ST-LSTM-SA:A New Ocean Sound Velocity Field Prediction Model Based on Deep Learning

The scarcity of in-situ ocean observations poses a challenge for real-time information acquisition in the ocean.Among the crucial hydroacoustic environmental parameters,ocean sound velocity exhibits significant spatial and temporal variability and it is highly relevant to oceanic research.In this study,we propose a new data-driven approach,leveraging deep learning techniques,for the prediction of sound velocity fields(SVFs).Our novel spatiotemporal prediction model,STLSTM-SA,combines Spatiotemporal Long Short-Term Memory(ST-LSTM) with a self-attention mechanism to enable accurate and real-time prediction of SVFs.To circumvent the limited amount of observational data,we employ transfer learning by first training the model using reanalysis datasets,followed by fine-tuning it using in-situ analysis data to obtain the final prediction model.By utilizing the historical 12-month SVFs as input,our model predicts the SVFs for the subsequent three months.We compare the performance of five models:Artificial Neural Networks(ANN),Long ShortTerm Memory(LSTM),Convolutional LSTM(ConvLSTM),ST-LSTM,and our proposed ST-LSTM-SA model in a test experiment spanning 2019 to 2022.Our results demonstrate that the ST-LSTM-SA model significantly improves the prediction accuracy and stability of sound velocity in both temporal and spatial dimensions.The ST-LSTM-SA model not only accurately predicts the ocean sound velocity field(SVF),but also provides valuable insights for spatiotemporal prediction of other oceanic environmental variables.

Flow and sound fields of scaled high-speed trains with different coach numbers running in long tunnel

Segregated incompressible large eddy simulation and acoustic perturbation equations were used to obtain the flow field and sound field of 1:25 scale trains with three,six and eight coaches in a long tunnel,and the aerodynamic results were verified by wind tunnel test with the same scale two-coach train model.Time-averaged drag coefficients of the head coach of three trains are similar,but at the tail coach of the multi-group trains it is much larger than that of the three-coach train.The eight-coach train presents the largest increment from the head coach to the tail coach in the standard deviation(STD)of aerodynamic force coefficients:0.0110 for drag coefficient(Cd),0.0198 for lift coefficient(Cl)and 0.0371 for side coef-ficient(Cs).Total sound pressure level at the bottom of multi-group trains presents a significant streamwise increase,which is different from the three-coach train.Tunnel walls affect the acoustic distribution at the bottom,only after the coach number reaches a certain value,and the streamwise increase in the sound pressure fluctuation of multi-group trains is strengthened by coach number.Fourier transform of the turbulent and sound pressures presents that coach number has little influence on the peak frequencies,but increases the sound pressure level values at the tail bogie cavities.Furthermore,different from the turbulent pressure,the first two sound pressure proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)modes in the bogie cavities contain 90%of the total energy,and the spatial distributions indicate that the acoustic distributions in the head and tail bogies are not related to coach number.

The diffracted sound field from the transition region of an axisymmetric body in water

Understanding the physical features of the diffracted sound field on the surface of an axisymmetric body is important for predicting the self-noise of a sonar mounted on an underwater platform. The diffracted sound field from the transition region of an axisymmetric body was calculated by the geometrical theory of diffraction. The diffraction ray between the source point and the receiving point on the surface of an axisymmetric body was calculated by using the dynamic programming method. Based on the diffracted sound field, a simulation scheme for the noise correlation of the conformal array was presented. It was shown that the normalized pressure of the diffracted sound field from the transition region reduced with the increases of the frequency and the curvature of the ray. The flow noises of two models were compared and a rather optimum fore-body geometric shape was given. Furthermore, it was shown that the correlation of the flow noise in the low frequencies was stronger than that in the high frequencies. And the flow noise received by the acoustic array on the curved surface had a stronger correlation than that on the head plane at the designed center frequency, which is important for sonar system design.

High-stability electrostatic field micro sensor for sounding thunderstorm applications

In this paper,the design and experimental results for a novel high-stability sounding electrostatic field micro sensor are presented.By means of hermetic chip sealing,digital weak signal demodulation unit,and probe sensor structure design,harsh environmental adaptation problems such as low temperature,high humidity,low air pressure,waterfall are solved.The sensor has a high resolution of 14 V/m,a wide measurement range of±100 kV/m,and is proved to have superior stability and performance in sounding electric field experiments than traditional sensors under different kinds of weather.

A Sound Field Separation and Reconstruction Technique Based on Reciprocity Theorem and Fourier Transform

We show a method to separate the sound field radiated by a signal source from the sound field radiated by noise sources and to reconstruct the sound field radiated by the signal source. The proposed method is based on reciprocity theorem and the Fourier transform. Both the sound field and its gradient on a measurement surface are needed in the method. Evanescent waves are considered in the method, which ensures a high resolution reconstruction in the near field region of the signal source when evanescent waves can be measured. A simulation is given to verify the method and the influence of measurement noise on the method is discussed.

Theoretical and Experimental Research on the Sound Field in A Finite Duct

Based upon the theoretical analysis of the sound field in a finite duct and the spatialsampling principle,this paper applies the adaptive filtering technique to the measurement of thesound field in the duct with the distribution patterns of standing waves in the direction of thewaveguide and high—order wavefront on the cross section of the duct measured and the acousticmode theory proved by experimental results.

An Investigation on Feasibility of Pure Tone Sound Field Audiometry

It′s generally believed that the appropriate stimuli for sound field tests are warble tones and narrow band noise, while pure tone can only be a signal used in the free field and earphone listening conditions. In this study, we take a measurement of sound pressure distribution, sound field variability, and effects of frequency shifting on sound pressure levels (SPLs) at reference points of pure tone in an audiometric test room. It was found that the pure tone SPLs were also distributed uniformly at some sound field areas although it was not so well as warble tones. This indicated that the test results were relatively stable to head movement and/or frequency shifting in those regions, which was confirmed by the clinical measurements on 20 subjects with severe sensorineural hearing loss. Our study concluded that pure tones could also be suitable for sound field audiometry if subjects were seated at a proper location on the basis of the sound field calibrations.

Aerodynamic Sound and Flow Field Generated from Combinational Inclined Tapered Cylinder

This study deals with the aerodynamic sound, especially the Aeolian tone. One of the problems with the aerodynamic sound, noise reduction along a railway line is significant engineering issue for further speed-up of a high-speed train. In particular, a pantograph is one of the main aerodynamic noise sources of a high-speed train. As one of the methods for the aerodynamic noise reduction, this study proposes the tapered cylinder by a pantograph. In this paper, the aerodynamic sound and the wake flow of the combinational inclined circular cylinder and tapered cylinder are experimentally and numerically investigated in knuckle upstream and knuckle downstream. Also, we suggest that the surface of grooves such as wood grain interacts with the aerodynamic sound generated from the model. Here, it is considered that the comparison of aerodynamic sound between the model with grooves and without grooves. Consequently, reduction of the maximum aerodynamic sound is possible for the tapered cylinder in the case of knuckle downstream. Furthermore, the noise reduction method is effective that the model surface with grooves such as wood grain.

Wave Superposition Based Sound Field Reconstruction

In order to overcome the obstacle of singular integral in boundary element method （BEM）, we presented an efficient sound field reconstruction technique based on the wave superposition method （WSM）. Its principle includes three steps： first, the sound pressure field of an arbitrary shaped radiator is measured with a microphone array; then, the exterior sound field of the radiator is computed backward and forward using the WSM; at last, the final results are visualized in terms of sound pressure contours or animations. With these visualized contours or animations, noise sources can be easily located and quantified; also noise transmission path can be found out. By numerical simulation and experimental results, we proved that the technique are suitable and accurate for sound field reconstruction. In addition, we presented a sound field reconstruction systern prototype on the basis of this technique. It makes a foundation for the application of wave superposition in the sound field reconstruction in industry situations.

A simple algorithm to calculate the pulsed sound field of a wide-band linear phased array

A simple algorithm using an impulse response for a rectangular piston element is discussed. The impulse response of linear phased array is obtained hv stumming the impulse responses of rectangular piston elements with different delay times. The output response of the linear wide-band array is equal to the convolution of impulse response functions with wide-band pulse exeiting signal. Sound field distributions and impulse responses of three kinds of transducers are compared. The results can be used to optimize the parameters of the linear phased array transducers used in uhrasonie imaging in nondestructive testing （NDT）.

Extension of sound field reconstruction based on element radiation superposition method in a sparsity framework

Nearfield acoustic holography(NAH)is a powerful tool for realizing source identification and sound field reconstruction.The wave superposition(WS)-based NAH is appropriate for the spatially extended sources and does not require the complex numerical integrals.Equivalent source method(ESM),as a classical WS approach,is widely used due to its simplicity and efficiency.In the ESM,a virtual source surface is introduced,on which the virtual point sources are taken as the assumed sources,and an optimal retreat distance needs to be considered.A newly proposed WS-based approach,the element radiation superposition method(ERSM),uses piston surface source as the assumed source with no need to choose a virtual source surface.To satisfy the application conditions of piston pressure formula,the sizes of pistons are assumed to be as small as possible,which results in a large number of pistons and sampling points.In this paper,transfer matrix modes(TMMs),which are composed of the singular vectors of the vibro-acoustic transfer matrix,are used as the sparse basis of piston normal velocities.Then,the compressive ERSM based on TMMs is proposed.Compared with the conventional ERSM,the proposed method maintains a good pressure reconstruction when the number of sampling points and pistons are both reduced.Besides,the proposed method is compared with the compressive ESM in a mathematical sense.Both simulations and experiments for a rectangular plate demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method over the existing methods.

Improvement of Low-Frequency Sound Field Obtained by an Optimized Boundary

An approach based on the finite element analysis was introduced to improve low-frequency sound field. The optimized scatters on the wall redistribute the modes of the room and provide effective diffusion of sound field. The obtained through a 1：5 scaled set up. The results show that the optimized treatment has a positive effect on sound field and the improvement is obvious.

A Novel Algorithm for the Sound Field of Rectangular-Shaped Transducers

An alternative extension to the Gaussian-beam expansion technique is provided to simplify the computation of the ~esnel field integral for rectangular symmetric sources. From a known result that the circle or rectangle function is approximately decomposed into a sum of Gaussian functions, the cosine function is similarly expanded by the Bessel Fourier transform. Two expansions are together inserted in this field integral, it is then expressible in terms of the simple algebraic functions. As examples, the numerical results for the sound pressure field are presented for the uniform rectangular piston transducer, in a good agreement with those directly evaluated from the Fresnel integral. A wide applicability of this approach is discussed in treatment of the ultrasonic field radiation problem for a large and important group of piston sources in acoustics.

Experimental Validation and Application of a Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing Model on Sound Field Optimization

In safety dominant industries, nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is crucial in quality assurance and assessment. Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) as one of the NDE methods is more promising compared with conventional ultrasonic testing (UT) method in terms of inspection speed and flexibility. To incorporate PAUT, the techniques should be qualified, which traditionally is performed by extensive physical experiments. However, with the development of numerical models simulating UT method, it is expected to complement or partly replace the experiments with the intention to reduce costs and operational uncertainties. The models should be validated to ensure its consistency to reality. This validation work can be done by comparing the model with other validated models or corresponding experiments. The purpose of current work focuses on the experimental validation of a numerical model, simSUNDT, developed by the Chalmers University of Technology. Validation is conducted by comparing different data presentations (A-, B- and C-scan) from experimental and simulated results with some well-defined artificial defects. Satisfactory correlations can be observed from the comparisons. After the validation, sound field optimization work aiming at retrieving maximized echo amplitude on a certain defect can be started using the model. This also reveals the flexibility of parametric studies using simulation models.

结构声源浅海辐射声场计算及特性研究

针对浅海环境影响噪声测量准确性的问题,本文开展水下航行器类结构声源在浅海环境下辐射声场计算及特性研究。基于联合有限元等效源法与声传播模型相结合的方法建立结构声源在浅海环境下辐射声场计算模型,对该模型进行改进以提升计算效率,并对其有效性进行验证。分析声源频率、海水深度、潜深及声速剖面等因素对结构声源与点源辐射声场的影响。结果表明:在近距离处,结构声源的辐射声场与点源相比更为复杂,但随着距离的增加,二者有一定的相似性。声源在高频段的辐射声场相较低频段更为复杂。随着声源与界面距离的增加,在近距离处的声场分布接近于自由场中的声场分布。声速剖面在近距离处对声场影响较小,但随着距离的增加,影响逐渐增大。

主动回波控制的阵列布局设计与优化

针对水下航行器覆盖层厘米级厚度与米级低频探测波长的尺度矛盾难题,通过超磁致伸缩换能器次级发射阵元研制及发射单元表面构型优化,基于相控阵的主动回波控制方法开展水下大试样主动回波控制效果的仿真评估。通过声学有限元模型数值仿真与大型压力消声水罐中的试验数据对比,验证空间声场中3个位置的声压级与声压云图,并研究不同阵列布局在300~2000 Hz的低频带范围内6个频率点的声场一致性。研究结果表明:频率越高,形成的平面声场一致性越差;以方盘为阵元的阵列形成的平面声场一致性优于圆盘阵列;最优阵列布局可在10 m后形成较好的平面声场,配合发射单元的最优构型进一步改善主动回波控制下的声场均匀程度,以达到更好的控制效果。

相控型圆管换能器产生螺旋声场的仿真与实验分析

声呐系统进行水下导航及目标探测时,需要大规模布阵形成换能器阵列来实现,所需硬件以及信号处理的复杂度较高。而在螺旋声场中,由于方位角和声压相位角是线性对应的关系,所以仅由一个螺旋信标就能实现对水下目标的探测。因此,该文设计了一种能够产生螺旋声场的圆管换能器,通过有限元软件仿真,证明了该圆管换能器可以产生螺旋声场。在此基础上,进行水池实验对螺旋声场的性质进行了验证,为进一步设计出用于水下导航以及目标探测的声呐系统打下了基础。

一种精细化声速场分步构建方法

海洋环境监测、水下导航定位都需要准确的声速场信息,而声速场的构建面临分辨率与工作范围、时空尺度与数据之间的矛盾,导致无法反映准确的声速变化。为此,本文将声速场分为大尺度时空分辨率较低的背景场和小尺度时空分辨率较高的扰动场,提出一种精细化声速场分步构建方法。首先,通过Argo声速剖面数据,基于经验正交函数构建声速长时间物理空间变化的背景场;然后,通过实测声速剖面数据,基于人工蜂群优化BP神经网络构建声速瞬时动态变化的扰动场;最后,将背景场与扰动场结合构建精确的声速场模型,反映完整的声速变化信息。本文基于该方法构建了南海局部区域600 m水深的声速场,结果表明,该方法能够建立高精度的声速场,其预测精度可达到1.038 m·s^(-1)。

井下前视成像超声阵列换能器设计

针对井下前视成像问题,设计了一种井下前视成像超声阵列换能器。换能器由平面圆环形阵列与凹面聚焦声学透镜组合而成,通过相控阵发射聚焦声束并控制声束旋转扫描,在阵元数相对较少的前提下实现了井孔前视方向的声束覆盖探测以及图像获取。推导了换能器的空间声场,仿真分析了换能器的声场特性及相关参数对换能器聚焦性能的影响,并据此确定了换能器的各项参数并试制出井下前视成像换能器。实验测试换能器的声场并进行了初步的成像实验,结果表明,换能器的实测声场与仿真结果基本符合,所得前视图像可以反映障碍物的形状和位置信息。

车内声场分区控制算法研究综述

在汽车智能化进程中,车内声场分区控制技术在提升用户座舱的声学体验方面起着重要作用。本文对车内声场分区控制算法及应用进行了全面综述。首先介绍了该技术的提出背景和理论基础;然后深入分析了各类声场分区控制算法的发展脉络、控制原理及算法特点;最后基于现有研究进展,展望了声场分区控制技术在提高重放精度、算法鲁棒性以及声场均匀分布等方面的发展潜力,并探讨了限制该技术在车内广泛应用的一系列问题及解决方法。本综述旨在为车内声场分区控制的进一步研究提供参考,进而推动该技术在汽车领域的广泛应用。