Non-aqueous lithium bromine battery of high energy density with carbon coated membrane

Flow batteries with high energy density and long cycle life have been pursued to advance the progress of energy storage and grid application. Non-aqueous batteries with wide voltage windows represent a promising technology without the limitation of water electrolysis, but they suffer from low electrolyte concentration and unsatisfactory battery performance. Here, a non-aqueous lithium bromine rechargeable battery is proposed, which is based on Br;/Br;and Li;/Li as active redox pairs, with fast redox kinetics and good stability. The Li/Br battery combines the advantages of high output voltage（;.1 V）,electrolyte concentration（3.0 mol/L）, maximum power density（29.1 m W/cm;） and practical energy density（232.6 Wh/kg）. Additionally, the battery displays a columbic efficiency（CE） of 90.0%, a voltage efficiency（VE） of 88.0% and an energy efficiency（EE） of 80.0% at 1.0 m A/cm;after continuously running for more than 1000 cycles, which is by far the longest cycle life reported for non-aqueous flow batteries.

Determinants of Detection of Stones and Calcifications in the Hepatobiliary System on Virtual Nonenhanced Dual-energy CT

Objective To retrospectively determine the features of stones and calcifications in hepatobiliary system on virtual nonenhanced (VNE) dual-energy computed tomography (CT), and to evaluate the possibility of VNE images in diagnosis for those lesions. Methods A total of 128 gall stones and calcifications of the liver found in 110 patients were examined with triple phase abdominal CT scan from July 2007 to December 2011, in which true nonenhanced (TNE) phase and arterial phase were performed with single-energy CT (120 kVp) and portal venous phase was performed with dual-energy CT (100 kVp and 140 kVp). VNE images were generated from the portal venous phase dual-energy CT data sets by using commercially VNC software. The mean CT values for the stone, liver, bile and paraspinal muscle, mean lesion density and size in area dimension, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of lesion to the liver or bile, and image noise were assessed and compared between VNE and TNE images. The effective dose and size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) were also calculated. Results The mean CT values of the lesions measured on VNE images declined significantly compared with those measured on TNE images (164.51±102.13vs. 290.72±197.80 HU,P<0.001), so did the lesion-to-liver CNR (10.80±11.82vs.18.81±17.06,P<0.001) and the lesion-to-bile CNR (17.24±14.41 vs. 21.32±17.31,P<0.001). There was no significant difference in size of lesions area between VNE and TNE images (0.69±0.88vs.0.72±0.85 cm2,P=0.062). Compared to the 128 lesions found in TNE images, VNE images showed the same density in 30 (23.4%) lesions, lighter density in 88 (68.8%) lesions, while failed to show 10 (7.8%) lesions, and showed the same size in 61 (47.7%) lesions and smaller size in 57 (44.5%)&nbsp;lesions. The CT cutoff values of lesion and size were 229.21 HU and 0.15 cm2, respectively. The total effective dose for triple phase scan protocol with TNE images was 19.51±7.03 mSv, and the SSDE was 39.84±11.10 mGy. The effective dose for dual phase scan protocol with VNE images instead of TNE images was 13.29±4.89 mSv, and the SSDE was 27.83±9.99 mGy. Compared with TNE images, the effective dose and SSDE of VNE images were down by 32.05%±3.69 % and 30.63%±2.34 %, respectively. Conclusions Although the CT values and CNR of the lesions decreased in VNE images, the lesions of which attenuation greater than 229.21 HU and size larger than 0.15 cm2could be detected with good reliability and obvious dose reduction. There was good consistency in the size of stones and calcifications in hepatobiliary system between VNE images and TNE images, which ensured the possibility of the clinical application of VNE images.

The Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the USA: A Non-Linear ARDL Bounds Test Approach

We study the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in the case of USA by using an asymmetric ARDL bounds test approach to achieve the actual model. The quarterly data set covers the period of 1973:1- 2013:4. The findings indicate that the effect of energy consumption is asymmetric in the long term but not in the short term. In the long run, the effect of negative component of energy consumption on economic growth is small and statistically insignificant. The coefficient of the positive component of energy consumption is found about 0.9 and statistically significant at 1% level. We conclude that energy saving policies such as technological progress and organizational rearrangements may have the dimmer effect for the impact of a negative component of energy consumption and the booster effect for impact of the positive component of energy consumption. Thus, energy saving policy should be tightly followed by the goal of high economic growth.

Variation of Vacuum Energy if Scale Factor Becomes Infinitely Small, with Fixed Entropy Due to a Non Pathological Big Bang Singularity Accessible to Modified Einstein Equations

When initial radius Rinitial 0 if Stoica actually derived Einstein equations in a formalism which remove the big bang singularity pathology, then the reason for Planck length no longer holds. The implications of Rinitial 0 are the first part of this manuscript. Then the resolution is alluded to by work from Muller and Lousto, as to implications of entanglement entropy. We present entanglement entropy in the early universe with a steadily shrinking scale factor, due to work from Muller and Lousto, and show that there are consequences due to initial entanged Sentropy=0.3rH2/a2 for a time dependent horizon radius rH in cosmology, with for flat space conditions rH= for conformal time. In the case of a curved, but not flat space version of entropy, we look at vacuum energy as proportional to the inverse of scale factor squared times the inverse of initial entropy, effectively when there is no initial time in line with ~H2/G H≈a-1. The consequences for this initial entropy being entangled are elaborated in this manuscript. No matter how small the length gets, Sentropy if it is entanglement entropy, will not go to zero. The requirement is that the smallest length of time, t, re scaled does not go to zero. Even if the length goes to zero. This preserves a minimum non zero vacuum energy, and in doing so keep the bits, for computational bits cosmological evolution even if Rinitial 0.

Consistency and Validity of the Mathematical Models and the Solution Methods for BVPs and IVPs Based on Energy Methods and Principle of Virtual Work for Homogeneous Isotropic and Non-Homogeneous Non-Isotropic Solid Continua

Energy methods and the principle of virtual work are commonly used for obtaining solutions of boundary value problems (BVPs) and initial value problems (IVPs) associated with homogeneous, isotropic and non-homogeneous, non-isotropic matter without using (or in the absence of) the mathematical models of the BVPs and the IVPs. These methods are also used for deriving mathematical models for BVPs and IVPs associated with isotropic, homogeneous as well as non-homogeneous, non-isotropic continuous matter. In energy methods when applied to IVPs, one constructs energy functional (I) consisting of kinetic energy, strain energy and the potential energy of loads. The first variation of this energy functional (δI) set to zero is a necessary condition for an extremum of I. In this approach one could use δI = 0 directly in constructing computational processes such as the finite element method or could derive Euler’s equations (differential or partial differential equations) from δI = 0, which is also satisfied by a solution obtained from δI = 0. The Euler’s equations obtained from δI = 0 indeed are the mathematical model associated with the energy functional I. In case of BVPs we follow the same approach except in this case, the energy functional I consists of strain energy and the potential energy of loads. In using the principle of virtual work for BVPs and the IVPs, we can also accomplish the same as described above using energy methods. In this paper we investigate consistency and validity of the mathematical models for isotropic, homogeneous and non-isotropic, non-homogeneous continuous matter for BVPs that are derived using energy functional consisting of strain energy and the potential energy of loads. Similar investigation is also presented for IVPs using energy functional consisting of kinetic energy, strain energy and the potential energy of loads. The computational approaches for BVPs and the IVPs designed using energy functional and principle of virtual work, their consistency and validity are also investigated. Classical continuum mechanics (CCM) principles i.e. conservation and balance laws of CCM with consistent constitutive theories and the elements of calculus of variations are employed in the investigations presented in this paper.

Power Allocation for Wireless Powered MIMO Transmissions with Non-Linear RF Energy Conversion Models

We study a radio frequency(RF) wireless energy transfer(WET) enabled multiple input multiple output(MIMO) system. A time slotted transmission pattern is considered. Each slot can be divided into two phases, downlink(DL) WET and uplink(UL) wireless information transmission(WIT). Since energy conversion efficiency of the energy harvesting circuits are non.linear, the conventional linear model leads to a mismatch for resource allocation. In this paper, the power allocation algorithm considering the practical non.linear energy harvesting circuits is studied. The optimization problem is formulated to maximize the energy efficiency of system with multiple constraints, i.e., the transmission power, the received power and the minimum harvested energy, which is a non.convex problem. We transform the objective function from fractional form into an equivalent objective function in subtractive form and provide an iterative power allocation algorithm to achieve the optimal solution. Numerical results show that our proposed algorithm with the non.linear RF energy conversion models can achieve much better performance than the algorithm with the conventional linear model.

Failure of the free energy relation under a non-Markovian heat bath temperature change

We investigate the free energy relation for a system contacting with a non-Markovian heat bath and find that the validity of the relation sensitively depends on the non-Markovian memory effect, which is especially related go the initial preparation effect. This memory effect drives the statistical distribution of the system out of the initial preparation, even if the system starts from an equilibrium state. This leads to the violation of the free energy relation. A possible way of eliminating this memory effect is proposed.

The Interacting Generalized Ricci Dark Energy Model in Non-Flat Universe

We extend our previous analysis and consider the interacting holographic Ricci dark energy (IRDE) model in non-flat universe. We study astrophysical constraints on this model using the recent observations including the type Ia supernovae (SNIa), the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO), the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy, and the Hubble parameter. It is shown that the allowed parameter range for the fractional energy density of the curvature is ?in the presence of the interactions between dark energy and matter. Without the interaction, the flat universe is observationally disfavored in this model.

Exploiting Spectral-Energy Efficiency Tradeoff with Fairness in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Systems

The spectral efficiency(SE)and energy efficiency(EE)tradeoff while ensuring rate fairness among users in non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)systems is investigated.In order to characterize the SE-EE tradeoff with rate fairness,a multi-objective optimization(MOO)problem is first formulated,where the rate fairness is represented with theα-fair utility function.Then,the MOO problem is converted into a single-objective optimization(SOO)problem by the weighted sum method.To solve the converted non-convex SOO problem,we apply sequential convex programming,which helps to propose a general power allocation algorithm to realize the SE-EE tradeoff with rate fairness.We prove the convergence of the proposed algorithm and the convergent solution satisfies the KKT conditions.Simulation results demonstrate the proposed power allocation algorithm can achieve various levels of rate fairness,and higher fairness results in degraded performance of SE-EE tradeoff.A pivotal conclusion is reached that NOMA systems significantly outperform orthogonal multiple access systems in terms of SE-EE tradeoff with the same level of rate fairness.

Temperature Dependence of Urbach Energy in Non-Crystalline Semiconductors

Until now, no analytical relationships have been derived for the temperature dependence of the Urbach energy in non-crystalline semiconductors. Consequently, the problem associated with the theoretical study of the temperature dependence of this energy has not been solved. This paper presents the results of theoretical calculations and attempts to establish the temperature dependence of the Urbach energy in non-crystalline semiconductors. A linear increase in the Urbach energy with increasing temperature is shown.

Non-ionizing energy loss calculations for modeling electron-induced degradation of Cu(In,Ga)Se_2 thin-film solar cells

The lowest energies which make Cu,In,Ga,and Se atoms composing Cu（In,Ga）Se_2（CIGS） material displaced from their lattice sites are evaluated,respectively.The non-ionizing energy loss（NIEL） for electron in CIGS material is calculated analytically using the Mott differential cross section.The relation of the introduction rate（k） of the recombination centers to NIEL is modified,then the values of k at different electron energies are calculated.Degradation modeling of CIGS thin-film solar cells irradiated with various-energy electrons is performed according to the characterization of solar cells and the recombination centers.The validity of the modeling approach is verified by comparison with the experimental data.

Circular Scale of Time and Its Use in Calculating the Schrödinger Perturbation Energy of a Non-Degenerate Quantum State

The paper presents a circular scale of time—and its diagrams—which can be successfully applied in calculating the Schrödinger perturbation energy of a non-degenerate quantum state. This seems to be done in a more simple way than with the aid of any other of the perturbation approaches of a similar kind. As an example of the theory suitable to comparison is considered the Feynman diagrammatic method based on a straight-linear scale of time which represents a much more complicated formalism than the present one. All diagrams of the approach outlined in the paper can obtain as their counterparts the algebraic formulae which can be easily extended to an arbitrary Schrödinger perturbation order. The calculations and results descending from the perturbation orders N between N = 1 and N = 7 are reported in detail.

基于Non stationary-CNN-Transformer的海浪有效波高预测

针对海浪有效波高序列波动性、随机性较强,难以精确预测以及模型无法高效挖掘深层特征间关系的问题,提出一种基于Non stationary-CNN-Transformer模型的海浪有效波高预测方法。首先,使用平稳化模块减弱海浪时序数据的非平稳性;其次,利用一维卷积神经网络(CNN)提取相关数据间的深层特征并构建特征向量;最后,使用含有平稳性注意力的Transformer描述波高序列的时间依赖性捕捉到序列之间的全局关系,通过逆归一化处理后获得有效波高预测结果。该方法可消除海浪时序数据的非平稳性,提升数据的预测效果,并具有优异的特征提取能力且善于处理大规模时间序列数据。在实验中应用澳大利亚的浮标实测数据,通过7组对比实验分别预测0.5、3、6、12和24 h的有效波高,对所提模型进行全方位、多角度的验证。算例研究结果表明,该文所提模型在不同时间段精度有明显提升。

Multi-Energy Gamma-Ray Attenuations for Non-Destructive Detection of Hazardous Materials

We present a non-destructive method (NDM) to identify minute quantities of high atomic number (Z) elements in containers such as passenger baggage, goods carrying transport trucks, and environmental samples. This method relies on the fact that photon attenuation varies with its energy and properties of the absorbing medium. Low-energy gamma-ray intensity loss is sensitive to the atomic number of the absorbing medium, while that of higher-energies vary with the density of the medium. To verify the usefulness of this feature for NDM, we carried out simultaneous measurements of intensities of multiple gamma rays of energies 81 to 1408 keV emitted by sources 133Ba (half-life = 10.55 y) and 152Eu (half-life = 13.52 y). By this arrangement, we could detect minute quantities of lead and copper in a bulk medium from energy dependent gamma-ray attenuations. It seems that this method will offer a reliable, low-cost, low-maintenance alternative to X-ray or accelerator-based techniques for the NDM of high-Z materials such as mercury, lead, uranium, and transuranic elements etc.

无线供电MEC系统的计算能效最大化策略

为了解决无线供电移动边缘计算(MEC)系统的计算能效优化问题,提出一种基于非正交多址接入的无线供电MEC系统的资源分配策略。该策略将非线性能量收集模型应用到移动设备上,通过联合优化MEC服务器和移动设备的计算频率、执行时间、基站发射功率、设备发射功率、卸载时间和能量收集时间,比较充分地利用移动设备和MEC服务器的可用计算资源,提高设备的吞吐量和计算位数,进而最大限度地提升系统计算能效。将该联合优化问题转化为非凸分式规划问题,设计一种基于Dinkelbach的迭代算法来获得最优的资源分配方案。仿真实验表明:该资源分配策略所获得的系统计算能效更高,具有更好的性能增益。

Performance Analysis of Cooperative NOMA with Energy Harvesting in Multi-Cell Networks

In this paper,an energy harvesting enabled cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)system for a multi-cell network is investigated.Particularly,during the direct transmission phase,base stations send their superposed messages to the near users and far users simultaneously according to a NOMA principle,while the near users act as energy harvesting enabled relays employing a power splitting protocol.During the cooperative phase,the near users transmit their decoded messages to the corresponding far users using harvested energy.Using tools from stochastic geometry,we firstly calculate the signal to interference ratios of the users in each NOMA group including one near user and one far user.Then,the closed-form expressions of the coverage probability,ergodic rate,and energy efficiency are derived respectively.Numerical results validate the derived expressions and show that the energy harvesting enabled cooperative NOMA system in a multi-cell network can improve the coverage probability,ergodic rate,and energy efficiency compared to its counterpart OMA system.

A Topological Magueijo-Smolin Varying Speed of Light Theory, the Accelerated Cosmic Expansion and the Dark Energy of Pure Gravity

The paper presents a detailed analysis of ordinary and dark energy density of the cosmos based on two different but complimentary theories. First, and starting from the concept of the speed of light being an average over multi-fractals, we use Magueijo-Smolin’s ingenious revision of Einstein’s special relativity famous formula E = mc2 to a doubly special formula which includes the Planck energy as invariant to derive the ordinary energy density E(O) = mc2/22 and the dark energy density E(D) = mc2(21/22) wheremis the mass andcis the speed of light. Second we use the topological theory of pure gravity to reach the same result thus confirming the correctness of the theory of varying speed of light as well as the COBE, WMAP and Type 1a supernova cosmological measurements.

Decentralized Control for Residential Energy Management of a Smart Users' Microgrid with Renewable Energy Exchange

This paper presents a decentralized control strategy for the scheduling of electrical energy activities of a microgrid composed of smart homes connected to a distributor and exchanging renewable energy produced by individually owned distributed energy resources. The scheduling problem is stated and solved with the aim of reducing the overall energy supply from the grid, by allowing users to exchange the surplus renewable energy and by optimally planning users' controllable loads. We assume that each smart home can both buy/sell energy from/to the grid taking into account time-varying non-linear pricing signals. Simultaneously, smart homes cooperate and may buy/sell locally harvested renewable energy from/to other smart homes. The resulting optimization problem is formulated as a non-convex non-linear programming problem with a coupling of decision variables in the constraints. The proposed solution is based on a novel heuristic iterative decentralized scheme algorithm that suitably extends the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers to a non-convex and decentralized setting. We discuss the conditions that guarantee the convergence of the presented algorithm. Finally, the application of the proposed technique to a case study under several scenarios shows its effectiveness.

Ionizing and non-ionizing kerma factors in silicon for China Spallation Neutron Source neutron spectrum

The quantification of ionizing energy deposition and non-ionizing energy deposition plays a critical role in precision neutron dosimetry and in the separation of the displacement damage effects and ionizing effects induced by neutron radiation on semiconductor devices. In this report, neutrons generated by the newly built China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) are simulated by Geant4 in semiconductor material silicon to calculate the ionizing and non-ionizing kerma factors. Furthermore, the integral method is applied to calculate neutron-induced ionizing at the CSNS and non-ionizing kerma factors according to the standard neutron nuclear database and the incident neutron spectrum. In addition, thermoluminescence dosimeters are utilized to measure the ionizing energy deposition and six series of bipolar junction transistors are used to measure the non-ionizing energy deposition based on their neutron damage constants. The calibrated kerma factors that were experimentally measured agreed well with the simulation and integral calculation results. This report describes a complete set of methods and fundamental data for the analysis of neutron-induced radiation effects at the CSNS on silicon-based semiconductor devices.

Mitigation of laser damage growth in fused silica by using a non-evaporative technique

A non-evaporative technique is used to mitigate damage sites with lateral sizes in a range from 50 μm to 400 μm and depths smaller than 100 μm.The influence of the pulse frequency of a CO 2 laser on the mitigation effect is studied.It is found that a more symmetrical and smooth mitigation crater can be obtained by increasing the laser pulse frequency form 0.1 to 20 kHz.Furthermore,the sizes of laser-affected and distorted zones decrease with the increase of the laser pulse frequency,leading to less degradation of the wave-front quality of the conditioned sample.The energy density of the CO 2 laser beam is introduced for selecting the mitigation parameters.The damage sites can be successfully mitigated by increasing the energy density in a ramped way.Finally,the laser-induced damage threshold（LIDT） of the mitigated site is tested using 355 nm laser beam with a small spot（0.23 mm 2） and a large spot（3.14 mm 2）,separately.It is shown that the non-evaporative mitigation technique is a successful method to stop damage re-initiation since the average LIDTs of mitigated sites tested with small or large laser spots are higher than that of pristine material.