Changes of Food Expenditure and Food Consumption of People Living in Ba Vi District, Hanoi, Vietnam from 1999 to 2013

Background: During the nutrition transition period which began in the early 1990s in Vietnam, dietary intake had been changed significantly because of changes in lifestyle and living standard. Objectives: This paper aims to describe the trend for food expenditure and the frequency of meat consumption in households in Ba Vi district, Hanoi, Vietnam from 1999 to 2013. Methods: This is a longitudinal study conducted in Ba Vi district, Hanoi. Semi-annual, face-to face interviews were conducted by well-trained interviewers with 11,922 households to collect data of the household’s income, spending for food and meat consumption. Chi-square test for trend was performed to evaluate the changes of food expenditure over the years. P-value under 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were ten times increase in household’s mean income and five times increase in mean food expenditure from 1999 to 2013. The percentage of household food expenditure per total family expenditure was really high (55% in 2013). The percentage of rice expenditure per total food expenditure decreased dramatically from 59.9% in 1999 to 33.1% in 2013 while spending for other animal-based, high-protein food was an upward trend, particularly meat (10.7% in 1999 to 24.2% in 2013). The percentage of rice expenditure in well-off households was lower than poor households (55% vs. 61.8% in 1999 and 31.4% vs. 36.5% in 2013). However, the percentage of spending for meat in well-off households were much higher than that of poor households (>10%). Conclusion: Our finding indicated that mean income and food expenditure, particularly meat intake, of households had increased dramatically from 1999 to 2013. The increase of meat intake requires reallocation and direction of Vietnam public health funding and strategy.

Efficiency,Equity and Effect:a case study on virtual water consumption characteristics

Scarcity of water is the key factor restricting the growth of social economy.The virtual water theory provides a new way to solve the problem of water scarcity.For this paper,we have calculated the virtual water consumption of each household,grouped by income,of Gansu province for 1992-2005.Then we advanced the indicator of virtual water with per-unit-of-consumption expenditure to analyze the efficiency of virtual water consumption.Additionally,we recurred to the diversity theory advanced by Ulanowicz,which is broadly employed by ecologists and biologists,to analyze the characteristics of virtual water consumption.As a result,the virtual water consumption of each group decreased yearly from 1992 to 2005,on the whole;decreasing proceeded slower during the period of 1992-1997 than during 1998-2005.Per-unit-consumption expenditure of virtual water for each group represents the same characteristics,on the whole,as virtual water consumption.The largest variation of this indicator exists in the group of the lowest income,which ranges from 1.58 to 0.18 m3/Yuan.yr;whereas the least exists in the highest income group,which is 0.58 to 0.07 m3/Yuan.yr.The virtual diversity indicator increased year by year,and the change of this indicator in 1992-1997 was more obvious than in 1998-2005.Finally,from this study we find that,in view of virtual water,we can save water by means of changing consumption patterns and increasing consumption diversity,but without degrading the quality of living and reducing the demands of living.When the problem of water scarcity becomes more and more serious in Gansu of China,this suggestion becomes more and more important.The consumption,the role of guiding production produce,is very important.An unsustainable consumption pattern is the main factor causing the deterioration of the world environment,especially in a developing country.The sustainable consumption is the only way to develop human beings and achieve the economical sustainable economics.

Rural resident household food consumption patterns in the Ganzhou district of Zhangye city:an analysis based on ELES Model

Demand for food plays an important role in the adjustment of prices for agricultural products and for adjusting agricultural structure.By using the extended linear expenditure system(ELES),we analyzed the food consumption structure of rural residents in the Ganzhou district of Zhangye city,and determined the basic food-consumption demand,the marginal propensity of consumption,the income elasticities of demand,and the own-price and cross-price elasticities of local rural residents,all of which illustrate the influencing factors on food consumption of rural residents and for forecasting the food-consumption structure.Those analyses show the following:the rural residents’ expenditure on household basic food consumption reaches about 7,050.35 Yuan;the marginal propensities of consumption of fruits and vegetables are relatively high(0.062 and 0.106,respectively),followed by meat(0.044);the demands for various foods are increasing as income increases,with the largest income elasticity of demand corresponding to fruits(1.354) and the lowest to cereal(0.310);fruits and vegetables have relatively high own-price elasticities(respectively-0.879 and-0.442),with the cereal having the lowest one(-0.184).An increase in cereal prices would greatly affect demand for other products;with the rising size of rural households,the consumption for meat is decreasing whereas it is increasing for cereal.The improvement of household education levels will lead to the increase of fruit consumption(E = 0.297),which indicates that people will pay more attention to diet and nutrition structure with the improvement of education.Further,although the amount of cereal expenditure is continually growing,the share will be declining with the increase of household income in 2006-2012.For all these reasons,therefore,the government should encourage the cultivation of economic crops and guide the development of stockbreeding to ensure the stability of cereal output.In order to attain the balance between supply and demand,it is important to rationally adjust the prices of fruits and vegetables on the basis of the stable price of cereal.

Booming local economy a key to whetting rural consumption—Empirical study based on the decomposition of rural household income

Based on the decomposition of China’s rural household income,we made quantitative analyses of the factors affecting rural consumption by using co-integration and other econometric tools.By comparing the results with the ongoing economic stimulus package rolled out by the central government,we analyzed the effects of different policies on rural consumption.The empirical study and policy analysis show that:(1) income from household business operation, wages,and fiscal relief funds are the three main factors affecting rural household consumption;(2) the ongoing stimulus package,which includes both short-term measures like consumption subsidies and long-term policies aiming to increase rural household income and improve the rural consumption environment,are effective in promoting rural consumption;(3) in boosting rural consumption,emphasis should be put on various long-term policies.Fiscal expenditure should put more weight on consumption than on agriculture,forestry and irrigation;and(4) intra-county economies are crucial in kicking off rural consumption.Policies should be stressed for integrating rural consumption and the development of local economies.

科技服务业试点对城市绿色全要素生产率的影响研究

科技服务业试点对于推动绿色全要素生产率的提高具有重要作用。通过利用2005—2021年292个地级市的面板数据,使用双重差分法、中介模型研究科技服务业试点对中国绿色全要素生产率的影响。研究发现,科技服务业试点能提升中国绿色全要素生产率;人均消费支出在科技服务业试点与绿色全要素生产率之间发挥中介作用;科技服务业试点可以通过促进产业结构高级化间接提升绿色全要素生产率。因此,应进一步发挥人均消费支出对绿色全要素生产率的促进作用,促进企业加快技术创新,科技服务业试点政策要支持新兴产业快速发展。

北京市医药分开、医耗联动综合改革前后老年人群医疗机构治疗费用流向研究

目的通过研究北京市医药分开、医耗联动综合改革前后老年人群医疗机构治疗费用流向变化,为优化老年患者就诊流向提供数据参考。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法获取样本,基于《卫生费用核算体系2011》核算老年人群的治疗费用。结果2016—2019年北京市老年人群医疗机构治疗费用由604.57亿元增长至797.54亿元,年均增速为6.83%,其中社区卫生服务中心治疗费用增长最快,增速达24.04%,治疗费用占比由11.31%增长至17.71%,三级医院治疗费用占比下降4.39个百分点。门诊患者治疗费用流向优化明显,低龄老年门诊患者更愿意在社区就诊,但高龄老年患者门诊流向优化更明显。内分泌、营养和代谢疾病,神经系统疾病等慢性病老年门诊患者治疗费用大幅度流向社区卫生服务中心。结论改革对不同年龄和疾病的老年患者就诊影响不同,建议加强基层医疗卫生机构服务能力建设,凸显二级医院发展特色,精准完善老年患者分级诊疗体系。

医疗报销比例与居民就医行为——基于CHIP2018的实证分析

我国现已基本建立全民医疗保障体系,但医疗报销比例在不同群体之间存在较大差异,制约了个体的医疗消费需求。本文基于CHIP2018数据,使用县级空间加权平均报销比例作为工具变量,采用IV-Heckman、IV-o Probit等方法考察了医疗报销比例对居民就医行为的影响及作用机制。研究发现,提高医疗报销比例有助于释放居民门诊与住院就医需求,进而显著提高了个体医疗消费总支出。异质性分析发现,医疗报销比例的变动对农村居民和低收入群体的就医选择行为促进作用最大,但城镇居民和高收入群体的医疗消费支出增长更多。未来我国医疗保险制度改革需要在提高医疗保险实际报销比例的同时,逐步消除城镇职工基本医疗保险制度与城乡居民基本医疗保险制度之间的系统性差异,从而实现公平适度保障人民群众基本医疗保障权益的目标。

长期护理保险对老年家庭支出行为的影响——基于健康风险冲击的视角

我国经济进入新发展阶段,需要不断扩大国内需求、激发消费潜能。随着国内老龄人口的增多,激发老年群体的消费潜能将对促进国内大循环有积极的作用。研究发现老年人的储蓄率会随着年龄增加而提高,其主要原因是为了预防健康风险冲击。而长期护理保险通过风险分散机制能够有效缓解健康风险冲击,对家庭消费支出行为产生影响。本研究利用CFPS(2012—2018年)数据,基于健康风险视角,探讨了长期护理保险政策对家庭消费支出决策的影响。分析结果显示,长期护理保险制度的实施使老年家庭储蓄率下降了原来水平的9.7%,同时显著增加了消费支出,有效促进了老年家庭消费,其中健康消费和文娱消费显著增加;健康风险越大,长期护理保险对于促进老年家庭消费的效果越明显。此外,长期护理保险政策对城镇以及高收入家庭消费的促进作用更显著。

我国餐饮业发展影响因素的计量分析

科学发展餐饮业,对于提高人民生活质量和释放消费潜力具有重要作用。本文利用1999—2022年统计数据,建立了中国餐饮业营业额影响因素的计量经济模型,选取国内生产总值、居民人均消费支出、餐饮业法人企业数、餐饮业年末从业人数、国内旅游总花费和国内游客作为解释变量。经过分析,本文发现国内生产总值、餐饮业法人企业数和国内旅游总花费对餐饮业营业额具有显著的正向影响,并提出促就业提收入、强化政策引导、发挥旅游优势等利于餐饮行业长远向好发展的对策,以供参考。

数字金融对城乡居民收支差距的影响与机制研究

数字金融为缩小城乡居民收支差距提供了新路径。本文基于2011—2020年我国省级面板数据,实证分析了数字金融对城乡收支差距的影响;通过构建中介效应模型,实证分析了影响机制。研究发现:数字金融能够显著缩小城乡收支差距;数字金融每提高1个单位,城乡收入之比和城乡消费支出之比分别缩小0.0012和0.0015;数字金融通过提高农村居民财产性收入、扩大农村居民发展型消费和享受型消费,进而缩小城乡收支差距。基于研究结论,本文提出应在农村地区进一步推广发展数字金融,引导鼓励农民使用数字金融,同时在发展过程中注意城乡协调,多措并举拓宽农民增收渠道,丰富农村消费市场。

“万元收入能耗支出”指标的影响因素分析及优化策略研究

三级公立医院绩效考核的关键指标“万元收入能耗支出”是评价医院收入状况与能源资源利用水平是否适配的核心指标,也是当前公立医院提升自身运行效能亟待解决的关键问题和突破口。通过指标值拆解法、影响因素罗列分析法,结合国内先进医院及自身实践管理经验和数据,探寻改善优化指标值的路径和对策;系统性分析研究可积极助推医院在医疗业务能力发展,有效提升能耗水平的匹配度;调整优化“万元收入能耗支出”指标值需要多措并举,多维度全方位实施优化措施,使医院能源资源利用水平向经济性强、分布合理、低耗高效的方向发展。

财政教育支出对城乡居民消费差距的影响研究

文章探讨财政教育支出对城乡居民消费差距的影响。使用了中国2005—2021年的省级面板数据,运用了固定效应模型来分析财政教育支出和城乡居民消费差距之间的关系。文章的主要发现如下:人均财政教育支出对城乡居民消费差距有显著的负向影响,即财政教育支出的增加会缩小城乡居民消费差距。这一结果说明了财政教育支出对城乡居民消费差距有挤入效应。财政教育支出可以有效地缩小城乡居民消费差距,提高农村居民的消费水平,但是这种效果在较发达地区并不明显,可能需要更多的政策支持和资源投入。文章提出了一些政策建议,包括加大对农村地区教育事业的投入、引导和满足农村居民教育需求、完善对农村劳动力就业和创业的支持和服务等。

性别角色观念与家庭消费结构——基于中国家庭追踪调查数据的研究

提升消费结构是充分发挥消费对经济发展基础性作用的重要内容,但女性的传统性别角色观念是否会影响家庭消费结构目前尚未得到研究。本文首次将消费者需求理论扩展到时间配置选择,通过构建家庭效用模型,并使用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据进行实证检验,初步填补了这方面的研究空白。理论与实证分析一致表明,如果女性具有传统的性别角色观念,则其所在家庭的享受型消费支出比例更低,且此结论在工具变量回归、安慰剂检验、稳健性分析等一系列检验之后仍然成立。进一步的机制分析表明,女性性别角色观念主要是通过“收入效应”和“时间效应”对家庭消费结构发挥作用。本文的研究意味着,破除传统性别角色分工的偏见不仅有助于塑造男女平等的性别观念,而且在促进家庭消费结构升级等经济方面也能发挥重要作用。

数字普惠金融对我国农户绿色消费支出的影响:基于CFPS2016-2018的证据

促进农户绿色消费,是推动我国经济高质量发展的内在要求,而近年来蓬勃发展的数字普惠金融对此有何影响却很少被提及。论文基于CFPS2016-2018数据并结合面板双向固定效应模型,考察了县域层面数字普惠金融发展对我国农户绿色消费支出的影响。论文所得主要结论如下:首先,基准结果表明,县域数字普惠金融发展程度越高,则农户绿色消费支出越多。进一步来看,对于不同子维度,覆盖广度和使用深度均有促进作用,但数字化程度并无促进作用。其次,异质性分析发现,县域数字普惠金融的促进作用,在不同年龄、受教育程度、收入水平和绿色消费氛围村庄的农户间存在差异。最后,调节效应分析表明,农户环境敏感度和亲社会行为程度对县域数字普惠金融的促进作用具有正向调节效应,但社会资本水平并无调节效应。推动绿色经济和数字普惠金融发展相结合,需要进一步培育农户的绿色消费意识,提升绿色消费的针对性、便利性和实用性,进而推动农户绿色消费支出提升。

抚养负担视角下房价波动对居民消费的影响分析

以2007—2021年中国31个省份为例,实证分析抚养负担视角下房价波动对居民消费的影响。研究发现:房价上涨会抑制居民消费支出,但存在房价的门槛特征,在房价较高阶段对居民消费支出的抑制作用大于房价较低阶段;抚养负担加重也会对居民消费支出产生抑制作用,而少年儿童抚养负担对居民消费支出的抑制作用大于老年人口抚养负担的抑制作用;加大地方政府基本公共服务支出,有利于促进居民消费。要坚持房住不炒、防止房价过快增长、保障民生支出以及完善房地产增值收益分配机制。

税制结构对居民消费的时变冲击效应研究

使用贝叶斯框架下的MCMC方法和TVP-VAR-SV模型研究了税制结构对居民消费支出的动态冲击效应。结果表明,商品税、所得税和财产税均对居民消费支出影响具有显著的时变特征,其中财产税对居民消费支出影响的时变性相对较弱。从不同时点的脉冲响应来看,商品税和所得税对居民消费支出的影响大于财产税对居民消费支出的影响,商品税和财产税对于居民消费支出冲击的脉冲响应表现出正向影响,而所得税对于居民消费支出冲击的脉冲响应表现出负向影响,且长期的脉冲响应的影响大于短期和中期。因此,文章提出了适当提高直接税比重,完善所得税征收政策,适时开征遗产税、赠与税和绿色税收的政策建议。

贸易依存度对我国居民人均消费支出的影响研究

在国内国际双循环背景下,贸易开放能显著提高居民消费水平,因此,研究贸易开放通过哪些途径对我国居民人均消费支出产生影响,是理清贸易开放与居民人均消费水平之间关系的关键任务。利用2010—2020年中国292个地级市的面板数据,研究了贸易开放对人均消费支出的影响。研究发现,贸易开放推动了我国人均消费支出不断增长;在我国西部地区,贸易开放不能促进居民人均消费支出增长;贸易依存度能通过促进我国人均可支配收入增长、降低城乡收入差距的泰尔指数、降低城镇人均可支配收入与农村人均可支配收入之比来促进人均消费支出增长。因此,应不断提升职工平均工资,通过高水平开放不断提高居民的消费水平,缩小城乡收入差距。

数字金融会减弱财政支出效果吗?——基于居民消费的视角

积极的财政政策是解决居民消费不足问题的主要手段,而金融环境变化是财政政策效果的重要影响因素。本文首先从理论上分析了数字金融背景下财政支出效果的动态变化,进而分别使用家庭微观数据与宏观数据实证检验了数字金融对财政支出与居民消费关系的影响。研究发现:数字金融增加了异质性消费需求,改变了居民消费结构,降低了财政支出引致居民消费的能力。从财政支出结构上看,数字金融对经济建设、社会文教、其他支出等类型财政支出引致消费的减弱作用较强;从消费结构上看,财政支出对居住、家庭设备及用品、文教娱乐、交通通信等高异质性需求消费的引致作用受数字金融影响较大。进一步研究发现,这种减弱作用对高人力资本家庭与低收入家庭的作用更强。因此,在使用积极财政政策刺激消费过程中需认识到数字金融对财政政策效果的影响,合理调整财政支出结构,推动居民消费自发、稳步地提升。

中国城镇居民消费结构与体育产业结构协调度研究

居民消费结构与体育产业结构的协调是我国体育产业构建双循环格局、深化供给侧结构性改革的关键着力点。运用和谐理论,通过协调度的分析方法,对我国城镇居民消费结构与体育产业结构协调度进行实证分析。研究表明:我国城镇居民消费结构与体育产业结构总体上存在一种动态协调关系;我国城镇居民消费结构中各类消费支出同体育产业内部3个细分产业之间的相互作用呈增强态势,但是未形成长期均衡协调关系;我国城镇居民消费结构中的各类消费支出与体育产业内部3个细分产业存在最优均衡协调比例;我国城镇居民消费结构与体育产业结构的协调度在2006—2020年整体走势呈波动性下降趋势,其中:在2013—2016年处于基本协调状态,协调度在2016—2020年持续下降,其余年份均处于协调状态。协调度在2016—2020年持续下降,说明需要向纵深推进体育产业供给侧结构性改革,提高体育产品及服务的供给能力,以适应居民消费结构升级。据此提出我国体育产业结构优化策略:1)以体育服务消费为突破口,推动体育服务提质升级;2)以体育消费新平台和新场景为载体,推动体育场地及设施转型发展;3)以智能体育用品制造、体育产品与服务数字化消费为抓手,推动体育用品制造业转型升级。

数字基础设施对地方财政可持续的影响机制及效果研究

以智慧城市试点政策的实施作为准自然实验,采用渐进双重差分模型研究数字基础设施对地方财政可持续的现实影响。研究结果显示,数字基础设施对地方财政可持续的影响以正向为主导,具有逐年递增的特征,且呈现异质性,在高创新水平、高人口规模、高人力资本的城市表现更为突出。机制检验结果表明,数字基础设施通过促进产业结构升级、刺激公众消费需求、提高财政支出绩效等渠道发挥积极作用,但也会弱化政府征税能力、造成税收流失,对地方财政可持续发展产生负面影响。同时,投资冲动的影响效应不显著,使得数字基础设施通过强化投资冲动作用于地方财政可持续的机制被中断。进一步的分析结果显示,数字基础设施建设具有空间溢出性,能够带动地理距离相近和经济发展水平类似的城市提高财政可持续性。据此,从有序引导社会资本投入、搭建财税领域的智能网络平台、推动产业和消费升级、发挥先行城市的辐射带动作用等方面提出政策建议。