Effects of Crops, Soil Types and Irrigation Methods on Digestion Capacity of Biogas Slurry

In the research, pot experiment and field testing were conducted to study the effect of different crops, soil types, and irrigation modes on biogas slurry diges- tions. The results showed that when silage maize, sweet sorghum and Chinese cabbage were planted in purple soils, the quantities of digested biogas slurry were of 57, 157.5, and 34.5 t/hm2, respectively, while the quantities of digested biogas slurry were 70.5, 157.5 and 40.5 t/hm2 in yellow soils. Besides, the digested biogas slurries reached 36 and 27 t/hm2 as per flood irrigation and sprinkling irrigation when Chinese cabbages were planted in yellow soils. The research indicated crop variety, soil type, and irrigation method all have effects on farmland digestion of biogas slurry.

Non-complete relief method for measuring surface stresses in surrounding rocks

The measurement of surface stresses in surrounding rocks with the use of a relief method of annular hole-drilling was studied by numerical analysis. The stress relief process by hole-drilling was then simulated with the use of finite element method. The influences of the borehole diameter(d), the initial stresses and the ratio of the initial principle stresses on the variations of the remained stress and the released stress in function of the relief depth(h) were discussed. The relation between the non-dimensional ratio of the released principle strains and that of the initial principle stresses, and the effect of the elastic modulus and the Poisson ratio of the rock mass on the stress relief curves were studied. The results show that the stress relief behavior formulated with the non-dimensional ratio of the released stress and the ratio of h/d is only sensitive to the ratio of the initial principle stresses and the Poisson ratio. The stresses are completely released when h equals 1.6d, and the tensile stresses take place on the bore core surface in the relief measurement process. Finally, a non-complete relief method of annular hole-drilling for measuring surface stress in surrounding rocks is proposed and the procedure is presented.

The determination of 52 elements in marine geological samples by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a high-pressure closed digestion method

An improved analytical method to determine the content of 52 major, minor and trace elements in marine geological samples, using a HF-HCl-HNO_3 acid system with a high-pressure closed digestion method（HPCD）, is studied by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry（ICP-OES） and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. The operating parameters of the instruments are optimized, and the optimal analytical parameters are determined. The influences of optical spectrum and mass spectrum interferences, digestion methods and acid systems on the analytical results are investigated. The optimal spectral lines and isotopes are chosen, and internal standard element of rhodium is selected to compensate for matrix effects and analytical signals drifting. Compared with the methods of an electric heating plate digestion and a microwave digestion, a high-pressure closed digestion method is optimized with less acid, complete digestion,less damage for digestion process. The marine geological samples are dissolved completely by a HF-HCl-HNO_3 system, the relative error（RE） for the analytical results are all less than 6.0%. The method detection limits are 2–40μg/g by the ICP-OES, and 6–80 ng/g by ICP-MS. The methods are used to determine the marine sediment reference materials（GBW07309, GBW07311, GBW07313）, rock reference materials（GBW07103, GBW07104,GBW07105）, and cobalt-rich crust reference materials（GBW07337, GBW07338, GBW07339）, the obtained analytical results are in agreement with the certified values, and both of the relative standard deviation（RSD） and the relative error（RE） are less than 6.0%. The analytical method meets the requirements for determining 52 elements contents of bulk marine geological samples.

A Comparative Study of the Difference Method and the Enzyme-Hydrolyzed Casein Method for Determining True Amino Acid Digestibilities and Endogenous Amino Acid Losses in Duck Feed

In this study, we examined the varia- tions between the difference method and the enzyme- hydrolyzed casein method for determining endogenous amino acid loss and the true amino acid digestibility in ducks fed normal protein-containing diets. These methods were compared to the nitrogen-free （N-free） diet method. The difference method was based on soy- bean meal as the only protein source, with the experi- mental diets containing crude protein levels at 15% and 20%. The enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method was based on enzyme-hydrolyzed casein meal as the pro- tein source, with the experimental diet containing a crude protein level of 17.5%. The N-free diet was prepared with starches and paper fibers. In each meth- od,64 Tianfu meat drakes （7-weeks-old） with an av- erage body weight of 2.77±0.16 kg were used and divided into four groups, and fed four different diets. Each group contained four replicates of four drakes and they were force fed trial diets according to the Sirbald method for detecting their apparent amino aciddigestibility, endogenous amino acid loss and true a- mino acid digestibility. The results demonstrated that using the difference, enzyme-hydrolyzed casein and N-free diet methods, endogenous amino acid losses were 0. 9946,1. 2243 and 0. 9297 mg/g dry matter in- take （ DMI）, respectively. The true amino acid digest- ibility measured by the difference method was 88.93 %±4.43 %. Using the enzyme-hydrolyzed ca- sein method with two dietary crude protein levels of 15% and 20%, the digestibility was 91.15%±4.33% and 91.97%±4. 16%, respectively, and by the N-free diet methods with two dietary crude protein levels of 15% and 20% ,it was 88.55%±4.29% and 88.82 %±4.61%, respectively. The results suggested that when the dietary protein level was 15% to 20 %, the true amino acid digestibility and endogenous ami- no acid loss as determined by the difference method was more accurate than the values determined by the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method.

Methodological impact of starch determination on starch content and ileal digestibility of starch in grain legumes for growing pigs

Background： Grain legumes represent a valuable energy source in pig diets due to their high starch content. The present study was conducted to determine the content and apparent ileal digestibility（AID） of starch in different grain legume cultivars for pigs by means of both a polarimetric and enzymatic method for starch determination.Methods： Three experiments were conducted with six barrows each which were fitted with ileal T-cannulas. In total, 18 diets including six different cultivars of faba beans（Vicia faba L.） and peas（Pisum sativum L.）, five different cultivars of lupins（Lupinus luteus L., Lupinus angustifolius L.）, and one diet with a soybean meal（SBM） were fed.Results： The starch content of faba beans and peas was greater（P ＆lt; 0.05） when determined polarimetrically than enzymatically（438 vs. 345 g/kg dry matter（DM） in faba beans and 509 vs. 390 g/kg DM in peas, respectively）.Considerable lower starch contents were obtained in lupins and SBM, with 82 and 48 g/kg DM（analyzed polarimetrically） and ＆lt;1.1 and 3 g/kg DM（analyzed enzymatically）, respectively. Mean values for contents of neutral detergent fiber（NDF） and acid detergent fiber（ADF） in grain legumes ranged from 111 and 79 g/kg DM in peas to248 and 207 g/kg DM in lupins, respectively. Contents of condensed tannins in the colored flowered faba bean cultivars ranged from 2.1 to 7.4 g/kg DM. The AID of starch was greater（P ＆lt; 0.05） in pea than in faba bean cultivars,and using the polarimetric starch determination method resulted in greater（P ＆lt; 0.05） digestibility values than using enzymatic starch analysis（84 vs. 80% in faba beans and 86 vs. 83% in peas）. Moreover, AID of starch differed（P ＆lt; 0.05）within pea cultivars and starch digestibility in faba beans decreased linearly（P ＆lt; 0.05） as the content of condensed tannins increased. However, there was no relationship between contents of NDF and ADF and AID of starch in pea and faba bean cultivars.Conclusion： Both contents and AID of starch in grain legumes can vary as influenced by the analytical method used for starch determination. Generally, starch digestibility is greater when measured by polarimetric rather than enzymatic methods.

Effects of dietary oil sources and fat extraction methods on apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of fat and fatty acids in growing pigs

Background:There is a lack of data for the standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of fat and fatty acids in national feed databases.In addition,it is important to specify the procedures used for fat analyses.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to 1) determine the apparent ileal digestibility(AID) and SID of fat and fatty acids in ten different oil sources for growing pigs and to develop prediction equations for SID of fat based on fatty acid composition;and 2) compare the effect of the fat extraction methods on the calculated values for endogenous loss and digestibility of fat.Methods:Twenty-two barrows(initial body weight:32.1 ± 2.3 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum,and allotted to 1 of 11 experimental diets in a 4-period Youden Square design.A fat-free diet was formulated using cornstarch,soy protein isolate and sucrose.Ten oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6% of dietary oil sources to the fat-free diet at the expense of cornstarch.All diets contained 26% sugar beet pulp and 0.40% chromic oxide.Results:The endogenous loss of ether extract(EE) was lower than that of acid-hydrolyzed fat(AEE;P < 0.01).There were significant differences in the AID and SID of fat and saturated fatty acids across the dietary oil sources(P < 0.05).The SID of AEE for palm oil was lower than that of sunflower oil,corn oil,canola oil,rice oil and flaxseed oil(P < 0.01).The AID and SID of fat ranged from 79.65% to 86.97% and from 91.14% to 99.18%.Although the AID of EE was greater than that of AEE(P < 0.01),there was no significant difference in SID of EE and AEE except for palm oil.The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U/S) had a positive correlation with SID of fat(P < 0.05),whereas C16:0 and long chain saturated fatty acids(LSFA) were significant negatively correlated with SID of fat(P < 0.01).The best-fit equation to predict SID of fat was SID AEE = 102.75-0.15 × LSFA-0.74 × C18:0-0.03 × C18:1(Adjusted coefficient of determination = 0.88,P < 0.01).Conclusions:When calculating the SID of fat,the EE content of the samples can be analyzed using the direct extraction method,whereas the acid hydrolysis procedure should be used to determine the AID of fat.Fat digestibility of dietary oils was affected by their fatty acid composition,especially by the contents of C16:0,LSFA and U/S.

Scientific connotation of “treating different diseases with the same method” from the perspective of metabolic-immune dysregulation in inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis of digestive organs

Inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis develops in the context of chronic inflammation and is a significant cause of cancer within the digestive system.In the chronic inflammation microenvironment,the metabolic activity of tissue cells undergoes extensive changes,which interfere with the normal function of immune cells.Dysregulation of cell metabolism and immune function has been identified as a key factor contributing to inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis within the major digestive organs,such as the stomach,liver,and colorectum.This metabolic-immune imbalance also corresponds to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)theories of“yin-yang disharmony”and“disharmony between Ying-nutrients and Wei-defense.”The metabolic-immune imbalance has also been regarded as the key factor supporting“treatment of different diseases with the same method”,in which the same approach is adopted in the treatment of different conditions.In the TCM treatment process,it is necessary to first identify TCM patterns and then apply the corresponding TCM to correct the dysregulated metabolic and immune function,thereby blocking the progression from inflammation to malignancy.Our study findings deepen the TCM understanding of metabolic-immune dysregulation and the relationship between metabolic-immune dysregulation,pattern identification,and treatment method.They also provide new insights for the treatment of inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis in major digestive organs and help us further explore the scientific connotation of the TCM strategy of“treating different diseases with the same method”.

Assessment of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability prediction of omega 3 and conjugated fatty acids by in vitro standardized digestion model(INFOGEST)and cell model

Omega 3 EPA and DHA are polyunsaturated fatty acids with relevant health benefits.Conjugated linoleic and linolenic acids are known for their anti-carcinogenic effect,anti-inflammatory properties and body weight reduction.To achieve therapeutical doses,high amounts of these fatty acids’food sources must be consumed.Thus,the intake of enriched oils with a high concentration of these fatty acids is often used.But several factors influence their bioavailability.Here,by using the INFOGEST static in vitro protocol of gastrointestinal tract digestion it was studied the bioaccessibility of these fatty acids in different matrixes:Pomegranate and Fish oil and omega 3,CLA and CLNA soft-gel enriched capsules.After digestion,the Recovery Index for the major bioactive PUFAs are very low:Pomegranate oil is 2%,Fish oil 11-13%,CLNA 17%,CLA 6%and Omega 3 capsules 3%.Higher initial concentrations of these PUFAs seem to be related to higher degrees of oxidation.In Pomegranate oil,CLNA and Omega 3 capsules,the digestion process negatively influenced the antioxidant potential.The opposite was verified for the Fish oil and CLA capsules.Importantly,bioaccessibility studies of similar matrixes are very scarce and intestinal permeability is absent in most of the studies.Intestinal permeability studies were performed using a Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture:there is significative incorporation of the bioactive fatty acids into the intestinal cells,which may affect their permeability performance.Interestingly,most fatty acids remain in the non-bioaccessible fraction which may be relevant when designing oral routes of administration and in gut microbiota modulation.

Experimental Study on Anaerobic Digestion of Remaining Sludge in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant

Along with the development and progress of environmental protection management,it is necessary to pay full attention to the disposal of excess sludge in the process of urban sewage treatment plant management.It is necessary to ensure effective integration of management mechanisms and management paths.To a certain extent,it can improve the actual efficiency of digestion and treatment work and lay a foundation for the optimal operation of environmental protection management.In this paper,the treatment of excess sludge in a sewage treatment plant is studied.The method and results of anaerobic digestion test of excess sludge in a sewage treatment plant are discussed for reference only.

全收粪法与回肠食糜法测定鸭饲粮氨基酸消化率的比较研究

本试验旨在研究全收粪法与回肠食糜法测定肉鸭内源氨基酸损失、饲粮标准氨基酸消化率的差异及其可加性,为选择更合适的肉鸭饲粮氨基酸效价评定方法提供参考。试验选用48只20周龄雄性北京鸭,随机分为2组:全收粪组和取回肠食糜组,每组采用单因素完全随机区组设计,包括4个饲粮处理:以玉米和豆粕分别为唯一蛋白质源配制的玉米饲粮和豆粕饲粮、玉米-豆粕型全价饲粮以及1种无氮饲粮,饲粮中均添加0.5%二氧化钛(TiO_(2))作为指示剂,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1只鸭。采集经肉鸭消化后的粪便或食糜样品,全收粪组通过差量法和指示剂法2种方式、取回肠食糜组通过指示剂法计算得到饲粮标准氨基酸消化率。结果表明:1)通过全收粪-指示剂法测定的无氮饲粮下肉鸭苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸及总氨基酸的内源损失均显著低于回肠食糜法(P<0.05)。2)全收粪-差量法、全收粪-指示剂法和回肠食糜法测定的玉米饲粮标准氨基酸消化率均有超过100%的氨基酸,3种方法测定的标准氨基酸消化率在玉米饲粮中除蛋氨酸、玉米-豆粕型饲粮中除天冬氨酸和谷氨酸外均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)单样本t检验表明,回肠食糜法测定的玉米-豆粕型饲粮的可消化氨基酸含量的实测值与计算值间均无显著差异(P>0.05),全收粪-差量法和全收粪-指示剂法测定的玉米-豆粕型饲粮的总可消化氨基酸含量的实测值均显著小于计算值(P<0.05)。由此可见,全收粪法和回肠食糜法测定的饲粮标准氨基酸消化率具有可比性,但回肠食糜法测得的饲粮标准氨基酸消化率的可加性更好。

微波消解-原子荧光法测定土壤硒的测量不确定度评定

采用微波消解-原子荧光法对土壤标准物质(GSS-38)中全硒含量进行测定,并对测量结果进行不确定度评定。分析整个检测过程中产生不确定度的来源,发现检测不确定度的来源主要包括样品称量、标准溶液配制、校准工作曲线拟合、试液定容体积及样品测量重复性等分量,并计算了各分量的相对标准不确定度。研究发现测量结果不确定度主要来源于测定溶液定容、标准曲线稀释配制、测量重复性等。采用置信概率为95%,包含因子k=2,原子荧光法测定GSS-38土壤中硒含量的测定结果为(1.34±0.08)mg/kg。

ICP-MS法测定松花粉无机元素含量及安全性、健康风险评估

为测定松花粉中18种无机元素的含量,并对重金属及有害元素进行安全性和健康风险评估,采用微波消解法处理样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS法)进行测定,使用软件Origin 2021和微生信平台绘制松花粉无机元素特征谱图和相关系数矩阵图,通过计算重金属元素的单项污染指数P_(i)对松花粉的安全性进行评估,计算重金属元素的每日最大可耐受量、靶标危害系数和致癌风险,并对松花粉的健康风险进行评估。结果表明:松花粉中主要含有Na、Mg、K、Ca、Fe、Zn 6种无机元素;P_(i)结果显示松花粉样品未被污染,水平优良;松花粉样品中重金属及有害元素未对暴露人群产生健康风险。采用ICP-MS法对松花粉中18种无机元素进行测定分析,可为松花粉的质量安全评价和推广应用提供一定的理论依据。

宠物食品消化率测定方法研究进展

消化率是评估宠物食品质量和营养价值的重要指标之一,其不仅可以帮助宠物主人选择合适的产品,还在为生产商提供优化配方的参考以及推动宠物食品行业标准化和高质量发展等方面发挥着重要作用。本文就目前宠物食品消化率测定方法,如全收粪法、指示剂法、替代法、回肠末端法、体外模拟消化模型法、预测方程法和动物模型法等进行总结,深入探讨了其优缺点、局限性和适用范围,并对不同测定方法进行了比较,为研究者提出了未来研究的方向和建议。

Effect of variety and drying method on the nutritive value of corn for growing pigs

Background：This experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of corn from the north of China for growing pigs.The experiment examined corn variety（LS1,LS2,LS3 and LS4）grown in one location,drying method（sun dried and artificially dried）and different drying temperatures.Corn harvested at 20-25%moisture was dried to about 12%moisture by sun drying and artificially drying at 80,100,or 120℃ in a fluidized bed dryer.Ninety-six barrows（average BW of 33.4 ± 2.7 kg）were housed in individual metabolism crates to facilitate separate collection of feces and urine.A five-day collection period followed a seven-day diet acclimation period.Results：The results indicated that variety significantly influenced（P〈0.01）the 1,000 kernel weight of corn but not the bulk weight.Variety also influenced the available energy content（digestible energy of dry matter,P〈0.01;metabolisable energy of dry matter,P〈0.01）and digestibility of organic matter（P〈0.01）,as well as dry matter（P〈0.01）and gross energy（GE）content（P〈0.02）.The drying method of corn significantly influenced the 1,000 kernel weight（P〈0.01）,bulk weight（P〈0.01）and digestibility of ether extract（EE）（P〈0.01）.No effect of drying temperature on the digestibility of organic matter,dry matter（DM）,crude protein（CP）,neutral detergent fiber（NDF）,acid detergent fiber（ADF）and gross energy was observed,but gelatinization（P〈0.05）and test weight（P〈0.01）decreased with an increase in temperature.Conclusions：Variety has a significant impact on the nutritive value of corn for growing pigs,and greater attention needs to be paid to these influences in the assignment of the nutritive value of corn given to growing pigs.

Application of"balancing digestive functions by regulating pivot"in chronic atrophic gastritis and professor Wei Wei's clinical experience

Chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG)has attracted wide attention in clinic due to its high incidence rate and high canceration rate.At present,modern medicine lacks an effective treatment scheme for CAG.Traditional Chinese medicine can improve clinical symptoms,laboratory indexes,pathological examination results and patients'quality of life for patients of CAG.Professor Wei used the method of"Balancing Digestive Functions by Regulating Pivot"to treat CAG in clinical practice.With flexible addition and subtraction on the basic prescription Banxia Xiexin decoction and coordination with various external treatment methods and psychological construction,professor Wei has achieved satisfactory clinical effects with the pungent-opening and bitter-descending method and dispersing liver and promoting blood circulation method.

Method 3060A——碱消解法提取六价铬的影响因素分析

美国环境保护署在1996年发布的《EPA Method 3060A Alkaline Digestion for Hexavalent Chromium》是一份非常经典的有关六价铬消解的标准。本文通过调研文献资料,对混合碱溶液的组成以及消解条件进行了分析总结,以期能为相关领域从业人员的检测工作带来些许帮助。

A New Approach for the Measurement of Digestible Carbohydrates in Different Food Samples with HPLC-RI

This paper gives an impetus in quantifying digestible carbohydrates, which are important components of cereals, legumes and vegetables. The HPLC method was applied for the first time in India to estimate the digestible carbohydrates such as sugars and starches in different branded rice, legumes and vegetable samples which were procured from local market of twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad in Andhra Pradesh State, India. In the present study, we estimated carbohydrates in vitro, mimicking the in vivo condition by incorporating enzymatic digestion. Among the rice varieties the analyzed total soluble sugars were in the range of 5.69% to 9.62%, vegetables 0.0% to 3.72% and legumes 0.04% to 0.98%. Soluble starches in rice samples ranged from 12.51% to 17.64%, in vegetables from 1.73% to 7.28% and in legumes from 23.76% to 38.71%. Insoluble starches in rice samples were observed to be bracketed in between 52.53% to 60.43%, where as in vegetables from 0.58% to 8.83% and in legumes from 16.13% to 29.22%. Concluding our observation, the total amount of starches and total sugars in rice fell in between 74.32% to 80.75%, in vegetables from 1.74% to 16.11%, and in legumes from 39.93% to 68.91%.

不同熟化方式下甘薯咀嚼加工及食团特性的比较分析

为探究不同熟化方式下甘薯的咀嚼加工行为及食团特性,该研究考察了熟化方式对甘薯的质构、淀粉含量及淀粉短程有序性的影响,并进行咀嚼试验,跟踪分析受试者咀嚼至吞咽点食团的水分含量、咀嚼参数、唾液分泌情况、食团特性以及淀粉消化情况。结果表明:倒蒸甘薯条和煮甘薯干片的硬度、弹性、胶粘性、内聚性、咀嚼性和回复性均显著高于其他4种熟化甘薯制品(P<0.05),熟化甘薯制品中淀粉含量及淀粉短程有序性均显著低于鲜甘薯(P<0.05)。在不同熟化方式甘薯制品的咀嚼试验中,咀嚼参数中的一口量、咀嚼次数、咀嚼时间、进食速率存在显著差异(P<0.05);回收食团的平均中值粒径(D50)(1.55~2.65 mm)与样品硬度、胶粘性和咀嚼性呈显著正相关(P<0.05);样品形态以及受试者主观性的差异使样品咀嚼时的平均唾液添加量(0.41~0.94g/g干基)和平均唾液流速(45.92~72.65mg/s)存在显著差异(P<0.05);咀嚼后的平均总淀粉消化率最高为蒸制甘薯(88.35%),最低为微波甘薯(34.32%)。该研究为深入研究甘薯消化特性以及甘薯精深加工奠定理论基础。

小肽在饲料中的应用研究进展

肽是由2~20个氨基酸组成的短链小分子蛋白,在生物体内具有重要的生物学功能。这些功能包括调节生长和发育、增强免疫反应、代谢调控和抗菌活性等。从植物、动物和食品加工副产品等不同来源生产具有生物活性和功能性的肽类饲料,是解决蛋白资源紧缺问题的有效方法之一。本文综述了肽的制备方法和功能分类,并概述其在动物生长、免疫、抗氧化性和肠道健康方面的影响情况。这将有助于揭示肽类在饲料中的作用机制,改进肽的性能和利用率,以及开发更环保、健康和高效的肽生物制品,对提高动物生产效益、保护环境和促进畜牧业的可持续发展具有重要意义。

微波消解-钼酸铅重量法测定焙烧钼精矿中钼含量

采用微波消解方法对焙烧钼精矿样品消解,用乙酸铅沉淀溶液中的钼酸根生成钼酸铅沉淀,沉淀经过滤、洗涤、灼烧、称重。氨水分离后残渣中的钼用硫氰酸盐分光光度法进行测定后予以补正,计算得到钼含量,测定范围:40.00%~65.00%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%。