Optimization of the fully grouted rock bolts for load transfer enhancement

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of bolt profile configuration in load transfer capacity between the bolt and grout.Therefore,five types of rock bolts are used with different profiles.The rock bolts are modeled by ANSYS software.Models show that profile rock bolt T_3 and T_ with load capacity 180 and 195 kN in the jointed rocks,are the optimum profiles.Finally,the performances of the selected profiles are examined in Tabas Coal Mine by FLAC software.There is good subscription between the results of numerical modeling and instrumentation reading such as tells tale,sonic extensometer and strain gauge rock bolt.According to the finding of this study,the proposed pattern of rock bolts,on 7 + 6 patterns per meter with 2 flexi bolt(4 m) for support gate road.

Effects of different pull-out loading rates on mechanical behaviors and acoustic emission responses of fully grouted bolts

Due to the influence of mining disturbance stress,it is of great significance to better understand the bearing characteristics of fully grouted bolts under different pull-out loading rates.For this purpose,a series of laboratory pull-out tests were conducted to comprehensively investigate the effects of different pull-out loading rates on the mechanical performance and failure characteristics of fully grouted bolts.The results show that the mechanical performance of the anchored specimen presents obvious loading rate dependence and shear enhancement characteristics.With the increase of the pull-out loading rates,the maximum pull-out load increases,the displacement and time corresponding to the maximum pull-out load decrease.The accumulated acoustic emission(AE)counts,AE energy and AE events all decrease with the increase of the pull-out loading rates.The AE peak frequency has obvious divisional distribution characteristics and the amplitude is mainly distributed between 50-80 dB.With the increase of the pull-out loading rates,the local strain of the anchoring interface increases and the failure of the anchoring interface transfers to the interior of the resin grout.The accumulated AE counts are used to evaluate the damage parameter of the anchoring interface during the whole pull-out process.The analytical results are in good agreement with the experimental results.The research results may provide guidance for the support design and performance monitoring of fully grouted bolts.

Non-Cooperative Differential Game Based Load Balancing Algorithm in Radio-Over-Fibre System

Load balancing plays a critical role in a cellular network. As one kind of cellular network, Radio-over-Fibre （RoF） system can provide ubiquitous high data-rate transmissions, which has attracted many attentions, but it also suffer load unbalancing problem. In order to improve the system performance, in this paper, we propose a novel loading balance scheme in RoF system based on differential game theory. The scheme formulates the load allocated to each RAP （Radio Access Point） as a Nasb Equilibrium, using non-cooperative differential game to obtain the optical load allocation of each RAP. The simulations performed show that the non-cooperative differential game algorithm is applicable and the optimal load solution can be achieved.

Experimental and numerical evaluation on debonding of fully grouted rockbolt under pull‑out loading

The axial loading in rockbolts changes due to stress redistribution and rheology in the country rock mass.Such a change may lead to debonding at rockbolt to grout interface or rupture of the rockbolt.In this study,based on laboratory experiments,ultrasonic guided wave propagation in fully grouted rockbolt under different pull-out loads was investigated in order to examine the resultant debonding of rockbolt.The signals obtained from the ultrasonic monitoring during the pull-out test were processed using wavelet multi-scale analysis and frequency spectrum analysis,the signal amplitude and the amplitude ratio(Q)of low frequency to high frequency were defined to quantify the debonding of rockbolt.In addition to the laboratory test,numerical simulation on the effect of the embedment lengths on ultrasonic guided wave propagation in rockbolt was conducted by using a damage-based model,and the debonding between rockbolt and cement mortar was numerically examined.It was confirmed that the ultrasonic guided wave propagation in rockbolt was very sensitive to the debonding because of pull-out load,therefore,the critical bond length could be calculated based on the propagation of guided wave in the grouted rockbolt.In time domain,the signal amplitude in rockbolt increased with pull-out load from 0 to 100 kN until the completely debonding,thus quantifying the debonding under the different pull-out loads.In the frequency domain,as the Q value increased,the debonding length of rockbolt decreased exponentially.The numerical results confirmed that the guided wave propagation in the fully grouted rockbolt was effective in detecting and quantifying the debonding of rockbolt under pull-out load.

Research on method of pressure grouting piling of driven tube

The pressure grouting pile of driven tube can improve the load bearing capacity of the single pile from the mechanism of pressure grouting pile of driven tube.On the basis of analyzing the mechanism,the authors designed the machines and tools of pressure grouting,determined the operating manufacture and technology parameter on the pressure grouting secondly.The result shows that the pressure grouting pile of driven tube not only changes the pile type but also reduce the length of the pile and its engineering cost,it enhances the load bearing capacity of single pile an the same time.

Utilizing a novel fiber optic technology to capture the axial responses of fully grouted rock bolts

Rock bolts are one of the primary support systems utilized in underground excavations within the civil and mining engineering industries. Rock bolts support the weakened rock mass adjacent to the opening of an excavation by fastening to the more stable, undisturbed formations further from the excavation. The overall response of such a support element has been determined under varying loading conditions in the laboratory and in situ experiments in the past four decades; however, due to the limitations with conventional monitoring methods of capturing strain, there still exists a gap in knowledge associated with an understanding of the geomechanical responses of rock bolts at the microscale. In this paper, we try to address this current gap in scientific knowledge by utilizing a newly developed distributed optical strain sensing(DOS) technology that provides an exceptional spatial resolution of 0.65 mm to capture the strain along the rock bolt. This DOS technology utilizes Rayleigh optical frequency domain reflectometry(ROFDR) which provides unprecedented insight into various mechanisms associated with axially loaded rebar specimens of different embedment lengths, grouting materials, borehole annulus conditions, and borehole diameters. The embedment length of the specimens was found to be the factor that significantly affected the loading of the rebar. The critical embedment length for the fully grouted rock bolts(FGRBs) was systematically determined to be430 mm. The results herein highlight the effects of the variation of these individual parameters on the geomechanical responses FGRBs.

Analysis profile of the fully grouted rock bolt in jointed rock using analytical and numerical methods

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bolt profile on load transfer mechanism of fully grouted bolts in jointed rocks using analytical and numerical methods. Based on the analytical method with development of methods, a new model is presented. To validate the analytical model, five different profiles modeled by ANSYS software. The profile of rock bolts T3 and T4with load transfer capacity,respectively 180 and 195 kN in the jointed rocks was selected as the optimum profiles. Finally, the selected profiles were examined in Tabas Coal Mine. FLAC analysis indicates that patterns 6+7 with2 NO flexi bolt 4 m better than other patterns within the faulted zone.

Propagation Characteristics of Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Grouted Rockbolt Systems with Bond Defects under Different Confining Conditions

A rockbolt acting in the rock mass is subjected to the combined action of the pull-out load and confining pressure, and the bond quality of the rockbolt directly affects the stability of the roadway and cavern. Therefore, in this study, confining pressure and pull-out load are applied to grouted rockbolt systems with bond defects by a numerical simulation method, and the rockbolt is detected by ultrasonic guided waves to study the propagation law of ultrasonic guided waves in defective rockbolt systems and the bond quality of rockbolts under the combined action of pull-out load and confining pressure. The numerical simulation results show that the length and location of bond defects can be detected by ultrasonic guided waves under the combined action of pull-out load and confining pressure. Under no pull-out load, with increasing confining pressure, the low-frequency part of the guided wave frequency in the rockbolt increases, the high-frequency part decreases, the weakening effect of the confining pressure on the guided wave propagation law increases, and the bond quality of the rockbolt increases. The existence of defects cannot change the strengthening effect of the confining pressure on the guided wave propagation law under the same pull-out load or the weakening effect of the pull-out load on the guided wave propagation law under the same confining pressure.

盾构注浆荷载作用下带榫管片水平轴线偏移量计算方法研究

为探明隧道盾构注浆荷载作用引起带榫管片水平轴线偏移规律,以小曲率半径盾构隧道为例,分析壁后注浆引起管片上浮的诱因,考虑管片环“椭圆化”变形、纵向连接螺栓预应力、环缝影响范围和横向刚度等综合因素的影响,建立榫杆连接条件下带榫环缝的管片单元纵向等效抗弯刚度有效率计算式,并通过计算盾构注浆荷载作用下带榫管片的静态和动态上浮力,构建盾构注浆荷载作用下带榫管片上浮力计算表达式,由此分析小曲率半径隧道盾构注浆荷载作用下带榫管片受力情况及其在文克尔弹性地基梁假定条件下受上浮力作用的挠曲变形规律,建立盾构注浆荷载作用下带榫管片水平轴线偏移量计算方法,并依托实际工程加以验证。结果表明:该文理论值与模拟值和监测值均拟合良好,该文计算方法具有良好的工程适用性,可为盾构隧道工程及其类似工程中注浆荷载作用下管片偏移及错台问题提供有效的理论指导。

不均匀卵石持力层桩端后注浆效果试验研究

我国东南沿海尤其是温州地区广泛存在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的地层。该区域的钻孔灌注桩常采用后注浆技术改善其承载性能。为了评价后注浆技术对这类地层中灌注桩承载力改善效果,开展了相应的模型试验,对比了不同注浆量对桩承载力的影响程度;并结合扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)试验分析了浆液分布特点,探讨了浆液在卵石层中的扩散范围,研究了浆液扩散范围与桩承载力之间的关系。结果表明:浆液能够有效地填充桩端卵石层,注浆量的增加使得填充范围扩大,填充范围为3~4倍桩径时,桩的承载力改善最显著。在不均匀卵石持力层中存在一个最优注浆量,最优归一化注浆量约为2.8,若超过该最优注浆量归一化值,桩的承载力不再显著提高。单桩模型试验确定的最优注浆量与刘金砺公式[1]的预测结果接近。扫描电镜技术有助于评价桩的后注浆技术在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的土层中的效果。

过断层压气储能巷道围岩变形特征与支护优化

目的为解决断层附近储气巷道围岩变形不协调、在储气循环荷载作用下易发生损伤失稳的问题。方法采用FLAC3D建立数值模型,基于淮南潘一矿第一水平西翼轨道石门实际地质条件和原有支护方案,分别开展单一内压荷载作用和循环荷载作用下,储气巷道穿越Fe3正断层附近区域围岩变形破坏特征与支护方案优化模拟分析,针对该区域提出注浆加固方案,并通过数值模拟方法对注浆效果进行考察。结果随着内部储气上限压力的增大,储气库围岩变形加剧。尤其穿越破碎带区域,在循环荷载作用下,围岩累积损伤导致储气巷道极限承载能力大幅度降低,位移增加显著,成为潜在破坏区。注浆后巷道围岩顶底板及两帮位移量明显降低,对储气巷道围岩稳定性具有良好的控制作用。结论研究结果可指导破碎区域注浆加固提高储气巷道内压上限,为同类高压储气巷道的稳定性和安全性提供参考。

压弯剪扭复合作用下灌浆套筒装配式RC墩的抗震性能

随着城市交通的快速发展,对其建设要求越来越高,城市桥梁主要为匝道桥、斜交桥等非规则桥梁.为得到压弯剪扭等复合地震作用下装配式墩的损伤机理和滞回特性,进行了灌浆套筒连接(Grouting Sleeve,GS)、灌浆套筒和钢管混凝土剪力键组合连接(Grouting Sleeve and Steel-tube,GSS)装配式墩和钢筋混凝土现浇(Reinforced Concrete,RC)墩等三种桥墩在压弯剪扭复合作用下的拟静力试验.结合现有混凝土结构设计规范计算剪扭相关曲线,并与试验结果进行对比,分析装配式墩复合荷载作用下的剪扭承载能力.结果表明:GS构件与RC构件以压弯扭破坏为主,而插入钢管剪力键的GSS构件则发生塑性铰上移,呈现出剪扭破坏的特征.GS构件和RC构件具有较好的弯曲耗能能力,增加钢管剪力键的GSS构件则可以提升抗弯承载力.装配式墩接头导致其整体性较弱,GS构件和GSS构件抗扭承载力小于RC构件.各构件在复合荷载作用下的剪扭相关关系接近规范中的1/4圆理论曲线,研究结果可以为灌浆套筒连接装配式墩在压弯剪扭复合作用下的抗震性能分析提供参考.

反复荷载作用下含缺陷灌浆套筒约束应力及钢筋黏结强度的预测模型

为建立地震反复荷载作用下含缺陷灌浆套筒内部灌浆料与钢筋之间黏结强度的预测模型,对套筒的约束体系进行了分析,并根据缺陷的影响机理对缺陷进行了分类;设计了含缺陷的灌浆套筒试件并对其进行了低周反复加载试验研究,得到了含缺陷灌浆套筒约束应力的数学表达式,结合数学表达式建立了含缺陷灌浆料极限黏结强度的预测模型,通过与试验结果对比验证了预测模型的正确性。结果表明:缺陷导致的套筒约束体系失衡是造成套筒黏结性能劣化的重要原因,集中于一侧的缺陷会诱发套筒约束体系的失衡,因此对黏结性能的劣化影响相较于均匀分散的缺陷而言更为显著;随着缺陷率的增大,试件的失效模式从钢筋拉断向钢筋拔出转变;当含缺陷套筒的约束体系基本平衡时,出现钢筋拔出破坏的界限缺陷率约为30%;当缺陷导致套筒约束体系严重失衡时,出现钢筋拔出破坏的界限缺陷率仅为20%;灌浆端是套筒约束作用率先失效的薄弱部位,因此相较机械端出现的缺陷而言,在灌浆端出现的缺陷更容易诱发连接失效;该预测模型可为含缺陷灌浆套筒在地震区的性能评估提供理论参考依据。

印尼软土地区后注浆钻孔灌注桩现场试验研究

后注浆钻孔灌注桩在软土地区工程中应用广泛,但对后注浆灌注桩承载特性的理论研究仍滞后于工程实践。依托印尼软土地区某工程,开展不同桩长普通钻孔灌注桩和后注浆钻孔灌注桩的现场试验。结果表明,后注浆钻孔灌注桩极限承载力是同条件下普通钻孔灌注桩的1.20~1.26倍,后注浆灌注桩的回弹率和弹性变形相应增加;研究区地质条件下后注浆水泥浆液上返高度约为12.4~13.8 m,桩端以下水泥浆下渗深度约为1.3~2.1 m(约为桩径的1.6~2.6倍);后注浆灌注桩水泥浆上返高度以下桩侧和桩端以下岩土层的标贯击数较压浆前均显著提高,后注浆导致的桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力的提高是钻孔灌注桩承载性能提高的主要因素。研究成果对指导印尼软土地区后注浆设计和施工具有一定的借鉴意义。

后注浆技术在港口工程中的应用及桩基承载力研究

后注浆技术在国内土建领域应用广泛,但在港口工程尤其是海外港口工程中少有应用先例,对后注浆的适应条件和技术参数也缺乏经验参考。结合西非某码头工程,介绍泻湖水域复杂地质条件下的灌注桩后注浆技术的施工工艺和技术参数,探讨后注浆的适应条件和加固效果。结合静载试验,对注浆前后的桩侧、桩端承载力进行研究,并与理论计算值进行对比。结果表明,采用后注浆技术可有效提高桩基承载力但具有一定的适应条件,可为类似港口工程的桩基设计提供参考。

基于双荷载箱自平衡法的黄土地区桩基承载特性试验研究

为探究双荷载箱自平衡法在黄土地区的适用性,以陕西地区某城市立交工程2根抗压试桩为研究对象,对桩基竖向承载力进行检测,分析了桩底压浆前、后桩基承载力的提升程度及组成差异,并从桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力及桩端阻力3个方面对荷载传递规律进行研究。结果表明:压浆后桩基极限承载力相较于压浆前提升了51.74%,其中桩端阻力值增加到压浆前的2.5倍,且占桩基承载力的比重明显增大;双荷载箱自平衡试验中,桩身轴力在上荷载箱处产生并达到最大值,向桩顶和桩底逐渐衰减,轴力向下衰减速率明显更快;桩侧摩阻力由上荷载箱处开始发挥,沿桩身传递过程中,由于桩土相对位移逐渐减小,最终衰减至最小值;下部桩身桩端反力-位移曲线与传统静载试验的荷载-位移曲线类似,但两者桩周土应力场存在差异。

大断面类矩形顶管注浆压力对管节损伤的影响分析

为探究大断面矩形顶管注浆压力波动及其控制边界难以确定的实际问题,依托南京某大断面类矩形顶管工程,借助理论分析、工程类比和数值模拟等方法,研究了顶板和侧壁局部憋压工况下,大断面类矩形管节结构的变形和损伤机制。通过分析矩形顶管管节受力特征,计算了大断面类矩形管节承受的外荷载,并采用ABAQUS有限元数值模拟软件内置的混凝土损伤塑性模型进行数值建模,研究不同注浆压力作用下钢筋混凝土管节损伤演化机制。结果表明:(1)注浆荷载作为可变荷载,对管节受力有明显影响,应将注浆压力纳入管节设计环节;(2)针对该工程,其理论注浆压力为0.311 MPa,考虑抑制背土效应的需要,应适当提高注浆压力,但必须控制在合理范围内;(3)从损伤演化的角度来看,注浆荷载达到0.6 MPa时,管节顶板的拉伸损伤已达到较高水平,因此,将0.6 MPa作为该工程的注浆压力预警指标,而0.9 MPa应作为注浆压力的控制指标。

第三系半成岩富水砂岩隧道水平高压旋喷桩复合结构超前预加固研究

在诸如第三系半成岩地层等富水软弱均质地层的隧道建设中,常采用水平高压旋喷桩进行洞内超前预加固,但水平旋喷桩往往因自身抗拉强度低在承受较大荷载时容易发生断裂破坏。依托云南临沧至清水河高速公路王家寨隧道工程,提出了一种在桩体内插入小直径钢管的水平高压旋喷复合结构。通过力学理论分析、数值模拟与现场监测,对比分析了水平高压旋喷桩素桩与复合结构的力学机制与对围岩加固作用,并对钢管布置形式及直径进行优化设计。研究表明:在300 kPa水压下,复合结构相比素桩的挠度值降低了34.8%,最大拉应力降低了37.5%,受力模式明显改善,承受的极限水压力荷载大幅提升至700 kPa,对围岩拱顶沉降、应力也有一定削减作用;增加拱顶钢管布置密度可有效降低桩体拉应力,而减少钢管直径则会导致钢管拉应力增大;建议实际工程中拱顶间隔1根桩体布置108 mm钢管,拱肩间隔2~3根布置89 mm钢管,边墙可不设钢管。

软土地区桩端后注浆失效补救方法及效果验证

通过上海软土地区某项目桩端后注浆失效时补救的实践,提出了一种桩侧成孔埋设注浆管进行后注浆补救的施工方法,该方法包括如下步骤:(1)尽量贴近既有桩基于桩侧对称成两个补救孔,成孔时应采用下钢套管的方式控制垂直度;(2)埋设两根注浆管,一根伸入桩底、端部有带逆止功能的注浆器,称为“补救注浆管”,采用约1.0 m长度隔离材料对“补救注浆管”进行包裹,避免封孔时“补救注浆管”被堵塞;另一根底部位于隔离段以上,桩底以上1.0 m,用于封孔,称为“封孔注浆管”;(3)通过“封孔注浆管”进行水泥-水玻璃双液注浆封孔;(4)待封孔48 h后,水泥-水玻璃双液注浆加固体达到一定强度,通过“补救注浆管”进行注浆,考虑到注浆的有效性,建议补救注浆的注浆量按原设计注浆量的两倍考虑。桩基静载荷试验结果显示,通过桩侧成孔补救注浆后,桩基的单桩竖向抗压承载力不低于正常注浆桩基的单桩竖向抗压承载力。

填海造陆场地基桩竖向承载特性试验研究

为确定夯后填海造陆场地灌注桩的承载力和施工工艺,对桩侧注浆和未注浆两种不同工艺的试桩开展了现场静载试验和数值模拟。研究结果表明:尽管经过强夯处理,填土仍存在不均匀性,填土段桩身侧阻力普遍出现上大下小的现象,部分试桩甚至在填土段出现负摩阻力;桩侧注浆桩相较于未注浆桩具有显著优势,桩侧注浆能有效减少桩顶沉降;充盈系数对桩的承载力影响较大,随着充盈系数的增大,同一荷载下的桩顶沉降逐渐减小。此项研究为类似场地的桩基承载力和施工工艺设计提供了有益参考,对于我国填海造陆场区的桩基工程具有重要意义。