位置逐渐迁移至蜗舌附近。沿流向,蜗舌诱导的非均匀静压会逆流反向传播到扩压器进口。此外,扩压器进口非均匀静压分布对单个叶轮通道性能具有一定影响,即存在一个“临界流量点”,在近堵塞点至流量临界点之间,从蜗舌对应的叶片通道开始,单个叶片通道流量和通道损失沿叶轮旋转方向先减小后增大,效率先增大后减小;在临界点至近堵塞点之间,单个叶片通道流量和通道损失沿叶轮旋转方向先增大后减小,效率先减小后增大。

航空发动机地面台进气加温试验技术研究

为了模拟航空发动机高空大马赫数情况下,较高的发动机进气温度,进行地面台架条件发动机进气加温试验。针对地面台架条件航空发动机加温试验进行研究,提出采用机载进口温度传感器表征进气加温进口温度方法,实现加温温度监控,保障加温试验安全。后选取飞行包线内典型工作点,开展地面台进气加温模拟试验。试验研究发现,进气加温试验过程发动机进口总温不均匀性最大为2.6%,排气温度场与常温试车分布一致,进排气温度场分布均匀,控制精度较高,可以为发动机进气加温试验提供较高品质的进气流场。试验表明,地面台架条件开展进气加温试验,可以较好的模拟发动机高空大马赫数高温进气条件下发动机工作情况。