Casson fluid-mediated hybrid nanofluids are more effective at transferring heat than traditional heat transfer fluids in terms of thermal conductivity.Heat exchangers,cooling systems and other thermal management syste...Casson fluid-mediated hybrid nanofluids are more effective at transferring heat than traditional heat transfer fluids in terms of thermal conductivity.Heat exchangers,cooling systems and other thermal management systems are ideal for use with Casson fluids.Precise control of the flow and release of medication is necessary when using Casson fluids in drug delivery systems because of their unique rheological properties.Nanotechnology involves the creation of nanoparticles that are loaded with drugs and distributed in Casson fluid-based carriers for targeted delivery.In this study,to create a hybrid nanofluid,both single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)and multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)are dispersed in a Casson fluid with Fourier’s and Fick’s laws assumptions.The Casson fluid is suitable for various engineering and medical applications due to the enhancement of heat transfer and thermal conductivity by the carbon nanotubes.Our objective is to understand how SWCNTs and MWCNTs impact the flow field by studying the flow behavior of the Casson hybrid nanofluid when it is stretched against a Riga plate.The Darcy-Forchheimer model is also used to account for the impact of the porous medium near the stretching plate.Both linear and quadratic drag terms are taken into account in this model to accurately predict the flow behavior of the nanofluid.In addition,the homotopy analysis method is utilized to address the model problem.The outcomes are discussed and deliberated based on drug delivery applications.These findings shed valuable light on the flow characteristics of a Casson hybrid nanofluid comprising SWCNTs and MWCNTs.It is observed that the incorporation of carbon nanotubes makes the nanofluid a promising candidate for medical applications due to its improved heat transfer properties.展开更多
The Chayong Cu-polymetallic deposit is a recently discovered Cu-polymetallic deposit hosted in the Sanjiang Metallogenic Belt within the Tibetan Plateau of China to the northeast of the North Qiangtang terrane.The ore...The Chayong Cu-polymetallic deposit is a recently discovered Cu-polymetallic deposit hosted in the Sanjiang Metallogenic Belt within the Tibetan Plateau of China to the northeast of the North Qiangtang terrane.The ore body occurs in siltstone and is controlled by a northwest-trending fault structure.According to the associations,assemblages,and cutting relationships between ore veins,the hydrothermal mineralization period can be divided into three mineralization stages:(1)a molybdenite mineralization stage,(2)a Cu-polymetallic sulfide stage,and(3)a quartzcarbonate stage.Two types of fluid inclusions(FIs),namely,liquid and vapor-rich inclusions,are present in quartz as so ciated with sulfide minerals.Early-stage FIs are both iquid and vapor-rich,homogenized at temperatures ranging from 364.1 to 384.2℃,and have salinities ranging from0.70%to 9.60%NaCl equivalent(eqv).The middle-stage FIs are also both liquid-and vapor-rich,homogenized at temperatures ranging from 272.4 to 355.6℃,and have salinities ranging from 0.53%-17.10%NaCl eqv.The late-stage FIs are liquid,homogenized at temperatures ranging from 209.4to 255.3℃,and have salinities ranging from 0.35%-6.87%NaCl eqv.The samples from the deposit haveδ^(34)S values of-21.8‰to-19.2‰and-5.5‰to-6.0‰,suggesting that sulfur was derived from the host sediments and magmatic fluids,respectively.The metallic minerals within the deposit have^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb,^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb,and^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb values of 18.439-18.458,15.656-15.679,and 38.772-38.863,respectively,suggesting that the metals were derived from the upper crust and orogenic belts.The samples from the deposit haveδ^(18)O_(W)values of 2.99‰-7.99‰andδD_(W) values ranging from-84.4‰to-73.9‰,indicating that the pre-forming fluids were magmatic and mixed with minor amounts of meteoric water.The ore-forming fluid of the Chayong copper polymetallic deposit was a high-temperature,medium-to low-salinity H_(2)O-NaCl-CH_(4)-N_(2)±CO_(2)fluid system.The early high-temperature magmatic fluid,due to boiling,decreased in temperature,and via the mixing of meteoric water,gradually evolved towards the later-stage medium-to low-temperature and low-salinity fluid,causing nolybdenite mineralization and forming copper polymetallic sulfide veins and quartz carbonate veins.展开更多
α-Synuclein is a protein that mainly exists in the presynaptic terminals.Abnormal folding and accumulation of α-synuclein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s disease.Aggregated and...α-Synuclein is a protein that mainly exists in the presynaptic terminals.Abnormal folding and accumulation of α-synuclein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s disease.Aggregated and highly phospho rylated a-synuclein constitutes the main component of Lewy bodies in the brain,the pathological hallmark of Parkinson s disease.For decades,much attention has been focused on the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain parenchyma rather than considering Parkinson s disease as a systemic disease.Recent evidence demonstrates that,at least in some patients,the initial α-synuclein pathology originates in the peripheral organs and spreads to the brain.Injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils into the gastrointestinal tra ct trigge rs the gutto-brain propagation of α-synuclein pathology.However,whether α-synuclein pathology can occur spontaneously in peripheral organs independent of exogenous α-synuclein preformed fibrils or pathological α-synuclein leakage from the central nervous system remains under investigation.In this review,we aimed to summarize the role of peripheral α-synuclein pathology in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease.We also discuss the pathways by which α-synuclein pathology spreads from the body to the brain.展开更多
As an important indicator parameter of fluid identification,fluid factor has always been a concern for scholars.However,when predicting Russell fluid factor or effective pore-fluid bulk modulus,it is necessary to intr...As an important indicator parameter of fluid identification,fluid factor has always been a concern for scholars.However,when predicting Russell fluid factor or effective pore-fluid bulk modulus,it is necessary to introduce a new rock skeleton parameter which is the dry-rock VP/VS ratio squared(DVRS).In the process of fluid factor calculation or inversion,the existing methods take this parameter as a static constant,which has been estimated in advance,and then apply it to the fluid factor calculation and inversion.The fluid identification analysis based on a portion of the Marmousi 2 model and numerical forward modeling test show that,taking the DVRS as a static constant will limit the identification ability of fluid factor and reduce the inversion accuracy.To solve the above problems,we proposed a new method to regard the DVRS as a dynamic variable varying with depth and lithology for the first time,then apply it to fluid factor calculation and inversion.Firstly,the exact Zoeppritz equations are rewritten into a new form containing the fluid factor and DVRS of upper and lower layers.Next,the new equations are applied to the four parameters simultaneous inversion based on the generalized nonlinear inversion(GNI)method.The testing results on a portion of the Marmousi 2 model and field data show that dynamic DVRS can significantly improve the fluid factor identification ability,effectively suppress illusion.Both synthetic and filed data tests also demonstrate that the GNI method based on Bayesian deterministic inversion(BDI)theory can successfully solve the above four parameter simultaneous inversion problem,and taking the dynamic DVRS as a target inversion parameter can effectively improve the inversion accuracy of fluid factor.All these results completely verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
We demonstrate how to extract the Planck length from hydrostatic pressure without relying on any knowledge of Newton’s gravitational constant, G. By measuring the pressure from a water column, we can determine the Pl...We demonstrate how to extract the Planck length from hydrostatic pressure without relying on any knowledge of Newton’s gravitational constant, G. By measuring the pressure from a water column, we can determine the Planck length without requiring knowledge of either G or the Planck constant. This experiment is simple to perform and cost-effective, making it not only of interest to researchers studying gravity but also suitable for low-budget educational settings. Despite its simplicity, this has never been demonstrated to be possible before, and it is achievable due to new theoretical insights into gravity and its connection to quantum gravity and the Planck scale. This provides new insights into fluid mechanics and the Planck scale. We are also exploring initial concepts related to what we are calling “Planck fluid”, which could potentially play a central role in quantum gravity and quantum fluid mechanics.展开更多
Gassmann＇s equations are commonly used for predicting seismic wave velocity in rock physics research.However the input matrix mineral bulk modulus parameters are not accurate,which greatly influences the prediction r...Gassmann＇s equations are commonly used for predicting seismic wave velocity in rock physics research.However the input matrix mineral bulk modulus parameters are not accurate,which greatly influences the prediction reliability.In this paper,combining the Russell fluid factor with the Gassman-Biot-Geertsma equation and introducing the dry-rock Poisson＇s ratio,we propose an effective matrix mineral bulk modulus extraction method.This method can adaptively invert the equivalent matrix mineral bulk modulus to apply the Gassmann equation to fluid substitution of complex carbonate reservoirs and increase the fluid prediction reliability.The verification of the actual material fluid substitution also shows that this method is reliable,efficient,and adaptable.展开更多
Traditionally, fluid substitutions are often conducted on log data for calculating reservoir elastic properties with different pore fluids. Their corresponding seismic responses are computed by seismic forward modelin...Traditionally, fluid substitutions are often conducted on log data for calculating reservoir elastic properties with different pore fluids. Their corresponding seismic responses are computed by seismic forward modeling for direct gas reservoir identification. The workflow provides us with the information about reservoir and seismic but just at the well. For real reservoirs, the reservoir parameters such as porosity, clay content, and thickness vary with location. So the information from traditional fluid substitution just at the well is limited. By assuming a rock physics model linking the elastic properties to porosity and mineralogy, we conducted seismic forward modeling and AVO attributes computation on a three-layer earth model with varying porosity, clay content, and formation thickness. Then we analyzed the relations between AVO attributes at wet reservoirs and those at the same but gas reservoirs. We arrived at their linear relations within the assumption framework used in the forward modeling. Their linear relations make it possible to directly conduct fluid substitution on seismic AVO attributes. Finally, we applied these linear relations for fluid substitution on seismic data and identified gas reservoirs by the cross-plot between the AVO attributes from seismic data and those from seismic data after direct fluid substitution.展开更多
Due to an ever aging society and growing prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the challenge to meet social and health care system needs will become increasingly difficult.Unfortunately,a definite ante mortem diagnos...Due to an ever aging society and growing prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the challenge to meet social and health care system needs will become increasingly difficult.Unfortunately,a definite ante mortem diagnosis is not possible.Thus,an early diagnosis and identification of AD patients is critical for promising,early pharmacological interventions as well as addressing health care needs.The most advanced and most reliable markers areβ-amyloid,total tau and phosphorylated tau in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF).In blood,no single biomarker has been identified despite an intense search over the last decade.The most promising approaches consist of a combination of several bloodbased markers increasing the reliability,sensitivity and specificity of the AD diagnosis.However,contradictory data make standardized testing methods in longitudinal and multi-center studies extremely difficult.In this review,we summarize a range of the most promising CSF and blood biomarkers for diagnosing AD.展开更多
In-situ LA-ICP-MS and S isotopes of pyrite from the Baoshan Cu polymetallic deposit were conducted to investigate the ore-forming process and the enrichment mechanism of elements.Three generations of pyrite (Py Ⅰ,Py ...In-situ LA-ICP-MS and S isotopes of pyrite from the Baoshan Cu polymetallic deposit were conducted to investigate the ore-forming process and the enrichment mechanism of elements.Three generations of pyrite (Py Ⅰ,Py Ⅱ,and Py Ⅲ) in the skarn-type ores and pyrite in the carbonate-hosted sulfide ores from central,western,and northern(C_Py,W_Py,and N_Py) mining districts are selected for comparison.Compared with Py Ⅰ and Py Ⅲ,the contents of most elements in Py Ⅱ are apparently higher.The As and Se contents are high within a wide range and are decoupled in the growth band of the C_Py.The highest As,Se,and Pb contents were found in W_Py and N_Py.These results indicate the drastic changes in the temperature and fluid mixing during the mineralization.The occurrence of fluctuation and change in temperature and f(O_(2)) was triggered by intermittent pulses of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids,mixing with meteoric water,and water-rock interactions.The sulfur isotopes of all species of pyrite indicated the magmatic source.The change in the f(O_(2)) conditions caused slight differences in the sulfur isotope compositions.Consequently,a metallogenic model was proposed to explain the ore-forming processes.展开更多
基金extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)for funding this work(Grant No.IMSIURPP2023053).
文摘Casson fluid-mediated hybrid nanofluids are more effective at transferring heat than traditional heat transfer fluids in terms of thermal conductivity.Heat exchangers,cooling systems and other thermal management systems are ideal for use with Casson fluids.Precise control of the flow and release of medication is necessary when using Casson fluids in drug delivery systems because of their unique rheological properties.Nanotechnology involves the creation of nanoparticles that are loaded with drugs and distributed in Casson fluid-based carriers for targeted delivery.In this study,to create a hybrid nanofluid,both single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)and multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)are dispersed in a Casson fluid with Fourier’s and Fick’s laws assumptions.The Casson fluid is suitable for various engineering and medical applications due to the enhancement of heat transfer and thermal conductivity by the carbon nanotubes.Our objective is to understand how SWCNTs and MWCNTs impact the flow field by studying the flow behavior of the Casson hybrid nanofluid when it is stretched against a Riga plate.The Darcy-Forchheimer model is also used to account for the impact of the porous medium near the stretching plate.Both linear and quadratic drag terms are taken into account in this model to accurately predict the flow behavior of the nanofluid.In addition,the homotopy analysis method is utilized to address the model problem.The outcomes are discussed and deliberated based on drug delivery applications.These findings shed valuable light on the flow characteristics of a Casson hybrid nanofluid comprising SWCNTs and MWCNTs.It is observed that the incorporation of carbon nanotubes makes the nanofluid a promising candidate for medical applications due to its improved heat transfer properties.
基金The current research was supported by Heilongjiang Province General University Youth Innovation Talent Training Program Project(UNPYSCT-2020030)。
文摘The Chayong Cu-polymetallic deposit is a recently discovered Cu-polymetallic deposit hosted in the Sanjiang Metallogenic Belt within the Tibetan Plateau of China to the northeast of the North Qiangtang terrane.The ore body occurs in siltstone and is controlled by a northwest-trending fault structure.According to the associations,assemblages,and cutting relationships between ore veins,the hydrothermal mineralization period can be divided into three mineralization stages:(1)a molybdenite mineralization stage,(2)a Cu-polymetallic sulfide stage,and(3)a quartzcarbonate stage.Two types of fluid inclusions(FIs),namely,liquid and vapor-rich inclusions,are present in quartz as so ciated with sulfide minerals.Early-stage FIs are both iquid and vapor-rich,homogenized at temperatures ranging from 364.1 to 384.2℃,and have salinities ranging from0.70%to 9.60%NaCl equivalent(eqv).The middle-stage FIs are also both liquid-and vapor-rich,homogenized at temperatures ranging from 272.4 to 355.6℃,and have salinities ranging from 0.53%-17.10%NaCl eqv.The late-stage FIs are liquid,homogenized at temperatures ranging from 209.4to 255.3℃,and have salinities ranging from 0.35%-6.87%NaCl eqv.The samples from the deposit haveδ^(34)S values of-21.8‰to-19.2‰and-5.5‰to-6.0‰,suggesting that sulfur was derived from the host sediments and magmatic fluids,respectively.The metallic minerals within the deposit have^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb,^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb,and^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb values of 18.439-18.458,15.656-15.679,and 38.772-38.863,respectively,suggesting that the metals were derived from the upper crust and orogenic belts.The samples from the deposit haveδ^(18)O_(W)values of 2.99‰-7.99‰andδD_(W) values ranging from-84.4‰to-73.9‰,indicating that the pre-forming fluids were magmatic and mixed with minor amounts of meteoric water.The ore-forming fluid of the Chayong copper polymetallic deposit was a high-temperature,medium-to low-salinity H_(2)O-NaCl-CH_(4)-N_(2)±CO_(2)fluid system.The early high-temperature magmatic fluid,due to boiling,decreased in temperature,and via the mixing of meteoric water,gradually evolved towards the later-stage medium-to low-temperature and low-salinity fluid,causing nolybdenite mineralization and forming copper polymetallic sulfide veins and quartz carbonate veins.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82271447,81771382the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2019 YFE0115900the"New 20 Terms of Universities in Jinan,No.202228022 (all to ZZ)。
文摘α-Synuclein is a protein that mainly exists in the presynaptic terminals.Abnormal folding and accumulation of α-synuclein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s disease.Aggregated and highly phospho rylated a-synuclein constitutes the main component of Lewy bodies in the brain,the pathological hallmark of Parkinson s disease.For decades,much attention has been focused on the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain parenchyma rather than considering Parkinson s disease as a systemic disease.Recent evidence demonstrates that,at least in some patients,the initial α-synuclein pathology originates in the peripheral organs and spreads to the brain.Injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils into the gastrointestinal tra ct trigge rs the gutto-brain propagation of α-synuclein pathology.However,whether α-synuclein pathology can occur spontaneously in peripheral organs independent of exogenous α-synuclein preformed fibrils or pathological α-synuclein leakage from the central nervous system remains under investigation.In this review,we aimed to summarize the role of peripheral α-synuclein pathology in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease.We also discuss the pathways by which α-synuclein pathology spreads from the body to the brain.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41904116,41874156,42074167 and 42204135)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2020JJ5168)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M703629)for their funding of this research.
文摘As an important indicator parameter of fluid identification,fluid factor has always been a concern for scholars.However,when predicting Russell fluid factor or effective pore-fluid bulk modulus,it is necessary to introduce a new rock skeleton parameter which is the dry-rock VP/VS ratio squared(DVRS).In the process of fluid factor calculation or inversion,the existing methods take this parameter as a static constant,which has been estimated in advance,and then apply it to the fluid factor calculation and inversion.The fluid identification analysis based on a portion of the Marmousi 2 model and numerical forward modeling test show that,taking the DVRS as a static constant will limit the identification ability of fluid factor and reduce the inversion accuracy.To solve the above problems,we proposed a new method to regard the DVRS as a dynamic variable varying with depth and lithology for the first time,then apply it to fluid factor calculation and inversion.Firstly,the exact Zoeppritz equations are rewritten into a new form containing the fluid factor and DVRS of upper and lower layers.Next,the new equations are applied to the four parameters simultaneous inversion based on the generalized nonlinear inversion(GNI)method.The testing results on a portion of the Marmousi 2 model and field data show that dynamic DVRS can significantly improve the fluid factor identification ability,effectively suppress illusion.Both synthetic and filed data tests also demonstrate that the GNI method based on Bayesian deterministic inversion(BDI)theory can successfully solve the above four parameter simultaneous inversion problem,and taking the dynamic DVRS as a target inversion parameter can effectively improve the inversion accuracy of fluid factor.All these results completely verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘We demonstrate how to extract the Planck length from hydrostatic pressure without relying on any knowledge of Newton’s gravitational constant, G. By measuring the pressure from a water column, we can determine the Planck length without requiring knowledge of either G or the Planck constant. This experiment is simple to perform and cost-effective, making it not only of interest to researchers studying gravity but also suitable for low-budget educational settings. Despite its simplicity, this has never been demonstrated to be possible before, and it is achievable due to new theoretical insights into gravity and its connection to quantum gravity and the Planck scale. This provides new insights into fluid mechanics and the Planck scale. We are also exploring initial concepts related to what we are calling “Planck fluid”, which could potentially play a central role in quantum gravity and quantum fluid mechanics.
基金sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40904035)
文摘Gassmann＇s equations are commonly used for predicting seismic wave velocity in rock physics research.However the input matrix mineral bulk modulus parameters are not accurate,which greatly influences the prediction reliability.In this paper,combining the Russell fluid factor with the Gassman-Biot-Geertsma equation and introducing the dry-rock Poisson＇s ratio,we propose an effective matrix mineral bulk modulus extraction method.This method can adaptively invert the equivalent matrix mineral bulk modulus to apply the Gassmann equation to fluid substitution of complex carbonate reservoirs and increase the fluid prediction reliability.The verification of the actual material fluid substitution also shows that this method is reliable,efficient,and adaptable.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41074098)
文摘Traditionally, fluid substitutions are often conducted on log data for calculating reservoir elastic properties with different pore fluids. Their corresponding seismic responses are computed by seismic forward modeling for direct gas reservoir identification. The workflow provides us with the information about reservoir and seismic but just at the well. For real reservoirs, the reservoir parameters such as porosity, clay content, and thickness vary with location. So the information from traditional fluid substitution just at the well is limited. By assuming a rock physics model linking the elastic properties to porosity and mineralogy, we conducted seismic forward modeling and AVO attributes computation on a three-layer earth model with varying porosity, clay content, and formation thickness. Then we analyzed the relations between AVO attributes at wet reservoirs and those at the same but gas reservoirs. We arrived at their linear relations within the assumption framework used in the forward modeling. Their linear relations make it possible to directly conduct fluid substitution on seismic AVO attributes. Finally, we applied these linear relations for fluid substitution on seismic data and identified gas reservoirs by the cross-plot between the AVO attributes from seismic data and those from seismic data after direct fluid substitution.
文摘Due to an ever aging society and growing prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the challenge to meet social and health care system needs will become increasingly difficult.Unfortunately,a definite ante mortem diagnosis is not possible.Thus,an early diagnosis and identification of AD patients is critical for promising,early pharmacological interventions as well as addressing health care needs.The most advanced and most reliable markers areβ-amyloid,total tau and phosphorylated tau in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF).In blood,no single biomarker has been identified despite an intense search over the last decade.The most promising approaches consist of a combination of several bloodbased markers increasing the reliability,sensitivity and specificity of the AD diagnosis.However,contradictory data make standardized testing methods in longitudinal and multi-center studies extremely difficult.In this review,we summarize a range of the most promising CSF and blood biomarkers for diagnosing AD.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2018YFC0603904, 2018YFC0603901)。
文摘In-situ LA-ICP-MS and S isotopes of pyrite from the Baoshan Cu polymetallic deposit were conducted to investigate the ore-forming process and the enrichment mechanism of elements.Three generations of pyrite (Py Ⅰ,Py Ⅱ,and Py Ⅲ) in the skarn-type ores and pyrite in the carbonate-hosted sulfide ores from central,western,and northern(C_Py,W_Py,and N_Py) mining districts are selected for comparison.Compared with Py Ⅰ and Py Ⅲ,the contents of most elements in Py Ⅱ are apparently higher.The As and Se contents are high within a wide range and are decoupled in the growth band of the C_Py.The highest As,Se,and Pb contents were found in W_Py and N_Py.These results indicate the drastic changes in the temperature and fluid mixing during the mineralization.The occurrence of fluctuation and change in temperature and f(O_(2)) was triggered by intermittent pulses of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids,mixing with meteoric water,and water-rock interactions.The sulfur isotopes of all species of pyrite indicated the magmatic source.The change in the f(O_(2)) conditions caused slight differences in the sulfur isotope compositions.Consequently,a metallogenic model was proposed to explain the ore-forming processes.
