Drilling-based measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock and its field application

The technology of drilling tests makes it possible to obtain the strength parameter of rock accurately in situ. In this paper, a new rock cutting analysis model that considers the influence of the rock crushing zone(RCZ) is built. The formula for an ultimate cutting force is established based on the limit equilibrium principle. The relationship between digital drilling parameters(DDP) and the c-φ parameter(DDP-cφ formula, where c refers to the cohesion and φ refers to the internal friction angle) is derived, and the response of drilling parameters and cutting ratio to the strength parameters is analyzed. The drillingbased measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock is constructed. The laboratory verification test is then completed, and the difference in results between the drilling test and the compression test is less than 6%. On this basis, in-situ rock drilling tests in a traffic tunnel and a coal mine roadway are carried out, and the strength parameters of the surrounding rock are effectively tested. The average difference ratio of the results is less than 11%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method for obtaining the strength parameters based on digital drilling. This study provides methodological support for field testing of rock strength parameters.

The influences of canopy temperature measuring on the derived crop water stress index

Crop water stress index(CWSI)is widely used for efficient irrigation management.Precise canopy temperature(T_(c))measurement is necessary to derive a reliable CWSI.The objective of this research was to investigate the influences of atmospheric conditions,settled height,view angle of infrared thermography,and investigating time of temperature measuring on the performance of the CWSI.Three irrigation treatments were used to create different soil water conditions during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 winter wheat-growing seasons.The CWSI was calculated using the CWSI-E(an empirical approach)and CWSI-T(a theoretical approach)based on the T_(c).Weather conditions were recorded continuously throughout the experimental period.The results showed that atmospheric conditions influenced the estimation of the CWSI;when the vapor pressure deficit(VPD)was>2000 Pa,the estimated CWSI was related to soil water conditions.The height of the installed infrared thermograph influenced the T_(c)values,and the differences among the T_(c)values measured at height of 3,5,and 10 m was smaller in the afternoon than in the morning.However,the lens of the thermometer facing south recorded a higher T_(c)than those facing east or north,especially at a low height,indicating that the direction of the thermometer had a significant influence on T_(c).There was a large variation in CWSI derived at different times of the day,and the midday measurements(12:00-15:00)were the most reliable for estimating CWSI.Negative linear relationships were found between the transpiration rate and CWSI-E(R^(2)of 0.3646-0.5725)and CWSI-T(R^(2)of 0.5407-0.7213).The relations between fraction of available soil water(FASW)with CWSI-T was higher than that with CWSI-E,indicating CWSI-T was more accurate for predicting crop water status.In addition,The R^(2)between CWSI-T and FASW at 14:00 was higher than that at other times,indicating that 14:00 was the optimal time for using the CWSI for crop water status monitoring.Relative higher yield of winter wheat was obtained with average seasonal values of CWSI-E and CWSI-T around 0.23 and 0.25-0.26,respectively.The CWSI-E values were more easily influenced by meteorological factors and the timing of the measurements,and using the theoretical approach to derive the CWSI was recommended for precise irrigation water management.

Measuring small longitudinal phase shifts via weak measurement amplification

Weak measurement amplification,which is considered as a very promising scheme in precision measurement,has been applied to various small physical quantities estimations.Since many physical quantities can be converted into phase signals,it is interesting and important to consider measuring small longitudinal phase shifts by using weak measurement.Here,we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel weak measurement amplification-based small longitudinal phase estimation,which is suitable for polarization interferometry.We realize one order of magnitude amplification measurement of a small phase signal directly introduced by a liquid crystal variable retarder and show that it is robust to the imperfection of interference.Besides,we analyze the effect of magnification error which is never considered in the previous works,and find the constraint on the magnification.Our results may find important applications in high-precision measurements,e.g.,gravitational wave detection.

Digital measuring the ocular morphological parameters of guinea pig eye in vivo with Python

AIM:To quantitatively measure ocular morphological parameters of guinea pig with Python technology.METHODS:Thirty-six eyeballs of eighteen 3-weekold guinea pigs were measured with keratometer and photographed to obtain the horizontal,coronal,and sagittal planes respectively.The corresponding photo pixels-actual length ratio was acquired by a proportional scale.The edge coordinates were identified artificially by ginput function.Circle and conic curve fitting were applied to fit the contour of the eyeball in the sagittal,coronal and horizontal view.The curvature,curvature radius,eccentricity,tilt angle,corneal diameter,and binocular separation angle were calculated according to the geometric principles.Next,the eyeballs were removed,canny edge detection was applied to identify the contour of eyeball in vitro.The results were compared between in vivo and in vitro.RESULTS:Regarding the corneal curvature and curvature radius on the horizontal and sagittal planes,no significant differences were observed among results in vivo,in vitro,and the keratometer.The horizontal and vertical binocular separation angles were 130.6°±6.39°and 129.8°±9.58°respectively.For the corneal curvature radius and eccentricity in vivo,significant differences were observed between horizontal and vertical planes.CONCLUSION:The Graphical interface window of Python makes up the deficiency of edge detection,which requires too much definition in Matlab.There are significant differences between guinea pig and human beings,such as exotropic eye position,oblique oval eyeball,and obvious discrepancy of binoculus.This study helps evaluate objectively the ocular morphological parameters of small experimental animals in emmetropization research.

Biopsy forceps are useful for measuring esophageal varices in vitro

BACKGROUND To avoid acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis,current guidelines recommend screening for high-risk esophageal varices(EVs)by determining variceal size and identifying red wale markings.However,visual measurements of EV during routine endoscopy are often inaccurate.AIM To determine whether biopsy forceps(BF)could be used as a reference to improve the accuracy of binary classification of variceal size.METHODS An in vitro self-made EV model with sizes ranging from 2 to 12 mm in diameter was constructed.An online image-based survey comprising 11 endoscopic images of simulated EV without BF and 11 endoscopic images of EV with BF was assembled and sent to 84 endoscopists.The endoscopists were blinded to the actual EV size and evaluated the 22 images in random order.RESULTS The respondents included 48 academic and four private endoscopists.The accuracy of EV size estimation was low in both the visual(13.81%)and BF-based(20.28%)groups.The use of open forceps improved the ability of the endoscopists to correctly classify the varices by size(small≤5 mm,large>5 mm)from 71.85%to 82.17%(P<0.001).CONCLUSION BF may improve the accuracy of EV size assessment,and its use in clinical practice should be investigated.

A LASER-SCANNING NON-CONTACT MEASURING METHOD FOR ROUNDNESS ERRORS

利用激光狭缝扫描原理和光电传感技术，提出了一种用于测量大型回转体类零件圆度误差的激光扫描非接触测量方法和测量系统。本文详细论述了测量系统及其测量原理、工件安装偏心误差的分离技术和计算机实时数据处理系统，实验结果证实了这种测量方法的可行性。

PerfMon: Measuring Application-Level Performance in a Large-Scale Campus Wireless Network

WiFi has become one of the most popular ways to access the Internet.However,in large-scale campus wireless networks,it is challenging for network administrators to provide optimized access quality without knowledge on fine-grained traffic characteristics and real network performance.In this paper,we implement PerfMon,a network performance measurement and diagnosis system,which integrates collected multi-source datasets and analysis methods.Based on PerfMon,we first conduct a comprehensive measurement on application-level traffic patterns and behaviors from multiple dimensions in the wireless network of T university(TWLAN),which is one of the largest campus wireless networks.Then we systematically study the application-level network performance.We observe that the application-level traffic behaviors and performance vary greatly across different locations and device types.The performance is far from satisfactory in some cases.To diagnose these problems,we distinguish locations and device types,and further locate the most crucial factors that affect the performance.The results of case studies show that the influential factors can effectively characterize performance changes and explain for performance degradation.

Deep-Hole Inner Diameter Measuring System Based on Non-contact Capacitance Sensor

A precise aperture measuring system of small deep holes with capacitance sensors is presented. Based on the working principle of non-contact capacitance sensors, influence of the edge effect of gauge head is studied, and one capacitance sensor for measuring the aperture of the small blind holes or through holes is introduced. The system is composed of one positioning device, one aperture measuring capacitance sensor, one measuring circuit, and software. This system employs visual CCD and two-dimensional mic...

Positional Error Model of Line Segments with Modeling and Measuring Errors Using Brownian Bridge

Spatial linear features are often represented as a series of line segments joined by measured endpoints in surveying and geographic information science.There are not only the measuring errors of the endpoints but also the modeling errors between the line segments and the actual geographical features.This paper presents a Brownian bridge error model for line segments combining both the modeling and measuring errors.First,the Brownian bridge is used to establish the position distribution of the actual geographic feature represented by the line segment.Second,an error propagation model with the constraints of the measuring error distribution of the endpoints is proposed.Third,a comprehensive error band of the line segment is constructed,wherein both the modeling and measuring errors are contained.The proposed error model can be used to evaluate line segments’overall accuracy and trustability influenced by modeling and measuring errors,and provides a comprehensive quality indicator for the geospatial data.

Software Coupling and Cohesion Model for Measuring the Quality of Software Components

Measuring software quality requires software engineers to understand the system’s quality attributes and their measurements.The quality attribute is a qualitative property;however,the quantitative feature is needed for software measurement,which is not considered during the development of most software systems.Many research studies have investigated different approaches for measuring software quality,but with no practical approaches to quantify and measure quality attributes.This paper proposes a software quality measurement model,based on a software interconnection model,to measure the quality of software components and the overall quality of the software system.Unlike most of the existing approaches,the proposed approach can be applied at the early stages of software development,to different architectural design models,and at different levels of system decomposition.This article introduces a software measurement model that uses a heuristic normalization of the software’s internal quality attributes,i.e.,coupling and cohesion,for software quality measurement.In this model,the quality of a software component is measured based on its internal strength and the coupling it exhibits with other component(s).The proposed model has been experimented with nine software engineering teams that have agreed to participate in the experiment during the development of their different software systems.The experiments have shown that coupling reduces the internal strength of the coupled components by the amount of coupling they exhibit,which degrades their quality and the overall quality of the software system.The introduced model can help in understanding the quality of software design.In addition,it identifies the locations in software design that exhibit unnecessary couplings that degrade the quality of the software systems,which can be eliminated.

HealthMeasures患者报告结局报告清单的解读

美国匹兹堡大学和HealthMeasures指导委员会及PROMIS健康组织标准委员会共同发表了HealthMeasures患者报告结局报告清单,旨在促进不同患者报告结局测量工具的标准化报告,帮助研究人员提高工具报告质量及结果解释的准确性,进一步改善跨研究间的比较分析。本文对HealthMeasures患者报告结局报告清单的主要内容进行介绍和解读,以期为中国患者报告结局研究者提供参考和借鉴。

Agreement of intraocular pressure measurement with Corvis ST,non-contact tonometer,and Goldmann applanation tonometer in children with ocular hypertension and related factors

AIM:To access the agreement of intraocular pressure(IOP)values obtained from biomechanically corrected tonometer[Corvis ST(CST)],non-contact tonometer(NCT),and Goldmann applanation tonometer(GAT)in children with NCT measured-IOP(NCT-IOP)values of 22 mm Hg or more,and related factors.METHODS:A total of 51 eyes with NCT-IOP≥22 mm Hg in children aged 7 to 14y were examined and IOP was measured by CST,NCT,and GAT.Based on GAT measured IOP(GAT-IOP),ocular hypertension(OHT)group(≥22 mm Hg,24 eyes)and the non-OHT group(<22 mm Hg,27 eyes)were defined.We compared the agreement of the three measurements,i.e.,CST measured IOP(CST-IOP),GAT-IOP,and NCT-IOP,and further analyzed the correlation between the differences in tonometry readings,central corneal thickness(CCT),axial length(AL),optic disc rim volume,and age.RESULTS:Compared with the OHT group,thicker CCT,larger rim volume,and higher differences between NCTIOP and GAT-IOP,were found in the non-OHT group.The differences between CST-IOP and GAT-IOP were lower than the differences between NCT-IOP and GAT-IOP in both groups.The mean differences in CST-IOP and GAT-IOP were 1.26 mm Hg(95%limit of agreement ranged from 0.1 to 2.41 mm Hg,OHT group)and 1.20 mm Hg(95%limit of agreement ranged from-0.5 to 3.00 mm Hg,non-OHT group),and the mean differences in NCT and GAT were 3.90 mm Hg(95%limit of agreement ranged from-0.19 to 9.70 mm Hg,OHT group)and 6.00 mm Hg(95%limit of agreement ranged from 1.50 to 10.50 mm Hg,non-OHT group).The differences between CST-IOP and GAT-IOP were not related to CCT,age,and AL in both groups;while the differences between NCT-IOP and GAT-IOP were related to CCT in the OHT group(r=0.93,P<0.001)and to CCT and AL in the non-OHT group(r=0.66,P<0.001,r=-0.81,P<0.001).CONCLUSION:The accuracy of NCT in the diagnosis of pediatric OHT is low.The agreement of CST-IOP and GATIOP was significantly higher in children with and without OHT than in those with NCT-IOP and GAT-IOP.Therefore,CST can be used as a good alternative for IOP measurement in children.The impacts of CCT and AL on NCT measurement need to be fully considered when managing childhood IOP.

Standardization of meibomian gland dysfunction in an Egyptian population sample using a non-contact meibography technique

AIM:To develop normative data for meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)parameters,using non-contact meibography technique of Sirius Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici(CSO)machine,in an Egyptian population sample.METHODS:Observational,cross-sectional,analytic study,in which 104 Egyptian volunteers were included.Both upper lids were examined,using“Sirius CSO”machine.Each eyelid was given a degree of meibomian gland loss(MGL),which was calculated by the software of the machine.RESULTS:Mean percentage MGL in right upper lid was of 30.9%±12.6%,and that of left upper lid was 32.6%±11.8%.Thirty-four volunteers(32.7%)had first-degree MGL in their right upper lid,and 67.3%had second-degree loss.One volunteer(1%)had zero-degree MGL in left upper lid,28(26.9%)had first-degree loss,and 75(72.1%)had second-degree loss.Degree of MGL in right upper eyelid was not related to age,but degree of MGL in left upper eyelid increased with age.There was statistically significant difference between both genders for degree of MGL in right eye(P=0.036)and in left eye(P=0.027).CONCLUSION:Noncontact meibography is a useful non-invasive tool for diagnosing MGL.MGL is diagnosed in 100%of apparently normal individuals;26.9%-32.7%of which have first-degree MGL,and 67.3%-72.1%have second-degree MGL.

Non-contact wide-field viewing system-assisted scleral buckling surgery for retinal detachment in silicone oilfilled eyes

AIM:To evaluate scleral buckling(SB)surgery using a noncontact wide-field viewing system and 23-gauge intraocular illumination for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in silicone oil(SO)-filled eyes.METHODS:Totally 9 patients(9 eyes)with retinal detachment in SO-filled eyes were retrospectively analyzed.All patients underwent non-contact wide-field viewing system-assisted buckling surgery with 23-gauge intraocular illumination.SO was removed at an appropriate time based on recovery.The patients were followed up for at least 3mo after SO removal.Retinal reattachment,complications,visual acuity and intraocular pressure(IOP)before and after surgery were observed.RESULTS:Patients were followed up for a mean of 8.22mo(3-22mo)after SO removal.All patients had retinal reattachment.At the final follow-up,visual acuity showed improvement for 8 patients,and no change for 1 patient.The IOP was high in 3 patients before surgery,but it stabilized after treatment;it was not affected in the other patients.None of the patients had infections,hemorrhage,anterior ischemia,or any other complication.CONCLUSION:This new non-contact wide-field viewing system-assisted SB surgery with 23-gauge intraocular illumination is effective and safe for retinal detachment in SO-filled eyes.

Influence of sampling on three-dimensional surface shape measurement

In order to accurately measure an object’s three-dimensional surface shape,the influence of sampling on it was studied.First,on the basis of deriving spectra expressions through the Fourier transform,the generation of CCD pixels was analyzed,and its expression was given.Then,based on the discrete expression of deformation fringes obtained after sampling,its Fourier spectrum expression was derived,resulting in an infinitely repeated"spectra island"in the frequency domain.Finally,on the basis of using a low-pass filter to remove high-order harmonic components and retaining only one fundamental frequency component,the inverse Fourier transform was used to reconstruct the signal strength.A method of reducing the sampling interval,i.e.,reducing the number of sampling points per fringe,was proposed to increase the ratio between the sampling frequency and the fundamental frequency of the grating.This was done to reconstruct the object’s surface shape more accurately under the condition of m>4.The basic principle was verified through simulation and experiment.In the simulation,the sampling intervals were 8 pixels,4 pixels,2 pixels,and 1 pixel,the maximum absolute error values obtained in the last three situations were 88.80%,38.38%,and 31.50%in the first situation,respectively,and the corresponding average absolute error values are 71.84%,43.27%,and 32.26%.It is demonstrated that the smaller the sampling interval,the better the recovery effect.Taking the same four sampling intervals in the experiment as in the simulation can also lead to the same conclusions.The simulated and experimental results show that reducing the sampling interval can improve the accuracy of object surface shape measurement and achieve better reconstruction results.

Applying the Shearlet-Based Complexity Measure for Analyzing Mass Transfer in Continuous-Flow Microchannels

Continuous-flow microchannels are widely employed for synthesizing various materials,including nanoparticles,polymers,and metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),to name a few.Microsystem technology allows precise control over reaction parameters,resulting in purer,more uniform,and structurally stable products due to more effective mass transfer manipulation.However,continuous-flow synthesis processes may be accompanied by the emergence of spatial convective structures initiating convective flows.On the one hand,convection can accelerate reactions by intensifying mass transfer.On the other hand,it may lead to non-uniformity in the final product or defects,especially in MOF microcrystal synthesis.The ability to distinguish regions of convective and diffusive mass transfer may be the key to performing higher-quality reactions and obtaining purer products.In this study,we investigate,for the first time,the possibility of using the information complexity measure as a criterion for assessing the intensity of mass transfer in microchannels,considering both spatial and temporal non-uniformities of liquid’s distributions resulting from convection formation.We calculate the complexity using shearlet transform based on a local approach.In contrast to existing methods for calculating complexity,the shearlet transform based approach provides a more detailed representation of local heterogeneities.Our analysis involves experimental images illustrating the mixing process of two non-reactive liquids in a Y-type continuous-flow microchannel under conditions of double-diffusive convection formation.The obtained complexity fields characterize the mixing process and structure formation,revealing variations in mass transfer intensity along the microchannel.We compare the results with cases of liquid mixing via a pure diffusive mechanism.Upon analysis,it was revealed that the complexity measure exhibits sensitivity to variations in the type of mass transfer,establishing its feasibility as an indirect criterion for assessing mass transfer intensity.The method presented can extend beyond flow analysis,finding application in the controlling of microstructures of various materials(porosity,for instance)or surface defects in metals,optical systems and other materials that hold significant relevance in materials science and engineering.

Measuring^(222)Rn in aquatic environment via Pulsed Ionization Chamber Radon Detector

Radon(Rn)is a naturally occurring radioactive inert gas in nature,and^(222)Rn has been routinely used as a powerful tracer in various aquatic environmental research on timescales of hours to days,such as submarine groundwater discharge.Here we developed a new approach to measure^(222)Rn in discrete water samples with a wide range of^(222)Rn concentrations using a Pulsed Ionization Chamber(PIC)Radon Detector.The sensitivity of the new PIC system is evaluated at 6.06 counts per minute for 1 Bq/L when a 500 mL water sample volume is used.A robust logarithmic correlation between sample volumes,ranging from 250 mL to 5000 mL,and system sensitivity obtained in this study strongly suggests that this approach is suitable for measuring radon concentration levels in various natural waters.Compared to the currently available methods for measuring radon in grab samples,the PIC system is cheaper,easier to operate and does not require extra accessories(e.g.,drying tubes etc.)to maintain stable measurements throughout the counting procedure.

Video-Based Deception Detection with Non-Contact Heart Rate Monitoring and Multi-Modal Feature Selection

Deception detection plays a crucial role in criminal investigation.Videos contain a wealth of information regarding apparent and physiological changes in individuals,and thus can serve as an effective means of deception detection.In this paper,we investigate video-based deception detection considering both apparent visual features such as eye gaze,head pose and facial action unit(AU),and non-contact heart rate detected by remote photoplethysmography(rPPG)technique.Multiple wrapper-based feature selection methods combined with the K-nearest neighbor(KNN)and support vector machine(SVM)classifiers are employed to screen the most effective features for deception detection.We evaluate the performance of the proposed method on both a self-collected physiological-assisted visual deception detection(PV3D)dataset and a public bag-oflies(BOL)dataset.Experimental results demonstrate that the SVM classifier with symbiotic organisms search(SOS)feature selection yields the best overall performance,with an area under the curve(AUC)of 83.27%and accuracy(ACC)of 83.33%for PV3D,and an AUC of 71.18%and ACC of 70.33%for BOL.This demonstrates the stability and effectiveness of the proposed method in video-based deception detection tasks.

Bunch-length measurement at a bunch-by-bunch rate based on time–frequency-domain joint analysis techniques and its application

This paper presents a new technique for measuring the bunch length of a high-energy electron beam at a bunch-by-bunch rate in storage rings.This technique uses the time–frequency-domain joint analysis of the bunch signal to obtain bunch-by-bunch and turn-by-turn longitudinal parameters,such as bunch length and synchronous phase.The bunch signal is obtained using a button electrode with a bandwidth of several gigahertz.The data acquisition device was a high-speed digital oscilloscope with a sampling rate of more than 10 GS/s,and the single-shot sampling data buffer covered thousands of turns.The bunch-length and synchronous phase information were extracted via offline calculations using Python scripts.The calibration coefficient of the system was determined using a commercial streak camera.Moreover,this technique was tested on two different storage rings and successfully captured various longitudinal transient processes during the harmonic cavity debugging process at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF),and longitudinal instabilities were observed during the single-bunch accumulation process at Hefei Light Source(HLS).For Gaussian-distribution bunches,the uncertainty of the bunch phase obtained using this technique was better than 0.2 ps,and the bunch-length uncertainty was better than 1 ps.The dynamic range exceeded 10 ms.This technology is a powerful and versatile beam diagnostic tool that can be conveniently deployed in high-energy electron storage rings.

A New Device for Gas-Liquid Flow Measurements Relying on Forced Annular Flow

A new measurement device,consisting of swirling blades and capsule-shaped throttling elements,is proposed in this study to eliminate typical measurement errors caused by complex flow patterns in gas-liquid flow.The swirling blades are used to transform the complex flow pattern into a forced annular flow.Drawing on the research of existing blockage flow meters and also exploiting the single-phase flow measurement theory,a formula is introduced to measure the phase-separated flow of gas and liquid.The formula requires the pressure ratio,Lockhart-Martinelli number(L-M number),and the gas phase Froude number.The unknown parameters appearing in the formula are fitted through numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics(CFD),which involves a comprehensive analysis of the flow field inside the device from multiple perspectives,and takes into account the influence of pressure fluctuations.Finally,the measurement model is validated through an experimental error analysis.The results demonstrate that the measurement error can be maintained within±8%for various flow patterns,including stratified flow,bubble flow,and wave flow.