Changes of Food Expenditure and Food Consumption of People Living in Ba Vi District, Hanoi, Vietnam from 1999 to 2013

Background: During the nutrition transition period which began in the early 1990s in Vietnam, dietary intake had been changed significantly because of changes in lifestyle and living standard. Objectives: This paper aims to describe the trend for food expenditure and the frequency of meat consumption in households in Ba Vi district, Hanoi, Vietnam from 1999 to 2013. Methods: This is a longitudinal study conducted in Ba Vi district, Hanoi. Semi-annual, face-to face interviews were conducted by well-trained interviewers with 11,922 households to collect data of the household’s income, spending for food and meat consumption. Chi-square test for trend was performed to evaluate the changes of food expenditure over the years. P-value under 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were ten times increase in household’s mean income and five times increase in mean food expenditure from 1999 to 2013. The percentage of household food expenditure per total family expenditure was really high (55% in 2013). The percentage of rice expenditure per total food expenditure decreased dramatically from 59.9% in 1999 to 33.1% in 2013 while spending for other animal-based, high-protein food was an upward trend, particularly meat (10.7% in 1999 to 24.2% in 2013). The percentage of rice expenditure in well-off households was lower than poor households (55% vs. 61.8% in 1999 and 31.4% vs. 36.5% in 2013). However, the percentage of spending for meat in well-off households were much higher than that of poor households (>10%). Conclusion: Our finding indicated that mean income and food expenditure, particularly meat intake, of households had increased dramatically from 1999 to 2013. The increase of meat intake requires reallocation and direction of Vietnam public health funding and strategy.

The Empirical Analysis on the Dynamic Effect of Rural-urban Migration on the Consumption Growth of Residents in China——Based on Varying Parameter State-space Model

The research constructed varying parameter state-space model and per- formed estimation on dynamic relationship between urban-rural migration and aggre- gate consumption expenditure on basis of dual economic structure. The results showed that urban consumption growth made the most contribution to aggregate consumption growth, followed by urban-rural migration caused consumption. The role of rural consumption growth kept stable, but consumption caused by population growth was decreasing. Therefore, China consumption growth mainly relies on urban consumption expenditure and urban-rural migration.

Efficiency,Equity and Effect:a case study on virtual water consumption characteristics

Scarcity of water is the key factor restricting the growth of social economy.The virtual water theory provides a new way to solve the problem of water scarcity.For this paper,we have calculated the virtual water consumption of each household,grouped by income,of Gansu province for 1992-2005.Then we advanced the indicator of virtual water with per-unit-of-consumption expenditure to analyze the efficiency of virtual water consumption.Additionally,we recurred to the diversity theory advanced by Ulanowicz,which is broadly employed by ecologists and biologists,to analyze the characteristics of virtual water consumption.As a result,the virtual water consumption of each group decreased yearly from 1992 to 2005,on the whole;decreasing proceeded slower during the period of 1992-1997 than during 1998-2005.Per-unit-consumption expenditure of virtual water for each group represents the same characteristics,on the whole,as virtual water consumption.The largest variation of this indicator exists in the group of the lowest income,which ranges from 1.58 to 0.18 m3/Yuan.yr;whereas the least exists in the highest income group,which is 0.58 to 0.07 m3/Yuan.yr.The virtual diversity indicator increased year by year,and the change of this indicator in 1992-1997 was more obvious than in 1998-2005.Finally,from this study we find that,in view of virtual water,we can save water by means of changing consumption patterns and increasing consumption diversity,but without degrading the quality of living and reducing the demands of living.When the problem of water scarcity becomes more and more serious in Gansu of China,this suggestion becomes more and more important.The consumption,the role of guiding production produce,is very important.An unsustainable consumption pattern is the main factor causing the deterioration of the world environment,especially in a developing country.The sustainable consumption is the only way to develop human beings and achieve the economical sustainable economics.

Rural resident household food consumption patterns in the Ganzhou district of Zhangye city:an analysis based on ELES Model

Demand for food plays an important role in the adjustment of prices for agricultural products and for adjusting agricultural structure.By using the extended linear expenditure system(ELES),we analyzed the food consumption structure of rural residents in the Ganzhou district of Zhangye city,and determined the basic food-consumption demand,the marginal propensity of consumption,the income elasticities of demand,and the own-price and cross-price elasticities of local rural residents,all of which illustrate the influencing factors on food consumption of rural residents and for forecasting the food-consumption structure.Those analyses show the following:the rural residents’ expenditure on household basic food consumption reaches about 7,050.35 Yuan;the marginal propensities of consumption of fruits and vegetables are relatively high(0.062 and 0.106,respectively),followed by meat(0.044);the demands for various foods are increasing as income increases,with the largest income elasticity of demand corresponding to fruits(1.354) and the lowest to cereal(0.310);fruits and vegetables have relatively high own-price elasticities(respectively-0.879 and-0.442),with the cereal having the lowest one(-0.184).An increase in cereal prices would greatly affect demand for other products;with the rising size of rural households,the consumption for meat is decreasing whereas it is increasing for cereal.The improvement of household education levels will lead to the increase of fruit consumption(E = 0.297),which indicates that people will pay more attention to diet and nutrition structure with the improvement of education.Further,although the amount of cereal expenditure is continually growing,the share will be declining with the increase of household income in 2006-2012.For all these reasons,therefore,the government should encourage the cultivation of economic crops and guide the development of stockbreeding to ensure the stability of cereal output.In order to attain the balance between supply and demand,it is important to rationally adjust the prices of fruits and vegetables on the basis of the stable price of cereal.

Booming local economy a key to whetting rural consumption—Empirical study based on the decomposition of rural household income

Based on the decomposition of China’s rural household income,we made quantitative analyses of the factors affecting rural consumption by using co-integration and other econometric tools.By comparing the results with the ongoing economic stimulus package rolled out by the central government,we analyzed the effects of different policies on rural consumption.The empirical study and policy analysis show that:(1) income from household business operation, wages,and fiscal relief funds are the three main factors affecting rural household consumption;(2) the ongoing stimulus package,which includes both short-term measures like consumption subsidies and long-term policies aiming to increase rural household income and improve the rural consumption environment,are effective in promoting rural consumption;(3) in boosting rural consumption,emphasis should be put on various long-term policies.Fiscal expenditure should put more weight on consumption than on agriculture,forestry and irrigation;and(4) intra-county economies are crucial in kicking off rural consumption.Policies should be stressed for integrating rural consumption and the development of local economies.

Trends of consumption and expenditure of antibacterial traditional Chinese medicine in secondary and tertiary hospitals in China:an analysis of pharmaceutical sales data,2011–2015

Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)are commonly used in China,and some of them have been proved to be effective against infection caused by certain pathogenic bacteria.In the present study,we aimed to describe the trends of antibacterial-effect traditional Chinese medicine(AeTCM)consumption and expenditure in secondary and tertiary hospitals in China using pharmaceutical sales data from January 2011 to December 2015.Aggregated monthly surveillance data on AeTCM sales in China’s hospitals were retrospectively analyzed.Population weighted daily define doses,which are the recommended daily amounts based on dosage regimen recommended in the manufacturers’instructions,were adopted.The AeTCM consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day(DID).The AeTCM expenditure was expressed in US dollars.A compound annual growth rate(CAGR)was used to describe the growth of AeTCM consumption and expenditure.A total of 1293 AeTCMs were matched and analyzed from 468 tertiary hospitals and 114 secondary hospitals from 28 provinces.The total AeTCM consumption and expenditure demonstrated a significant upward trend during the study period from 4.07 DID to 6.82 DID with a CAGR of 13.75%,and 839.75 million US dollars to 1276.82 million US dollars with a CAGR of 11.04%,respectively.Compared with eastern provinces,the consumption of AeTCMs was higher in the central and western provinces.Parenteral AeTCMs accounted for 7.20%of the total Ae TCM consumption,but nearly 45%of the total AeTCM expenditure.The AeTCM use in China demonstrated a rapid growth,which could be the result of the substitutional effect from antimicrobial stewardship and brought a potential risk of overuse.More studies are needed to further explore the potential efficacy of AeTCMs as an alternative approach towards infection treatment and to help confine antimicrobial resistance.

科技服务业试点对城市绿色全要素生产率的影响研究

科技服务业试点对于推动绿色全要素生产率的提高具有重要作用。通过利用2005—2021年292个地级市的面板数据,使用双重差分法、中介模型研究科技服务业试点对中国绿色全要素生产率的影响。研究发现,科技服务业试点能提升中国绿色全要素生产率;人均消费支出在科技服务业试点与绿色全要素生产率之间发挥中介作用;科技服务业试点可以通过促进产业结构高级化间接提升绿色全要素生产率。因此,应进一步发挥人均消费支出对绿色全要素生产率的促进作用,促进企业加快技术创新,科技服务业试点政策要支持新兴产业快速发展。

北京市医药分开、医耗联动综合改革前后老年人群医疗机构治疗费用流向研究

目的通过研究北京市医药分开、医耗联动综合改革前后老年人群医疗机构治疗费用流向变化,为优化老年患者就诊流向提供数据参考。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法获取样本,基于《卫生费用核算体系2011》核算老年人群的治疗费用。结果2016—2019年北京市老年人群医疗机构治疗费用由604.57亿元增长至797.54亿元,年均增速为6.83%,其中社区卫生服务中心治疗费用增长最快,增速达24.04%,治疗费用占比由11.31%增长至17.71%,三级医院治疗费用占比下降4.39个百分点。门诊患者治疗费用流向优化明显,低龄老年门诊患者更愿意在社区就诊,但高龄老年患者门诊流向优化更明显。内分泌、营养和代谢疾病,神经系统疾病等慢性病老年门诊患者治疗费用大幅度流向社区卫生服务中心。结论改革对不同年龄和疾病的老年患者就诊影响不同,建议加强基层医疗卫生机构服务能力建设,凸显二级医院发展特色,精准完善老年患者分级诊疗体系。

国家体育消费试点城市政策对居民医疗保健支出的影响——基于双重差分模型的实证分析

基于国家体育消费试点城市政策这一准自然实验,运用双重差分模型分析其对居民医疗保健支出的影响。结果表明:①国家体育消费试点城市政策显著降低了试点城市的居民医疗保健支出,相较于非试点城市,试点城市的居民医疗保健支出平均下降约0.542%;②增加居民体育用品消费是国家体育消费试点城市政策降低居民医疗保健支出的重要途径;③国家体育消费试点城市政策对居民医疗保健支出的影响在不同类型城市之间存在异质性,该政策的影响效应在非省会地级市更为显著。因此,拓展体育消费试点城市政策的覆盖范围、制定差异化的地区体育消费政策以及提高居民体育消费水平是降低居民医疗保健支出、实现医疗保健体系可持续发展的关键举措。

体育器材消费与居民医疗保健支出——基于双向固定效应模型的实证分析

使用我国2002—2022年的省级面板数据构建双向固定效应模型,量化分析了体育器材消费对居民医疗保健支出的影响。研究发现:1)体育器材消费增加显著降低了居民医疗保健支出,体育器材消费每增加1个单位,人均医疗保健支出下降约29.18元;2)人口老龄化显著提高了地区居民医疗保健支出,而在老年人口占比较高的地区,体育器材消费降低居民医疗保健支出的作用更为明显,体育器材消费增加能够有效地缓解人口老龄化造成的医疗系统负担;3)体育器材消费对居民医疗保健支出的影响在不同省份间存在着异质性,在人均收入水平更高、环境质量更好以及医疗资源更丰富的省份,体育器材消费降低对居民医疗保健支出的影响效应更强。因此,通过促进体育器材消费降低居民医疗保健支出是提高全民身体素质、实现“健康中国”战略和医疗保障体系可持续发展的有效途径。

“万元收入能耗支出”指标的影响因素分析及优化策略研究

三级公立医院绩效考核的关键指标“万元收入能耗支出”是评价医院收入状况与能源资源利用水平是否适配的核心指标,也是当前公立医院提升自身运行效能亟待解决的关键问题和突破口。通过指标值拆解法、影响因素罗列分析法,结合国内先进医院及自身实践管理经验和数据,探寻改善优化指标值的路径和对策;系统性分析研究可积极助推医院在医疗业务能力发展,有效提升能耗水平的匹配度;调整优化“万元收入能耗支出”指标值需要多措并举,多维度全方位实施优化措施,使医院能源资源利用水平向经济性强、分布合理、低耗高效的方向发展。

长期护理保险对老年家庭支出行为的影响——基于健康风险冲击的视角

我国经济进入新发展阶段,需要不断扩大国内需求、激发消费潜能。随着国内老龄人口的增多,激发老年群体的消费潜能将对促进国内大循环有积极的作用。研究发现老年人的储蓄率会随着年龄增加而提高,其主要原因是为了预防健康风险冲击。而长期护理保险通过风险分散机制能够有效缓解健康风险冲击,对家庭消费支出行为产生影响。本研究利用CFPS(2012—2018年)数据,基于健康风险视角,探讨了长期护理保险政策对家庭消费支出决策的影响。分析结果显示,长期护理保险制度的实施使老年家庭储蓄率下降了原来水平的9.7%,同时显著增加了消费支出,有效促进了老年家庭消费,其中健康消费和文娱消费显著增加;健康风险越大,长期护理保险对于促进老年家庭消费的效果越明显。此外,长期护理保险政策对城镇以及高收入家庭消费的促进作用更显著。

医疗报销比例与居民就医行为——基于CHIP2018的实证分析

我国现已基本建立全民医疗保障体系,但医疗报销比例在不同群体之间存在较大差异,制约了个体的医疗消费需求。本文基于CHIP2018数据,使用县级空间加权平均报销比例作为工具变量,采用IV-Heckman、IV-o Probit等方法考察了医疗报销比例对居民就医行为的影响及作用机制。研究发现,提高医疗报销比例有助于释放居民门诊与住院就医需求,进而显著提高了个体医疗消费总支出。异质性分析发现,医疗报销比例的变动对农村居民和低收入群体的就医选择行为促进作用最大,但城镇居民和高收入群体的医疗消费支出增长更多。未来我国医疗保险制度改革需要在提高医疗保险实际报销比例的同时,逐步消除城镇职工基本医疗保险制度与城乡居民基本医疗保险制度之间的系统性差异,从而实现公平适度保障人民群众基本医疗保障权益的目标。

数字金融对城乡居民收支差距的影响与机制研究

数字金融为缩小城乡居民收支差距提供了新路径。本文基于2011—2020年我国省级面板数据,实证分析了数字金融对城乡收支差距的影响;通过构建中介效应模型,实证分析了影响机制。研究发现:数字金融能够显著缩小城乡收支差距;数字金融每提高1个单位,城乡收入之比和城乡消费支出之比分别缩小0.0012和0.0015;数字金融通过提高农村居民财产性收入、扩大农村居民发展型消费和享受型消费,进而缩小城乡收支差距。基于研究结论,本文提出应在农村地区进一步推广发展数字金融,引导鼓励农民使用数字金融,同时在发展过程中注意城乡协调,多措并举拓宽农民增收渠道,丰富农村消费市场。

农旅融合发展对农村居民食品消费支出的影响效应研究

目的:探讨农旅融合的食品消费促进效应。方法:基于农村居民增收视角,构建要素供给、生产、需求的理论机制分析框架,采集2010—2021年全国30个省市的面板数据构建双向固定效应模型。结果:当农旅融合示范县增加1个,农村居民人均食品消费支出将增加2.63元。该结论在考虑一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立,且人口密度大、经济水平高、东部地区的农旅融合更能促进农村居民的食品消费支出。结论:农旅融合发展能通过增加农村居民收入有效促进其食品消费支出。

长期护理保险与农村老年群体消费扩容提质效应分析

目的:分析长期护理保险(长护险)试点对农村老年群体消费的扩容提质效应。方法:基于CHARLS四期调查面板数据,运用双重差分模型实证检验长护险对农村老年群体消费的影响。结果:长护险主要通过降低暂时性收入波动和随机性健康支出的不确定性,对农村老年群体消费产生扩容提质效应,且在多元筹资模式、失能家庭和老龄化程度较高地区的扩容提升效应更为明显。结论:长护险试点对农村老年群体消费具有显著的扩容提质效应,应持续扩大长护险试点和待遇覆盖范围,加强社商合作,制定差异化长护险制度,充分满足农村老年群体的消费需求。

城乡融合视域下东部居民家庭旅游消费意愿的内在机理及影响因素研究——基于CFPS2018江浙沪数据

基于CFPS(中国家庭追踪调查)2018年东部发达地区(江浙沪)城乡家庭旅游相关消费数据,将旅游消费意愿分解为消费能力、保障、视野、观念等维度,并对应到CFPS匹配到解释变量,以独立样本t检验多元回归方程进行相关检验并进行探讨。结果表明:消费能力维度和消费保障维度的部分测试项目对江浙沪地区居民的旅游支出呈显著影响;而消费视野维度的测试项对江浙沪地区居民的旅游支出均呈显著影响;消费观念维度的测试项对江浙沪地区居民的旅游支出不呈显著影响。这体现了江浙沪地区居民的旅游支出更多地受消费能力、消费保障、消费视野的影响,受消费观念维度的影响较少。在4个主要的影响维度中,消费视野对江浙沪地区的居民的旅游支出的影响最大。基于此,提出了一个引导城乡家庭积极参与文旅融合,推动城乡融合与乡村振兴战略发展的政策框架。

我国餐饮业发展影响因素的计量分析

科学发展餐饮业,对于提高人民生活质量和释放消费潜力具有重要作用。本文利用1999—2022年统计数据,建立了中国餐饮业营业额影响因素的计量经济模型,选取国内生产总值、居民人均消费支出、餐饮业法人企业数、餐饮业年末从业人数、国内旅游总花费和国内游客作为解释变量。经过分析,本文发现国内生产总值、餐饮业法人企业数和国内旅游总花费对餐饮业营业额具有显著的正向影响,并提出促就业提收入、强化政策引导、发挥旅游优势等利于餐饮行业长远向好发展的对策,以供参考。

居民家庭借贷行为的消费效应分析

扩大内需、释放消费潜力是促进经济持续健康发展的重要内容。从居民主观心理感受、努力程度两个方面分析借贷对消费的作用机制,运用固定效应、工具变量、内生转换模型等方法,评估借贷行为对居民消费的作用效果,实证分析了居民家庭借贷行为对家庭消费的影响。实证结果显示,借贷行为显著提高了家庭消费水平,在考虑潜在的内生性问题和进行一系列稳健性检验之后,研究结论依然成立。机制分析结果显示,借贷行为通过降低主观心理满足度、提高个体努力程度等渠道,来增加家庭消费支出。异质性分析结果表明,借贷行为对居民家庭发展、享受型消费的影响更大,对居民家庭生产型消费的影响较小,房屋借贷对家庭消费的提升作用更明显。以上研究为理解家庭借贷的消费促进作用提供新的经验依据,为政府普及消费信贷、扩大内需提供理论依据,同时为相关部门制定提振消费的政策提供新参考。

基于客公里支出率的铁路旅客消费水平计量与分类方法研究

在国家铁路快速发展的背景下,旅客的出行需求逐渐向多元化发展。为提升旅客出行服务质量,充分掌握客运产品与旅客需求的匹配性,探讨旅客在铁路出行过程中的消费倾向,建立旅客消费水平计量方法与分类方法,通过对铁路客运大数据的分析挖掘,基于分层分类的计算方法设计旅客客公里支出率指标,在考量多个影响因素的情况下,实现对旅客消费水平的数值化计量手段;充分研究旅客客公里支出率计量统计结果的分布规律,设计基于K-means的总价均分顺序聚类算法,解决应用中旅客消费分层的排他性问题,实现对出行旅客的消费水平分层分类。经过对试算结果与现实案例的实证分析,验证消费水平划分方法分布贴近实地调研情况,进而为铁路客运旅客谱系化、层次化、精细化营销提供重要参考。