New Normal Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Based on Kunming statistical yearbook and field survey data of agricultural non-point source pollution in counties or districts in the Dianchi Lake basin,previous and current situation of agricultural production and agricultural non-point source pollution control in the Dianchi Lake basin were studied,and countermeasures and suggestions of comprehensive control of agricultural non-point source pollution in the basin were proposed.

The Roles of Countrywomen in Controlling Non-point Source Pollution

The main causes of non-point source pollution in Taihu Lake are the improper ways of crop production, animal husbandry, and daily runoff. The paper discusses the relationship between countrywomen and non-point source pollution control by 731 questionnaires in Weidu village and 466 questionnaires in Dapu Town. The roles of countrywomen have changed in families and they have close relationship with non-point source pollution. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility and methods of organizing countrywomen in non-point source pollution control.

Study on the Control Model of Rural Non-point Source Pollution——Taking Ninghe County in Tianjin as an Example

[Objective] The aim was to study the control model of rural non-point source pollution.[Method] Taking Ninghe County(a typical agricultural county in Tianjin) as an example,the current development of local economy and society and characteristics of rural non-point source pollution were studied firstly,then the control model of rural non-point source pollution suitable for Ninghe County was constructed,and its environmental and economic benefits were analyzed finally.[Result] According to the sources of non-point source pollution,the control model of rural non-point source pollution in Ninghe County was divided into three modules from the aspects of planting industry,livestock raising industry and rural living.The main content of non-point source pollution control module of planting industry was composed of rational utilization of chemicals,water-saving irrigation,diversified utilization of straw etc.Non-point source pollution control module of livestock raising industry focused on the site selection of farm or raising zones,choice of raising mode,comprehensive utilization of livestock waste etc.In the non-point source pollution control module of rural living,villages were divided into two types(small town and ecological village) based on various geographical positions.In a word,these three modules were interrelated and targeted for non-point source pollution control in villages under different development situations.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the rural non-point source pollution control in Hai River basin and other regions of Northern China.

Analysis on the Status of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Xinan River Basin

Taking Xinan River basin as research object,the status of agricultural non-point source pollution was analyzed based on field survey,as well as the effect of fertilizer and pesticide leaching and runoff,livestock and poultry breeding and rural domestic pollution on non-point source TN and TP.At last,some technical countermeasures of controlling non-point source pollution were put forward according to the characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in Xinan River basin.

Advances in History, Current Situation and Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Based on Kunming statistical yearbook and field survey data of agricultural non-point source pollution in counties or districts in the Dianchi Lake basin,advances in the history,current situation and control measures of agricultural non-point source pollution in the basin were summarized to provide theoretical and technical support for the thorough improvement of present situation of water pollution in the basin.

Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Drinking Water Conservation Area of the Hongfeng Lake in Guiyang City

On the basis of investigating rural population, land types, livestock and poultry breeding scale in drinking water conservation area of the Hongfeng Lake in Guiyang City, as well as the urban domestic pol utant discharge coefficient, livestock and poultry excretion coefficient, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer loss rate in the first national pollution source survey, this paper tried to explore current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution, and provide scientific support for the pollution control. The results showed that in the drinking water conservation area of the Hongfeng lake in 2013, contribution rate of pollution sources to the water pollution in the Hongfeng Lake followed the sequence "livestock and poultry breeding > rural life > farmland fertilizer". Among all agricultural non-point source pollutants, livestock and poultry breeding pollutants were major pollution sources, with a contribution rate to CODCr, TP and NH3-N in water above 50%; rural domestic pollutants were also important pollution sources, its contribution rate to CODCr and NH3-N was 43.49% and 46.69%, respectively; contribution rate of farmland fertilizer pollutants to TN and TP was 33.76% and 27.71%, respectively, higher than that of rural domestic pollutants(25.87% and 6.75%). Therefore, the control of non-point source pollution within the drinking water conservation area should be enhanced, so as to control the pollution from the source.

Removal of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollutants by Artificial Aquatic Food Web System: A Study Case of the Control of Cynobacterial Bloom in Jiyu River

An artificial aquatic food web (AAFW) system was designed to remove the non-point source pollutants in eutrophic Jiyu river. A certain amount of Scenedesmus obliquus and Daphnia pulex was cultured in the system for the control of serious cyanobacterial bloom. The AAFW system was a continuous-flow system including one storage basin of 3 m3 capacity with polluted river water (the total nitrogen-TN: 4.49 mg⋅l-1;the total phosphorus-TP: 0.192 mg⋅l-1), one phytoplankton tank of 3 m3 capacity with an initial concentrations of S. obliquus about 5.8 × 103 ind⋅l-1, and one zooplankton growth chamber of 1.5 m3 capacity with an initial abundance of D. pulex about 22.5 ind⋅l-1. The system was optimized by setting hydraulic retention time of phytoplankton tank as 5 days and the experiments were operated for 45 days. Compared with the polluted river, TN and TP were removed about 28% and 47% by the AAFW system, respectively. The biomass of phytoplankton decrease from 6.33 mg⋅l-1 to 1.48 mg⋅l-1 and the percentage of cyanobacteria decrease from 43.93% to 2.36%, the biomass of Crustacean zooplankton increase from 0.34 mg⋅l-1 to 1.53 mg⋅l-1 and the percentage of D. pulex increase from 19.19% to 57.62%. Our results indicated that the AAFW system not only is an efficient, flexible system for reducing nutrient levels in tributary rivers, but also has an ability to control the cyanobacteria bloom and rebuilding the aquatic ecosystem from the polluted river water.

我国农业面源污染研究与展望

农业面源污染会带来一定的生态环境风险。经过20多年的治理,我国面源污染基础研究和防控工作取得重要进展,构建了流域、区域或国家尺度农业面源污染源汇路径全过程监测与评估体系,基本厘清了不同生态条件下农田系统中氮磷流失的主控因子,初步探明了农田有毒有害化学/生物污染与防控机制。在防控技术层面,研发出新型、绿色肥料替代常规化肥减量投入技术与产品,氮、磷高效利用污染负荷减排技术,土壤氮、磷增容负荷减排技术,坡耕地氮磷流失阻控技术,农业废弃物资源化利用技术与消纳装备。我国农业氮、磷排放污染负荷虽整体呈下降趋势,但依然是影响我国环境质量的首要污染因子,且农业面源污染呈现新的特征,表现为养殖业尤其是水产养殖业污染问题逐渐突出,残留地膜、农药、抗生素、激素、病原微生物等新型污染物污染问题不容忽视,面源污染途径从以径流扩散为主转向淋溶、挥发、累积并重的阶段,污染介质从单一地表水体转向包括地下水体、大气以及农田生态系统并存的状态。未来应以本领域我国取得科研成果和相关信息资源为基础,利用数字技术和AI技术,构建我国农业面源污染防控技术和管理融合大数据模型和系统理论,持续加强田块、流域、区域等多尺度面源污染防控技术集成配套与工程化应用研究,培育绿色低碳农业新质生产力产业,落实防控技术工程“政—产—学—研—用”保障机制与措施,以提升区域或流域尺度面源污染防控技术的环境、经济和社会综合效益,全面推进我国农业面源污染治理工作,促进农业高质量健康发展。

河套灌区农业高效节水与面源污染防控技术

针对河套灌区水资源短缺、农业面源污染严重等问题,从不同空间尺度和治理环节入手开展灌区农业高效节水与面源污染源头防控技术研究。研发了针对污染源头的农田水肥盐药调控管理技术模式(包括除草剂残留研究与用量推荐、土壤水氮盐和作物生长对水肥管理的响应、减量膜上秋浇技术及次生盐渍化土壤微生物改良技术)、针对农田排水的富氧生态沟渠截污净化技术模式和区域尺度的面源污染空间解析识别技术,并集成构建了贯穿源头控污—过程削污—区域查污—系统调污的高效节水型农业面源污染防控技术体系。基于现状研究和新发展理念提出了河套灌区水土资源领域研究的几点认识,相关成果为河套灌区高质量发展提供了重要支撑,对同类型灌区具有重要借鉴意义。

整建制全要素全链条农业面源污染综合防治的思考及实践

加强农业面源污染综合防治是加快推进中国农业发展全面绿色转型,实现乡村全面振兴的重要任务。近年来,在多方的共同努力下,中国生态环境改善取得了一定成效,但重点流域的农业面源污染问题仍然突出。该研究在分析中国农业面源污染现状的基础上,通过资料收集、现场调研、专家座谈等多种方式梳理和分析了农业面源污染综合防治在治理主体、投入要素、技术体系与产业链条方面的瓶颈,解析了整建制全要素全链条农业面源污染综合防治的内涵,阐述了国家农业绿色发展先行区浙江平湖在践行整建制全要素全链条农业面源污染综合防治方面的先进做法及应用效果。总结了典型案例在网格化健全污染综合防治“整建制”、特色化延伸综合防治“全链条”、以及全方位保障污染综合防治“全要素”三个方面开展的相关工作,以期为探索形成农业面源污染综合防治整体解决方案,示范带动农业发展全面绿色转型提供支撑。

鄱阳湖流域南昌湖区农业面源污染现状及控制策略

农业面源污染治理是我国“十四五”重点流域水环境综合治理中的重要组成部分,为了解析鄱阳湖流域农业面源污染特征与时空分布情况,推进区域内农业面源污染治理工作的落实开展,以鄱阳湖流域南昌湖区为研究对象,通过资料收集、实地考察以及数据分析等方法,系统地统计了2020年度鄱阳湖流域南昌湖区五大国控断面汇水区域内的农村生活污水、农业种植、畜禽养殖、水产养殖四大农业面源污染产生的入湖污染负荷,分析了南昌湖区不同农业面源类型污染特征以及入湖污染物的空间分布情况。结果表明:农村生活污水污染主要集中在青岚湖、金溪咀刘家和伍湖分场3个国控断面汇水区域,农业种植面源污染主要集中于青岚湖国控断面汇水区域,畜禽养殖污染绝大部分集中在青岚湖、金溪咀刘家国控断面汇水区域,水产养殖污染主要集中在金溪咀刘家、南矶山国控断面汇水区域;其中青岚湖和金溪咀刘家区域内的农业面源污染是南昌湖区亟需治理的重点,COD、NH_(4)^(+)-N、TN、TP产生量分别占据5个国控断面农业面源污染总量的78.6%、66.7%、70.9%和69.0%。

湖南省农业面源污染风险等级区划及防治对策

为全面掌握湖南省农业面源污染状况,探讨农业面源污染风险等级区划及防治对策,本研究运用等标污染负荷法和GIS空间分析法,基于单位国土面积等标污染负荷和单位地表径流等标污染负荷对湖南省2018—2021年农业面源的污染源、污染物及其空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:湖南省农业面源TN污染负荷最高,2018—2020年贡献率均在40%以上。污染负荷总体呈中部高、向四周逐渐降低的分布趋势。通过自然间断点分级法可将全省分为高、中、低风险区3个一级分区,根据污染来源,将全省划分为畜禽养殖污染型、农村生活污水污染型、农村生活污水-畜禽养殖污染型、农村生活污水-种植污染型、种植-畜禽养殖污染型、复合污染型6种污染类型,形成14个二级分区,并根据不同区划类型提出了湖南省农业面源污染的防治对策。

基于暴雨管理模型的长江流域丘陵城镇面源污染控制方案效果评估

随着我国长江流域城镇工业源和生活源污染控制的持续加强,面源污染贡献率明显增加,利用相关技术组合有效控制城镇面源负荷,已经成为长江流域城镇控制污染负荷和提升水体生态环境质量的主要内容。为探讨面源污染控制技术设施对长江流域丘陵地区城镇降雨径流降污减量的效果,以重庆市永川区新城区内某区域作为研究对象进行汇水区概化,并对其构建暴雨管理模型(SWMM)和进行参数确定及验证,采用该模型模拟透水铺装、绿色屋顶、雨水花园和下凹式绿地4种单项技术设施方案及其9种组合设施方案对研究区域降雨径流总量及污染物(包括SS、COD、TN、NH_(3)-N和TP)负荷削减情况;并采用基于群决策的层次分析法,从效益-经济-技术3个角度综合评估各种组合控制方案对降雨径流水量水质控制效果。结果表明:所构建的研究区SWMM模型的水文、水力参数率定结果误差小于1%,水质参数率定结果纳什效率系数均在0.7以上且误差平方均值(B%MSSE指数)接近于0,实现了模型参数本土化;在各降雨重现期下,4种单项技术设施方案中透水铺装对径流量和污染物负荷控制效果最优;基于效益-经济-技术3个角度综合评估组合方案,确定方案P7为研究区域面源污染削减最佳组合方案,即布设面积比例为35%透水铺装、30%绿色屋顶、7%雨水花园和30%下凹式绿地,其径流总量削减率达到29.4%,SS、COD、TN、NH_(3)-N和TP负荷削减率分别达到36.2%、35.1%、35.1%、30.6%和32.2%。

内蒙古河套灌区农田排水污染特征及防控措施

内蒙古河套灌区农田排水引起的面源污染是乌梁素海的首要污染源,具有独特的污染特征及产排路径。通过文献查阅和现场调查,总结了河套灌区灌排系统和制度现状,分析了农田排水污染特征,明确了农田排水污染物的产排路径,并基于农田排水污染的影响因素提出了具体的防控措施。结果显示:1)河套灌区排水系统在农田排水污染物输送方面发挥着至关重要的作用,但近年来排水功能逐渐减弱;2)河套灌区非生长期灌溉用水量占全年用水量的55%~60%,其中每年秋浇洗盐用水量占全年灌溉用水量的1/3,灌溉水资源利用率较低;3)农田排水中化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮等污染物来自河套灌区内部,秋浇期面源污染风险最高;4)河套灌区农业生产活动主要以氮素污染为主,氮素通过土壤下渗并随浅层地下水迁移排放;5)河套灌区灌溉制度、农田内排水过程、排水沟外排水过程是农田排水污染的主要影响因素。针对河套灌区农田排水污染特征、产排路径以及主要影响因素,建议因地制宜采取措施构建综合治理模式,如源头水分调控、排水沟优化以及生态系统过程拦截,以改善乌梁素海流域的水环境。

中国化肥面源污染的时空特征及其影响因素——基于1997—2020年的省级面板数据

化肥面源污染问题关系着农业绿色发展和乡村生态振兴。利用1997—2020年省级面板数据,在测算化肥面源污染排放强度的基础上,运用Kernel密度估计、马尔科夫链分析、泰尔指数以及双向固定效应模型等方法,探究中国化肥面源污染的时空特征与影响因素。结果表明,中国化肥面源污染的排放强度呈先升后降的变化态势,以2015年为分界点,污染排放强度向低水平转移的趋势逐渐显现,但仍具有维持原有类型的稳定性,难以实现跨越式降低。样本期内化肥面源污染排放强度表现出“东高西低、南高北低”的空间分布格局,且区域内差异是总体差异的主要来源。财政支农水平、农业经济增长水平及农村人力资本等9项因素影响化肥面源污染排放强度。因此,既应制定差异化的污染治理措施,又要加强省份间的污染治理合作,还需拓展化肥减量增效路径,大力推进农业发展全面绿色转型。

河南省农业面源污染负荷估算及控制分区

农业面源污染问题是造成水环境污染的重要原因之一,识别农业面源污染空间分布并进行分区控制是农业面源污染防治的前提。运用清单分析法、等标污染负荷法和聚类分析法对河南省2020年农业面源的污染源、污染物及其空间分布特征进行分析。结果如下:1)河南省农业面源主要污染源为化肥施用和畜禽养殖,污染物COD排放量最大,南阳市排放总量最高;河南省农业面源污染呈较强的区域分异特征,化肥施用污染主要集中在周口市,畜禽养殖以南阳市为最严重;总等标污染指数最高为濮阳市。2)通过聚类分析将河南省划分3个一级面源污染控制分区:高度、中度和轻度风险区,并在此基础上细分为7个二级面源污染控制分区,并针对性地给出了河南省农业面源的防治对策,为河南省农业面源污染的分类管控提供参考依据。

河南省氮素农业面源污染风险评价与关键管控区识别

农业面源污染是我国水环境保护面临的重要问题,风险评价对于农业面源污染防治具有重要意义。本研究以河南省为研究区域,采用层次分析法的分级赋值方法,基于熵值法和专家打分确定各影响因子权重,构建河南省氮素农业面源污染风险多因子综合评价模型,计算河南省氮素农业面源污染风险指数并在流域尺度上进行验证,划分氮素农业面源污染的风险等级并识别关键管控区。结果表明:种植源、养殖源和生活源分别贡献河南省31.52%、38.47%和30.01%的氮素流失负荷,流失负荷呈现为西低,中、东部高的特点。河南省有39 429 km^(2)的区域存在中风险,约占河南省总面积的23.61%,有17 318 km^(2)的区域存在高风险,约占总面积的10.37%;划定距河流2 km以内的中、高风险区为一般管控区和重点管控区,面积分别为10 982 km^(2)和9 285 km^(2)。通过与同期水质自动监测数据进行相关分析,决定系数为0.82,表明模型模拟结果具有较高的精准度。综合结果表明,建立的多因子综合评价模型具有科学性和准确性,可用于氮素农业面源污染风险的识别。

巢湖流域小城镇面源污染湿地净化技术工程设计及应用

巢湖作为全国水污染重点防治的“三河三湖”之一,城镇面源污染已成为其重要污染源。为治理流域面源污染并优化工程费效比,以槐林镇新建人工湿地为例,提出“前置生态塘+表流人工湿地”组合工艺。通过多水塘活水链技术、地形改造和植物种植等工程措施,构建丰富多样的水生态系统。工程建设有效湿地面积2.2万m^(2),日处理水量2000m^(3),年去除COD总量可达16.6t,NH_(3)-N总量2t,TP总量0.64t,有效截流了初雨,净化石茨河上游来水,削减槐林镇面源污染,改善了入巢湖水质。工程实施实现了生态修复、水质净化和景观效果提升,工程造价优化成效显著。

农业面源污染治理问题及对策建议

农业污染是环境污染的重要来源,农业生产中农药、化肥等过量施用,秸秆乱烧,地膜乱弃,禽畜粪便乱堆等对环境造成了严重污染。该文对农业污染来源及防控过程中存在的问题进行解析,并结合问题提出对策和建议。

国外农业面源污染防治法律制度研究及其对我国的启示

保护、改善生态环境就是保护和发展生产力,我国农业生态环境给农业生产带来巨大影响,我国农业面源污染长期面临严峻挑战。西方发达国家在农业面源污染防范、治理和救济方面比我国起步更早,技术水平更高,立法探索更多,出现了诸多可靠的法律法规和成功经验。他山之石,可以攻玉。我国应合理借鉴吸收它们的优秀成果和合理成分,为逐步减轻和消除我国农业面源污染,保护发展农业生产力提供法律支持和技术规范。