Limitations and potential design risks when applying empirically derived coal pillar strength equations to real-life mine stability problems

The method of determining coal pillar strength equations from databases of stable and failed case histories is more than 50 years old and has been applied in different countries by different researchers in a range of mining situations. While common wisdom sensibly limits the use of the resultant pillar strength equations and methods to design scenarios that are consistent with the founding database, there are a number of examples where failures have occurred as a direct result of applying empirical design methods to coal pillar design problems that are inconsistent with the founding database. This paper explores the reasons why empirically derived coal pillar strength equations tend to be problem-specific and should be considered as providing no more than a pillar strength ‘‘index." These include the non-consideration of overburden horizontal stress within the mine stability problem, an inadequate definition of supercritical overburden behavior as it applies to standing coal pillars, and the non-consideration of overburden displacement and coal pillar strain limits. All of which combine to potentially complicate and confuse the back-analysis of coal pillar strength from failed cases. A modified coal pillar design representation and model are presented based on coal pillars acting to reinforce a horizontally stressed overburden, rather than suspend an otherwise unstable self-loaded overburden or section, the latter having been at the core of historical empirical studies into coal pillar strength and stability.

Optimal Design of Multiple Stress Constant Accelerated Life Test Plan on Non-rectangle Test Region

For optimal design of constant stress accelerated life test（CSALT） with two-stress, if the stresses could not reach the highest levels simultaneously, the test region becomes non-rectangular. For optimal CSALT design on non-rectangle test region, the present method is only focused on non-rectangle test region with simple boundary, and the optimization algorithm is based on experience which can not ensure to obtain the optimal plan. In this paper, considering the linear-extreme value model and the optimization goal to minimize the variance of lifetime estimate under normal stress, the optimal design method of two-stress type-I censored CSALT plan on general non-rectangular test region is proposed. First, two properties of optimal test plans are proved and the relationship of all the optimal test plans is determined analytically. Then, on the basis of the two properties, the optimal problem is simplified and the optimal design method of two-stress CSALT plan on general non-rectangular test region is proposed. Finally, a numerical example is used to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method, The result shows that the proposed method could obtain the optimal test plan on non-rectangular test regions with arbitrary boundaries. This research provides the theory and method for two-stress optimal CSALT planning on non-rectangular test regions.

Coal pillar design when considered a reinforcement problem rather than a suspension problem

Current coal pillar design is the epitome of suspension design.A defined weight of unstable overburden material is estimated, and the dimensions of the pillars left behind are based on holding up that material to a prescribed factor of safety.In principle, this is no different to early roadway roof support design.However, for the most part, roadway roof stabilisation has progressed to reinforcement, whereby the roof strata is assisted in supporting itself.This is now the mainstay of efficient and effective underground coal production.Suspension and reinforcement are fundamentally different in roadway roof stabilisation and lead to substantially different requirements in terms of support hardware characteristics and their application.In suspension, the primary focus is the total load-bearing capacity of the installed support and ensuring that it is securely anchored outside of the unstable roof mass.In contrast, reinforcement recognises that roof de-stabilisation is a gradational process with ever-increasing roof displacement magnitude leading to ever-reducing stability.Key roof support characteristics relate to such issues as system stiffness, the location and pattern of support elements and mobilising a defined thickness of the immediate roof to create(or build) a stabilising strata beam.The objective is to ensure that horizontal stress is maintained at a level that prevents mass roof collapse.This paper presents a prototype coal pillar and overburden system representation where reinforcement, rather than suspension, of the overburden is the stabilising mechanism via the action of in situ horizontal stresses.Established roadway roof reinforcement principles can potentially be applied to coal pillar design under this representation.The merit of this is evaluated according to failed pillar cases as found in a series of published databases.Based on the findings, a series of coal pillar system design considerations for bord and pillar type mine workings are provided.This potentially allows a more flexible approach to coal pillar sizing within workable mining layouts, as compared to common industry practice of a single design factor of safety(Fo S) under defined overburden dead-loading to the exclusion of other relevant overburden stabilising influences.

Designing coal panels in the conditions of associated methane and spontaneous fire hazards

An increase in methane,spontaneous fire and bumping hazards in Polish hard coal mines,observed in the last two decades,led to the need to elaborate the tools allowing proper selection of a range of preventive measures to fight them at the stage of designing coal extraction.Designing the production of a coal seams in the conditions of associated methane and spontaneous fires hazards in Polish hard coal mines requires elaboration of the design standards for coal panels in gassy coal seams.This paper presents the guidelines on how to design production in the conditions of associated methane and spontaneous fire hazards.Presented tools and methodology since the very first research were many times verified by daily mining operations in the conditions of associated methane and spontaneous fire hazards,which confirms their significant contribution to the development of safe and economical mining operations.

Optimization design of drilling string by screw coal miner based on ant colony algorithm

It took that the weight minimum and drive efficiency maximal were as double optimizing target,the optimization model had built the drilling string,and the optimization solution was used of the ant colony algorithm to find in progress.Adopted a two-layer search of the continuous space ant colony algorithm with overlapping or variation global ant search operation strategy and conjugated gradient partial ant search operation strat- egy.The experiment indicates that the spiral drill weight reduces 16.77% and transports the efficiency enhance 7.05% through the optimization design,the ant colony algorithm application on the spiral drill optimized design has provided the basis for the system re- search screw coal mine machine.

Pillar design and coal burst experience in Utah Book Cliffs longwall operations

Longwall mining has existed in Utah for more than half a century.Much of this mining occurred at depths of cover that significantly exceed those encountered by most other US longwall operations.Deep cover causes high ground stress,which can combine with geology to create a coal burst hazard.Nearly every longwall mine operating within the Utah’s Book Cliffs coalfield has been affected by coal bursts.Pillar design has been a key component in the burst control strategies employed by mines in the Book Cliffs.Historically,most longwall mines employed double-use two-entry yield pillar gates.Double-use signifies that the gate system serves first as the headgate,and then later serves as the tailgate for the adjacent panel.After the 1996 burst fatality at the Aberdeen Mine,the inter-panel barrier design was introduced.In this layout,a wide barrier pillar protects each longwall panel from the previously mined panel,and each gate system is used just once.This paper documents the deep cover longwall mining conducted with each type of pillar design,together with the associated coal burst experience.Each of the six longwall mining complexes in the Book Cliffs having a coal burst history is described on a panel-by-panel basis.The analysis shows that where the mining depth exceeded 450 m,each design has been employed for about 38000 total m of longwall panel extraction.The double-use yield pillar design has been used primarily at depths less than 600 m,however,while the inter-panel barrier design has been used mainly at depths exceeding 600 m.Despite its greater depth of use,the inter-panel barrier gate design has been associated with about one-third as much face region burst activity as the double-use yield pillar design.

Design of experiments to optimize the extraction parameters of a power grade Indian coal

Low grade high ash coals with difficult physical washability characteristics require chemical cleaning techniques such as solvent extractio n to obtain super clean coal with lower ash conte nts.Kedla,an In di an low grade coal has ash con tent around 44%-50%and there is a need to maximize its solvent extraction yield so as to make this power grade coal industrially useful.This paper highlights the use of definitive screening design and response surface methodology to extract the maximum organic matter from Kedla coal using ethylenediannnine(EDA)and N-methyl pyrollidone(NMP)as solvents under mild atmospheric pressure conditions.The coal was pre-treated with acetic acid before extractions were carried out.The parameters such as the acid pre-treatment time,acid concenmion,particle size,the co-solvent concentratio n and the solvent concentration were optimized in this paper.With this design of experimenls technique about 40%of the organic matter with minimal ash(less than 2%)content was「endered extractable unlike the already postulated designer solvent system—e,N system(i.e.NMP containing small amount of EDA)that uses coal to solve nt ratio as 1:17(wt/vol)and coal to co-solvent ratio as 1:l(wt/vol)thus only giving 19%extraction yield.Therefore,the present design of experimetechnique helps in conserving the number of experimems for process intensification.

Application of axiomatic approach to coal mine design field

Two design axioms and axiomatic approach were discussed. As an example of application, design process of a new style single prop was illustrated in term of axi- oms.

基于Design Expert的煤系高岭土离心增白试验

黑岱沟矿区矸石的高岭土质量分数高达70%。从煤系资源综合利用的角度出发,利用离心选矿法脱除以铁钛类为主的高密度致色杂质,提高煤系高岭土的煅烧白度。采用Design Expert进行四因素三水平的Box-Behnken正交试验设计;探究离心转速、入料速度、入料浓度和入料时间对煅烧白度及精矿产率的影响,拟合二次方程关系模型;给出煅烧白度及精矿产率与显著因素之间的响应曲面图,发现煅烧白度主要受离心转速影响,随离心转速的增加,煅烧白度先升高后降低,而精矿产率主要受入料时间影响,随入料时间的延长,精矿产率线性增加;最终结合Design Expert模拟结果,探究最佳离心增白试验条件,即离心转速为800 r/min,入料速度为8.4 L/min,入料浓度20%,入料时间100 s时,得到最佳高岭土煅烧白度(78.80%)和精矿产率(86.31%)。

Off-design Characteristics of IGCC System Based on Two-stage Coal-slurry Gasification Technology

整体煤气化联合循环（integrated gasification combinedcycle,IGCC）机组在一定情况下处于非设计工况运行。为了研究IGCC系统变工况特性,采用ThermoFlex软件建立基于两段式水煤浆气化技术的200 MW级整体煤气化联合循环系统模型,主要考查燃气轮机负荷、整体空分系数Xas、大气温度、大气压力对系统性能的影响。研究结果表明,降低燃气轮机负荷或者提高大气温度系统效率均呈先升高而后降低的趋势。整体空分系数Xas增加,机组发电效率降低。大气压力对系统效率影响较小。上述条件下采用两段水煤浆气化技术,系统性能可以得到有效改善。研究结果可为采用两段式水煤浆气化技术的IGCC系统的设计、运行提供参考。

Research on Structural Design of Coal Crusher House in Thermal Power Plant

This paper takes the specific characteristics of pulverized coal room in thermal power plant as the starting point,firstly,this paper analyzes the process layout and structure selection,and then the structural design and vibration design requirements of coal crusher house are introduced in this paper.Finally,based on the engineering example,a new structure form of vibration isolation design is creatively proposed,which provides a new design idea for the practical engineering design.

基于Design-expert的醋酸纤维/煤基分级多孔炭制备优化

当前煤层气利用的主要方式是直接燃烧,该过程会产生大量温室气体(CO_(2))排放,且会造成稀缺资源的低附加值利用。为实现煤层气的高附加值利用,拟通过在煤中原位添加醋酸纤维和KOH活化的方法制备一种醋酸纤维/煤基分级多孔炭材料,并将其应用于煤层气直接裂解制氢,不仅可以获得高纯氢气,还能得到一定数量的纳米碳材料。醋酸纤维/煤基分级多孔炭在制备过程中需要考虑温度、碱碳质量比、溶剂量和其他碳源添加量对制备过程和转化率的影响,利用Design-expert软件对试验方案进行优化设计。通过响应曲面法和部分试验数据对各影响因素与转化率的关系进行分析,建立相应拟合回归方程,得出理论最优解。通过将最优解与试验结果进行对比分析,验证Design-expert软件在多因素多水平条件下的预测可靠性,同时也阐明最优条件下炭材料催化裂解煤层气的机理。结果表明,温度和碱碳质量比是醋酸纤维/煤基分级多孔炭制备过程的最大影响因素,建立相关因素与转化率之间的拟合回归方程并求出理论最优解。理论最优解与试验值之间的最大误差为3.05%,说明Design-expert软件对制备过程的优化准确可靠。醋酸纤维/煤基分级多孔炭催化裂解煤层气较原煤炭材料具有高的转化率和稳定性,前者反应后表面生成大量碳球,而后者表面则生成少量碳纤维和大量碳球。

极近距离煤层开采无煤柱自成巷控制方法研究

极近距离煤层传统长壁开采,受上层遗留煤柱和采空区垮落等因素的影响,下煤层开采过程中应力环境复杂、矿压显现剧烈,易诱发巷道围岩大变形。为解决上述问题,提出了极近距离条件下巷道定向切顶–约束高强支护无煤柱自成巷控制方法。通过顶板定向预裂切顶,主动改变顶板悬臂结构,切断采空区向巷道顶板的应力传递。充分利用矿山压力和岩体碎胀特性,取消煤柱留设,结合高强支护加强巷道顶板整体性,共同实现切顶自成巷。建立了极近距离煤层开采覆岩结构模型,计算了下煤层切顶自成巷巷旁支护阻力。以典型极近距离煤层为工程背景,开展了不同开采方法的数值试验对比研究,结果表明,提出的自成巷控制方法使巷道围岩应力降低59.8%,巷道顶板变形减少70.8%,并明确了极近距离煤层开采无煤柱自成巷控制机理。在此基础上,开展了典型极近距离煤层工程设计及现场应用研究,结果表明该方法有效降低了矿压显现程度,保证了自成巷的安全稳定控制。

大倾角煤层伪俯斜工作面平行四边形液压支架结构设计与运动响应

液压支架是大倾角煤层伪俯斜工作面“围岩-装备”系统稳定性的核心,现有液压支架结构无法适应伪俯斜开采空间稳定性要求,严重影响了该类条件下工作面安全高效开采。以大倾角煤层伪俯斜开采工作面为研究背景,采用工程类比、结构运动学分析、数值仿真的综合研究方法,分析了大倾角伪俯斜工作面“支架-围岩”稳定性特征,并以ZY7000/22/45型液压支架为基础,发明一种新型平行四边形液压支架,进行了结构合理性设计,分析了关键构件运动学响应特征。研究表明:大倾角伪俯斜综采工作面垮落矸石非均匀填充以及矸石对支架的砸、压、推作用是影响支架稳定性的关键因素,平行四边形顶梁与底座更适应伪俯斜工作面。设计的平行四边形支架顶梁、底座及立柱排布方式为平行四边形,异形掩护梁与后连杆、油缸连杆、底座构成柔性四连杆结构。平行四边形支架立柱为主要承载结构,油缸连杆为主要运动机构,其运动特征影响因素主要为上下柱窝间距和前后连杆与掩护梁铰接位置间距,其中掩护梁与后连杆是支架位姿调控的关键,且支架运动过程中无双扭线产生。研究结果为该类条件工作面支架提供了一种选型,一定程度上保障了该类煤层的安全生产。

全自动煤炭采制样系统的设计研究

钢铁企业的入厂煤炭具有品种繁多、煤质差异大、检测项目多的特点,其质量检验重点关注如何在煤炭的采样、制样和化验环节避免样品污染和黏附。通过对破碎、缩分设备的优化,设计了一种全自动煤炭采制样系统。结果表明:该系统实现了在线粒度分析、全水分检测、一般分析试验煤样和存查煤样的封装标识,是目前钢铁企业煤炭采制样系统进料品种复杂、自动化程度较高的设计方案之一。

大倾角煤层俯伪斜工作面液压支架设计系统实用性分析

为解决大倾角煤层液压支架设计过程中多维受载特征被忽略、建模过程繁琐、设计周期长等问题,结合大倾角伪俯斜工作面液压支架受载特性,研发大倾角液压支架设计系统。采用运动仿真、强度测试、物理实验等综合研究方法,以ZY5000/15.5/38型大倾角煤层液压支架设计为例,根据大倾角伪俯斜采场液压支架多维受力特征建立力学模型,分析大倾角液压支架的空间受载特性,建立伪俯斜工作面液压支架顶梁、掩护梁力学线性矩阵,利用VB.NET为开发语言结合线性矩阵和SOLIDWORKS二次开发建模软件搭建液压支架设计系统,开发出良好的人机交互用户界面。研究分析表明:该系统生成下的模型液压支架顶梁前端运动轨迹范围48 mm左右,支架顶梁前端运动轨迹曲线满足双扭线特性;模型支架最大应力为146.7 MPa,远小于材料屈服的等效应力,最大变形位移也不超过0.531 mm;研制相似比为1∶5物理模型液压支架工作阻力在38 kN左右,在不同条件下测试支架顶梁、掩护梁受载特性,实验中模型支架的力学数据与系统生成的力学数据基本相符,且实验在初撑、增阻、恒阻及卸压各阶段均满足支架的运动要求及承载特性。研究结果体现了该设计系统下模型液压支架较好的适应性,对丰富大倾角煤层液压支架设计理论和指导液压支架设计生产具有一定的科学和实践意义。

基于正交设计的大比例模型采场煤体相似材料配比试验研究

针对传统模型材料难以满足大比例模型采场材料需求,结合大比例模型相似模拟试验特点及相似理论,以陶粒、河沙、粉煤、水泥和石膏为原料,设计正交试验,测试试件的物理力学等参数。结果表明:大比例模型采场材料基本特征为低容重、高强度。煤体材料密度随陶粒/骨料比值的增大而减小,抗压强度和抗拉强度随陶粒/骨料、水膏比的增大而减小,随水胶比的增大而增大,弹性模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角随陶粒/骨料和骨胶比的增大而减小。通过多元线性回归分析反算大比例模型采场煤体相似材料配比模型,并通过试验得到不同尺寸试件各试验指标误差在20%内波动,证实了该配比模型的可靠性。

以煤层倾向为参考方向的锐角优化垂线法煤柱设计方法

垂线法广泛应用于我国矿区地表建(构)筑物的保护煤柱的设计,但其原理中存在走向方向不明确导致计算时需人工干预和小角值拐角处保护煤柱过估等问题。针对村庄尺度的建筑物群,提出应按位置给出不同的开采参数和松散层参数;用煤层倾向作为垂线法的参考方向,代替指向不明确的走向,实现垂线计算公式选择、垂线长度计算的自动化;提出锐角优化算法,解决煤柱角点角值较小时出现的煤柱留设尺寸过大问题。基于上述优化,通过MATLAB编程实现煤柱自动化计算,并一定程度上减小了煤柱的尺寸。优化后的垂线法能够更好地应用于矿山保护煤柱设计。

基于能量分配原理的煤矿机械冲击行为研究及装置设计

为研究煤矿机械服役过程中的冲击损伤行为,以球形冲击物水平冲击金属矩形板料为例,获取冲击过程能量分配关系,结合实际冲击环境,设计并搭建气动水平冲击实验系统,获取不同气压下板料的冲击行为。通过仿真和实验,对理论计算得出的变形量和加速度进行验证,并运用多项式拟合方式优化输出参数加速度。将计算、实验和仿真结果作对比,结果表明,冲击过程中冲击物动能主要被材料塑性变形、运动动能和碰撞损失耗散,当被冲击板料中心区域发生断裂时,板料塑性变形和碰撞损失的能量耗散会减小。优化后的冲击过程能量分配关系的理论、实验和仿真结果吻合较好,最大偏差不超过9.39%。

新型螺旋钻采煤机的设计及试验

针对旧式螺旋钻采煤机工作过程存在机组体积庞大笨重、拆装钻杆难度大、效率低等问题,设计出一种适合400~500 mm厚极薄煤层开采的新型螺旋钻采煤机。采用四钻头结构,通过左右钻杆传递动力给前端传动齿轮箱,带动四个钻头同时钻进。该采煤机在试验过程中取得了良好的效果,提高了工作效率,降低了工人的劳动强度。