Metal magnetic memory testing for early damage assessment in ferromagnetic materials

In order to investigate the physical mechanism of metal magnetic memory testing, both the influences of earth magnetic field and applied stress on magnetic domain structure were discussed. Static tension and fatigue tests for low carbon steel plate specimens were carried out on hydraulic servo testing machine of MTS810 type and magnetic signals were measured during the processes by the type of EMS-2003 instrument. The results indicate that the initial magnetic signals of specimens are different before loading. The magnetic signals curves are transformed from initial random to regular pattern due to the effect of two types of loads. However, the shape and distribution of magnetic signal curves in the elastic region are different from that of plastic region in tension test. While in fatigue test those magnetic signals curves corresponding to different cycles are similar. The H_p(y) value of magnetic signals on the fracture zone increases dramatically at the breaking transient time and positive-negative magnetic poles occur on the two parts of fracture zone.

Fatigue damage evaluation by metal magnetic memory testing

Tension-compression fatigue test was performed on 0.45% C steel specimens.Normal and tangential components of magnetic memory testing signals,Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals,with their characteristics,K of Hp(y) and Hp(x)M of Hp(x),throughout the fatigue process were presented and analyzed.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed after loading; Hp(y) curves rotated clockwise and Hp(x) curves elevated significantly with the increase of fatigue cycle number at the first a few fatigue cycles,both Hp(y) and Hp(x) curves were stable after that,the amplitude of abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak value of Hp(x) increased more quickly after fatigue crack initiation.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) at the notch reversed again after failure.The characteristics were found to exhibit consistent tendency in the whole fatigue life and behave differently in different stages of fatigue.In initial and crack developing stages,the characteristics increased significantly due to dislocations increase and crack propagation,respectively.In stable stage,the characteristics remained constant as a result of dislocation blocking,K value ranged from 20 to 30 A/(m·mm)-1,and Hp(x)M ranged from 270 to 300 A/m under the test parameters in this work.After failure,both abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed,K value was 133 A/(m·mm)-1 and Hp(x)M was-640 A/m.The results indicate that the characteristics of Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals were related to the accumulation of fatigue,so it is feasible and applicable to monitor fatigue damage of ferromagnetic components using metal magnetic memory testing(MMMT).

Characterization of Stress Concentration by Tangential Component Hp(x) of Metal Magnetic Memory Signals

The correlation between the stress concentration and the spontaneous magnetic signals of metal magnetic memory(MMM) was investigated via tensile tests. Sheet specimens of the Q235 steel were machined into standard bars with rectangular holes to obtain various stress concentration factors. The tangential component Hp(x) of MMM signals and its related magnetic characteristic parameters throughout the loading process were presented and analyzed. It is found that the tangential component Hp(x) is sensitive to the abnormal magnetic changes caused by the local stress concentration in the defect area. The minimum magnetic field is positively correlated to the magnitude of the load and the distance from the notch. The tangential magnetic stress concentration factor presents good numerical stability during the entire loading process, and can be used to evaluate the stress concentration factor. The results obtained will be a complement to the MMM technique.

Variation regularity of metal magnetic memory signals with inspecting time-interval and location

Influences of inspecting time-interval and location on varying behavior of metal magnetic memory (MMM) signals of defects were studied. Different areas in two precracked weldments were inspected at different time-intervals by type TSC-1M-4 stress-concentration magnetic inspector to obtain MMM signals. Mechanisms of MMM signals varying behavior with inspecting time and space were analyzed and discussed respectively. It is found that MMM signals don't change with inspecting time-interval, since stress field and magnetic leakage field maintain unchanged at any time after welding. On the other hand, MMM signals differ greatly for different inspecting locations, because stress field and magnetic leakage field are unevenly distributed in defective ferromagnetic materials.

Quantitative Detection of Corrosion State of Concrete Internal Reinforcement Based on Metal Magnetic Memory

Corrosion can be very harmful to the service life and several properties of reinforced concrete structures.The metal magnetic memory(MMM)method,as a newly developed spontaneous magnetic flux leakage(SMFL)non-destructive testing(NDT)technique,is considered a potentially viable method for detecting corrosion damage in reinforced concrete members.To this end,in this paper,the indoor electrochemical method was employed to accelerate the corrosion of outsourced concrete specimens with different steel bar diameters,and the normal components Bz and its gradient of the SMFL fields on the specimen surfaces were investigated based on the metal magnetic memory(MMM)method.The experimental results showed that the SMFL experimental Bz curves are consistent with the analytical results of the theoretical model.Furthermore,the crest-to-trough behavior on the Bz signal curve and its zero-point gradient spacing can more accurately indicate the corroded area’s extent.Then,a magnetic characteristic parameter W based on a large amount of experimental data was established to characterize the degree of corrosion of the steel bars.The magnetic characteristic parameter W is linearly related to the maximum cross-sectional area loss rate
of the corroded reinforcement.This paper will lay the foundation for future research on corrosion detection of reinforced concrete structures based on the MMM method and provide a feasible way for non-destructive detection of corrosion independent of the influence of reinforcement diameter and magnetization history.

MMM testing and failure analysis of fastening bolts on reciprocating compressor cylinder cover

To avoid the serious accidents caused by the failure fastening bolts on reciprocating compressor cylinder cover,a new nondestructive testing(NDT) technology,metal magnetic memory(MMM) testing,was applied to safety evaluating and failure analyzing for the fastening bolts.Based on the dynamic stress calculation of the failure bolts,MMM testing was carried out at workshop.Given are the MMM stress distribution characteristics of the failure bolts and fracture faces.It has been found that the MMM signal variation amplitude of the crack transition zone in the fracture surface is minimal,that of the crack initiation zone is in the middle,and that of the tear fracture zone is maximal.The failure reasons were analyzed with MMM effect.The results of the metallographic examination showed that the validity and feasibility of MMM testing and failure analysis.This means MMM technology is a new,fast and validity method of failure analysis.

磁记忆效应的Jiles-Atherton理论模型全过程推导

金属磁记忆检测方法是一种能够对铁磁材料进行早期无损检测的新技术,其检测的是在外应力和地磁场的共同作用下铁磁构件产生的自发漏磁场.而磁机械效应则是指在恒定的外磁场环境中,磁化强度与外应力之间的变化关系.两者从本质上来讲是相似的.因此,磁记忆效应的物理本质就是弱磁场(地磁场)下的磁机械效应.针对磁机械效应经典的Jiles-Atherton理论模型,进行了系统、全面、完整的理论公式推导,分析了不同变量之间的物理关系和数学关系,并指出Jiles-Atherton理论模型存在的不足,并探讨了基于该模型进行的优化改进研究,改进的模型很好地解释了拉压应力作用下的非对称磁化行为.

考虑残余应力影响的典型钢结构对接焊缝缺陷定位研究

对接焊缝为典型的钢结构焊缝形式,其位置处的裂纹和气孔型缺陷的准确检测对于钢结构维护有着重要的意义,使用磁记忆检测技术对焊缝裂纹和气孔型缺陷进行定位时,传统的零点极值理论由于焊接残余应力的影响,难以区分残余应力、焊接裂纹和气孔型缺陷所产生的磁信号,从而在实际检测中造成缺陷定位的误判和漏判,因此,从焊接裂纹和气孔型缺陷和残余应力所在区域磁信号产生机理的不同入手,开展考虑残余应力影响下的焊接裂纹和气孔型缺陷定位检测研究。首先对焊接残余应力与裂纹和气孔型缺陷产生磁信号的机理进行分析,提出采用三维磁模量梯度极值判定方式来区分残余应力与裂纹和气孔型缺陷产生的磁信号;其次再进行焊接缺陷有限元COMSOL模拟,将所得磁信号代入梯度极值特征公式中进行表征判断;最后为了验证模拟表征判断的准确性,人工制作焊接钢板,提取三维磁信号进行分析。研究结果表明,理论分析、数值模拟与试验结果相互吻合,三维磁模量梯度极值能定位焊接缺陷并定量表征缺陷的长度,且裂纹和气孔型的三维磁模量梯度值远远高于无缺陷残余应力区域的梯度值。

金属磁记忆检测技术在双金属复合管道上的探索应用

采用双金属复合管被认为是解决高腐蚀性油气田地面集输管线腐蚀问题的一种相对安全的办法,但目前国内应用过程中存在管道失效及检测难等问题。金属磁记忆检测技术应用于检测埋地双金属复合管,并通过对磁异常危险等级较高位置进行开挖验证,配合测厚和磁饱和-脉冲涡流等无损检测技术,取得了良好的应用效果。检测结果明确了金属磁记忆检测技术在一定程度上可以满足埋地双金属复合管的应力集中程度检测需求,有一定的推广价值。

Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on anxiety level and spatial memory of adult rats

Background As the widespread use of electric devices in modern life, human are exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic fields （ELF MF） much more frequently than ever. Over the past decades, a substantial number of epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that ELF MF （50 Hz） exposure is associated with increased risk of various health effects. The present study examined the effects of chronic exposure to ELF MF on anxiety level and spatial memory of adult rats. Methods The 50-Hz ELF MF was used during the whole experimental procedures and the value of magnetic field （MF） was set to 2 mT. Adult rats were divided randomly to control, MF 1 hour and MF 4 hours group. Anxiety-related behaviors were examined in the open field test and the elevated plus maze; changes in spatial learning and memory were determined in Morris water maze aRer 4 weeks of daily exposure. Results Rats in MF 4 hours group had increased anxiety-like behaviors with unaltered locomotor activity. In the Morris water maze test, rats had reduced latency to find the hidden platform and improved long-term memory of former location of platform without changes in short-term memory and locomotor activity. Conclusion Chronic ELF MF exposure has anxiogenic effect on rats, and the promoting effects on spatial learning and long-term retention of spatial memory.

埋地油气管道磁记忆检测机理及影响因素综述

金属磁记忆检测技术作为一种新型的埋地油气管道非开挖无损检测手段,具有无须磁化、可预判缺陷等优势。但目前该技术主要围绕小型构件展开探究,且试验以实验室条件居多,服役环境下埋地管道的研究成果不多。鉴于此,本文纵观近年国内外研究进展及现状,概述了效应原理,梳理了基础理论的学说流派,分析了埋地管道工作环境下磁记忆信号的影响因素及作用效果。在此基础上,归纳出目前有待解决的问题,展望了未来的研究方向。

STT-MRAM存储器数据保持试验方法研究

自旋转移力矩磁随机存储器(STT-MRAM)的基本存储单元结构为磁性隧道结(MTJ),该单元的热稳定性会随着温度的升高而变弱。MTJ这一特性导致传统激活能计算模型无法直接应用于STT-MRAM的高温数据保持特性测试,因此研究STT-MRAM的数据保持特性需探究可替代其激活能的参数。为此,搭建了基于Xilinx Kintex-7系列FPGA的测试系统,进行了多个温度数据保持试验,最终拟合出一个代替激活能来衡量STT-MRAM数据保持能力的参数,即热稳定因子。该多温度数据拟合热稳定因子的方法可有效评估STT-MRAM器件数据保持能力。

20钢板焊缝缺陷的磁记忆检测

与磁粉检测和射线检测相比,磁记忆检测灵敏度更高,利用金属磁记忆技术对20钢板的焊缝缺陷进行无损检测评价。研究表明:磁记忆检测法能够有效表征钢板的焊缝缺陷;与磁场强度参数相比,磁场梯度对焊缝缺陷更为敏感,表现为在被测4块钢板的焊缝缺陷处,其磁场梯度的法向分量均出现了明显增加、并呈凸峰状,且在焊缝一些局部应力集中处,也出现了异常磁记忆信号。在实际应用时,可以利用磁记忆检测快速的特点,先对被测构件焊缝的异常信号进行提取,同时与其他无损检测进行比较,有效实现提高缺陷检测准确性与可靠性的目的。

机器学习在金属磁记忆检测中的应用与展望

金属磁记忆检测技术(MMMT)能够检测以应力集中为代表的早期损伤,在铁磁性构件损伤检测领域具有广阔的应用前景。由于金属磁记忆检测信号十分微弱并且具有较强的非线性,在实际检测时容易出现漏检或误检。机器学习方法对信号数据集特征分析具有良好的自学习和自适应性能力,较适合金属磁记忆检测信号的分析与处理。对机器学习技术在金属磁记忆检测中的应用进行了综述,讨论了金属磁记忆信号传统特征提取方法的特点,分析了机器学习在金属磁记忆检测中的特征提取、定量识别及剩余寿命预测等方面的研究现状,指出了机器学习在金属磁记忆检测领域的难点问题,并对其发展方向进行了展望。

基于磁记忆的耐张线夹钢芯断裂检测技术

针对架空输电线路压接型耐张线夹在压接施工中存在应力集中导致内部钢芯发生断裂的问题,本文介绍一种基于磁记忆的耐张线夹内部钢芯应力及断裂缺陷检测方法。通过对耐张线夹内部钢芯未断裂、部分断裂、完全断裂3种情况进行金属磁记忆检测实验,研究磁记忆信号曲线与耐张线夹内部钢芯损伤的关系,并结合X射线检测方法对磁记忆检测结果进行对比分析。结果显示,磁记忆检测技术可有效检测耐张线夹压接区域内部钢芯受损情况及存在的缺陷。耐张线夹漏磁场强度大小与内部钢芯损伤程度有关,钢芯损伤越严重,磁记忆检测到的漏磁场信号数值越大。

电站铁磁构件的磁记忆检测

介绍了一种对铁磁构件进行早期诊断的无损检测新技术 ,分析了铁磁构件在有、无外应力情况下的能量变化 ,应用带磁偶极子模型等效受力构件的磁畴定向排列 ,计算得出了构件应力集中区的漏磁场分布。并以电站锅炉管座角焊缝为例 ,在对其残余应力进行了有限元分析的基础上 ,作了磁记忆检测。理论分析与试验结果表明 ,磁记忆检测技术适用于电站锅炉及压力容器管道的检测 ,可望在实际工程中得到推广应用。

应力状态对磁记忆信号的影响

通过对20#钢试件拉伸时表面磁场的在线测量和20#钢试件经过不同程度拉伸并卸载后的表面磁场的测量,研究应力状态对磁记忆信号的影响。20#钢进行拉伸试验时,在应力集中部位,当变形很小时磁场信号变化平缓;产生一定程度塑性变形后磁场信号变化相对剧烈;出现颈缩现象时磁场信号变化非常剧烈。经分析认为,磁记忆信号的变化与材料内部微观组织的状态有关,试件变形很小时,磁弹性效应对试件表面磁场的变化起主要作用;试件变形较大时,其表面磁场的变化主要受塑性变形区内位错聚集产生的微缺陷的影响。

构件隐性损伤的磁记忆检测方法研究

构件的隐性损伤是影响其可靠性的重要因素 ,但因为没有形成明显的物理不连续而难以得到及时的检测。本文研究了采用金属磁记忆检测技术检测构件的隐性损伤的机理。通过试验发现 ,金属磁记忆检测技术可以较好地检测构件的隐性损伤 ,实现损伤的早期诊断。构件中存在隐性损伤的区域的导磁性能发生变化 ,这一变化可以通过磁场参数的相应改变而显示。与其他无损检测方法相比 ,该方法可以更早地发现损伤区域 ,检测过程速度更快 ,并且不需要对构件的表面作更多的处理 ,如清洗 ,除渣等。金属磁记忆检测信号易受环境的影响 ,文中提出了减少干扰的初始磁化方法 ,并分析了不同载荷作用过程对金属磁记忆检测信号的影响。

一种磁记忆检测定量分析的新方法

金属磁记忆检测技术是利用磁记忆效应对铁磁性材料的应力集中区进行无损检测的新方法。磁记忆效应的特征是应力集中部位表面的漏磁场的切向分量最大、法向分量存在过零现象。在目前的研究工作中,研究方法主要是以测量磁记忆法向信号过零点位置来判断应力集中,从而割裂了切向与法向之间内在的关系。探讨了采用法向切向联合检测的方法,利用一种新型的磁阻传感器HMC1002,设计组装了高精度的二维弱磁场测量传感器。通过对拉伸试件进行2种方法检测的对比实验,结果表明,此方法比单一的法向磁场分量过零值点的检测更有效,可望在磁记忆检测定量分析研究中有很好的实际应用价值。

基于GMR效应的金属磁记忆检测方法与应用

针对铁磁性构件疲劳暗伤部位产生的磁记忆信号特征,采用基于GMR效应的金属磁记忆检测方法,开发出一套基于GMR效应传感器的磁记忆检测系统。以TI公司TMS320LF2407A芯片为处理器核心;信号放大采用差分放大器,提高系统抗干扰能力;采用16位A/D转换芯片提高数据采集精度;采用自适应滤波运算去除信号中的混杂噪音。最后对5个不同应变阶段510 L车桥板材的拉伸试样磁记忆检测信号进行分析,结果表明:基于GMR效应的磁传感器能够灵敏、精确地检测出铁磁性试样的磁记忆信号Hp(y),灵敏度达到6.9 mV/(A·m-1);铁磁性材料试样在进行拉伸试验时,随着拉伸试样载荷的增加,磁记忆信号在过零点处的梯度值也随之增大。