A guidance strategy for rendezvous and docking to the space station in the Earth-Moon NRHO orbit

With the development of space technology,it is possible to build a space station in Earth-Moon space as a transit for Earth-Moon round-trip and entering in the deep space.Rendezvous and docking is one of the key technologies for building an Earth-Moon space station.A guidance strategy for rendezvous and docking from the Earth orbit to the space station in the Earth-Moon NRHO orbit is proposed in this paper,which is suitable for engineering applications.Firstly,the rendezvous and docking process is divided into three sections,i.e.,the large-range orbit transfer section,far-range guidance section,and close-range approaching section.The suitable terminal of large-range orbit transfer is selected according to the eigenvalue of NRHO orbit state transition matrix.The two-impulse guidance method based on the relative motion equation in the three-body problem is adopted for the far-range guidance section.The impulse time and amplitude are solved with the optimization algorithm.The linear constant three-body relative motion equation is proposed for the close-range approaching section,and the rendezvous and docking is completed by a two-stage linear approximation.Finally,a simulation analysis is carried out,and the simulation results show that the adopted dynamics equations and the designed guidance law are effective,and the three flight phases are naturally connected to accomplish the rendezvous and docking mission from the Earth orbit to the space station on the Earth-Moon NRHO.

Saturated Adaptive Output-Constrained Control of Cooperative Spacecraft Rendezvous and Docking

This paper investigates the robust relative pose control for spacecraft rendezvous and docking with constrained relative pose and saturated control inputs.A barrier Lyapunov function is used to ensure the constraints of states,so that the computational singularity of the inverse matrix in control command can be avoided,while a linear auxiliary system is introduced to handle with the adverse effect of actuator saturation.The tuning rules for designing parameters in control command and auxiliary system are derived based on the stability analysis of the closed-loop system.It is proved that all closed-loop signals always keep bounded,the prescribed constraints of relative pose tracking errors are never violated,and the pose tracking errors ultimately converge to small neighborhoods of zero.Simulation experiments validate the performance of the proposed robust saturated control strategy.

Non-linear Dynamics Method to Angles-Only Navigation for Non-cooperative Rendezvous of Spacecraft

Aiming at the problem of relative navigation for non-cooperative rendezvous of spacecraft,this paper proposes a new angles-only navigation architecture using non-linear dynamics method. This method does not solve the problem of poor observability of angles-only navigation through orbital or attitude maneuvering,but improves the observability of angles-only navigation through capturing the non-linearity of the system in the evolution of relative motion. First,three relative dynamics models and their corresponding line-of-sight(LoS)measurement equations are introduced,including the rectilinear state relative dynamics model,the curvilinear state relative dynamics model,and the relative orbital elements(ROE)state relative dynamics model. Then,an observability analysis theory based on the Gramian matrix is introduced to determine which relative dynamics model could maximize the observability of angles-only navigation. Next,an adaptive extended Kalman filtering scheme is proposed to solve the problem that the angles-only navigation filter using the non-linear dynamics method is sensitive to measurement noises. Finally,the performances of the proposed angles-only navigation architecture are tested by means of numerical simulations,which demonstrates that the angles-only navigation filtering scheme without orbital or attitude maneuvering is completely feasible through improving the modeling of the relative dynamics and LoS measurement equations.

China Accomplished Its First Space Rendezvous and Docking

At 1:36 am on November 3,China's Shenzhou 8 unmanned spaceship and Tiangong 1 space lab spacecraft accomplished the country's first space docking procedure and coupling in space at more than 343km above Earth's surface,marking a great leap in China's space program.

双光梳测距技术的空间应用与试验设计

双光梳测距技术具有测量精度高、测速快、非模糊范围大和可现场溯源的优势,在航天工程中具有广阔的应用前景,如航天器交会对接、卫星编队飞行、大型展开机构定位等。在货运飞船与空间站交会对接的任务场景下,提出了一种双光梳高精度测距技术空间应用与试验方案,介绍了双光梳测距技术的基本原理,对试验系统进行了架构设计,实现在400 m范围内对空间动态合作目标优于100μm测距精度、1 kHz测量带宽。进一步针对测距系统的关键参数进行了设计与仿真,对系统的空间环境适应性进行了分析,结果表明测距系统最大可实现19.5 m/s相对运动速度下的高精度测距,满足搭载任务场景需求,为下一步双光梳测距技术的在轨试验与航天工程化应用提供了技术参考。

天舟货运飞船人控遥操作交会对接设计与验证

人控遥操作交会对接(RVD)是无人航天器与空间站自动交会对接的备份手段,提高了交会对接的可靠性与安全性。面向天舟货运飞船与天宫空间站,运用系统工程方法设计并验证了航天员遥操作交会对接与分离撤离功能,主要创新点包括:针对遥操作系统时延大的问题,采取精简系统信息主回路传输环节等措施,将系统总时延控制在1 s以内;针对船站近距离安全性的内在需求,提出了以安全性为核心、以状态转移图为工具的应急飞行方案设计方法,构建了飞行方案体系;针对遥操作交会对接系统复杂、大系统接口多的特点,提出了基于功能验证需求与地面验证条件匹配矩阵的系统级综合试验设计方法,构建了地面验证体系;针对交会灯功率不足导致阴影区远距离不能识别目标的问题,提出了空间站舱外泛光灯主动发光为主、交会对接敏感器合作目标被动反光为辅的方案。天舟二号货运飞船与天和核心舱在神舟十三号乘组操控下,圆满完成了遥操作交会对接与分离撤离在轨试验。

多指标集成学习的模拟手控交会对接人误识别

为了识别载人航天任务中手控交会对接人误行为,以《坎巴拉太空计划》为仿真模型构建实验环境,基于机器学习算法构建了一种人误行为分析与识别的方法。通过模拟采集手控交会对接任务过程中操作员的6项生理指标,对各项指标进行机器学习建模分析,筛选出更适用于识别的指标及其最适合的学习器,并将各学习器通过Stacking集成算法进行集成。模型的仿真结果表明,测试集预测精度达到96.36%,验证了上述方法的有效性,为手控交会对接中的人误行为识别分析提供有效的补充与参考。

一种基于约束规则的航天器全相位交会对接程序规划方法

针对载人航天领域交会对接过程,设计了一种基于约束规则的程序规划方法,将飞行程序按照相关性划分为飞控事件,将事件约束与时间或圈次解耦,形成适用全相位交会对接的规划配置体系,通过一套配置实现各正常、应急分支程序的规划生成,相比传统基于时序的程序设计方法,提高配置的适应性,提高程序设计效率,为后续交会对接程序规划设计提供参考。

基于雷达测距的飞行器交会对接误差补偿控制技术

为解决由视线倾角、视线偏角过大造成的飞行器对接存在误差的问题,实现飞行器交会轨迹的精准对接,提出基于雷达测距的飞行器交会对接误差补偿控制技术;建立空间参考坐标系,根据轨道根数计算结果,推导动力学状态方程,实现对飞行器交会对接过程中的动力学作用分析;按照雷达测距原理,计算飞行器的理论飞行时长及雷达装置作用距离,再联合相关参数指标,确定精度极限的取值范围,实现基于雷达测距的对接误差控制;在三坐标测量机结构模型中,定义飞行位姿拟合条件,再根据位姿误差求解结果,实现对误差参数的补偿修正处理,完成基于雷达测距的飞行器交会对接误差补偿控制方法的设计;对比实验结果表明,应用所提方法可以同时将视线倾角、视线偏角的取值控制在0~45.0°的范围之内,能够较好地解决飞行器错误对接的问题,符合精准对接飞行器交会轨迹的实际应用需求。

基于符号距离场的多体系统碰撞动力学研究

多体系统动力学中的接触碰撞问题是典型的边界非线性问题,对其动力学仿真面临着巨大的数值困难.由于求解过程中需要一直进行复杂的接触碰撞检测,严重地影响了数值计算效率.为了实现对多体系统动力学中接触碰撞问题的快速求解,文章提出一种改进的基于符号距离场的多体系统动力学接触碰撞检测算法.通过对预先生成的符号距离场进行三线性插值,求解出空间中任意一点距离物体表面的最短距离和法向量.将接触碰撞检测分为全局检测和局部检测两个过程,首先在全局检测时利用OBB包围盒技术对物体之间是否存在潜在接触可能性进行快速判断;然后在局部检测时基于符号距离场信息并结合八叉树结构对接触碰撞检测算法进行优化.分别采用Hertz接触力模型和基于速度的库伦摩擦力模型,建立了多刚体系统非连续动力学方程.最后,通过对典型的算例和空间站交会对接的工程案例进行仿真,验证了所提方法在解决复杂多体系统碰撞动力学问题时的正确性和高效性.该方法可以进一步拓展到复杂构型刚体与柔性体的接触碰撞动力学研究.

载人月面上升动力重构方案研究

针对载人月面着陆器上升期间发动机发生故障时航天员应急救生的难题,提出了通过多发动机并联可在部分发动机故障时通过动力重构继续上升入轨的方法。分析了3~5台发动机并联方案的动力重构策略,建立对应的发动机系统可靠性模型进行可靠性评估。基于能量最优的动力上升制导律,对不同故障工况下的动力重构上升轨迹进行仿真分析,得到推进剂消耗、入轨相位等关键参数的变化规律,根据应急入轨条件,设计了3种应急交会对接策略。仿真结果表明,若单台发动机可靠性为0.99,则3~4台发动机并联的动力重构方案可将发动机系统可靠性提升至0.9996,通过调整交会对接策略可在预定时间内完成快速交会对接,实现航天员安全返回。

载人航天器交会对接灯故障目标检测模型

为了实现载人航天器综合测试期间交会对接灯故障的快速准确识别,提出了一种应用改进YOLO v8模型+注意力机制的交会对接灯故障目标检测模型。该模型在改进YOLO v8模型的基础上,在加强特征提取网络上引入注意力机制模块,对故障目标给予更多关注,提高了密集小目标识别精度。同时,在自制灯数据集上进行仿真试验。试验结果表明:文章提出的模型平均准确率提高为0.91,可以对灯的部分点失效故障目标进行快速、有效识别,为载人航天器综合测试期间交会对接灯智能巡检提供了一种新思路。

A new approach for teleoperation rendezvous and docking with time delay

Teleoperation rendezvous and docking can be used as a backup for autonomous rendezvous and docking (RVD) for an unmanned spacecraft or for guiding the chaser docking with an uncooperative target.The inherent teleoperation time delay is a rigorous problem,especially when the chaser is teleoperated on the ground.To eliminate the effect of time delay,a new approach for teleoperation RVD is studied.The characteristics of teleoperation RVD are analyzed by comparisons with the teleoperation robot and with manually controlled RVD;the relative motion of the chaser is predicted based on the C-W equation;and the processed measure information with time delay through the Kalman filter is utilized to correct the current prediction.Experimental results verify that the approach produces an 18% enhanced success rate of teleoperation RVD compared with direct visual feedback,and consumes less time and fuel.The developed approach also solves the time delay problem effectively.Teleoperation RVD using this method can be applied as a useful backup for autonomous RVD.

Investigation into Pilot Handling Qualities in Teleoperation Rendezvous and Docking with Time Delay

Teleoperation rendezvous and docking can be used as a backup for autonomous rendezvous and docking（RVD） for an unmanned spacecraft when the autonomous system is failure or for guiding the chaser docking with an uncooperative target.The theoretical model for analyzing the handling qualities in teleoperation RVD process is established based on the previous studies conducted by National Aeronautics and Space Administration（NASA）.The predictive factor is introduced to describe the pilot＇s predictive ability in the teleoperation tasks with time delay,which interrelates with the skills of a pilot and the predictive assist approach used in the tasks such as the predictive display method.Based on the semi-physical simulation system in our laboratory,900 experiments at two levels of time delay are carried out by 18 volunteers for validating the established model.The experimental results demonstrate the correctness of the theoretical model and indicate that a skilled pilot has a predictive ability of approximately 0.9 in teleoperation RVD tasks.The theoretical analysis shows that the handling qualities are greatly affected by the time delay and the predictive factor,and it is impossible to achieve a teleoperation RVD task for the skilled pilot when the time delay is larger than 9.0 s.

Influence of Monitoring Method and Control Complexity on Operator Performance in Manually Controlled Spacecraft Rendezvous and Docking

This study focuses on the influence of the monitoring method and control complexity on the operator performance in manually controlled spacecraft rendezvous and docking （RVD）. Two one-factor experiments were designed on a simulated RVD system. One examined the video guidance and periscope monitoring methods, and the other examined three control complexity levels using one-axis RVD control, two-axis RVD control, and three-axis RVD control. Eighteen male volunteers aged 22-35 participated in the experiments. The results show that the RVD operating time increases with control complexity. Based on the operators＇ findings, the two-axis control is the easiest. The monitoring method has no significant influence on failure rate with the low complexity using one-axis RVD control.

Comparison of Color and Grayscale Simulated TV-Graphics in Rendezvous and Docking

Subjective evaluation is one of the most important methods of assessing the fidelity of a virtual dynamic scene,whose results could be seen as a reference to improve a rendering method.In the present study,we apply a rendering method to the color rendezvous and docking(RVD) scene,where one shadow algorithm and three tone mapping operator algorithms are used to process the scene based on the distance between two spacecrafts.The grayscale RVD scene is transformed from the color RVD scene,and each RVD scene is desired to make comparisons with the real RVD-video recorded in SZ-10 mission.In addition,we perform an evaluation on 36 subjects to compare the results.The results show that shadow effects have important roles in RVD virtual scenes,where they enhance the sense of realism and immersion.Shadows,high brightness,contrast and luminance are highly correlated with the overall preference,and the grayscale scene receives better evaluations than the color scene.The analysis of these conclusions is vital for improving the algorithms used to render color virtual space scenes when virtual scenes for astronaut training in Chinese space station mission are prepared.

支持径向交会对接任务的宽波束中继方法研究

针对神舟飞船和天和空间站径向交会对接形成组合体的工作模式下,神舟飞船宽波束中继S终端对中继卫星视场缩小导致测控覆盖率降低的现象,提出一种基于组阵和时空分集技术的宽波束中继S链路的设计构想,通过在天和空间站宽波束中继S终端内部增设功分器和合路器,以及在组合体径向对接口的对接总线内部增设高频电缆。利用天和空间站的宽波束中继S发射天线和接收天线,传送神舟飞船的宽波束中继S信号。神舟飞船宽波束中继S终端,同时接收和处理组合体对接总线内部高频电缆和神舟飞船I/III象限收发的宽波束中继S信号,解决了中继卫星过顶遮挡导致的测控覆盖率降低的问题,提升了链路可靠性。经仿真分析,相比单独工作模式,测控覆盖率提升了25.3%。对于接收链路,采用时空分集技术,对3个方向的宽波束中继S信号进行互相关解算和最大比合并,获得信号合并增益,有效提升了接收信号的信噪比和有效带宽。

微纳卫星与非合作翻滚目标对接的模型预测控制

针对多约束下微纳卫星与非合作翻滚目标对接过程中的位置跟踪与姿态同步问题,设计了基于模型预测控制(MPC)的对接控制器。首先,考虑动力学耦合问题,建立了六自由度姿轨耦合相对动力学模型。然后,充分考虑了可能存在的实际工程约束,包括输入饱和约束、移动过程中的速度约束、追踪星光学设备视场约束、安全接近走廊约束等,设计了基于MPC的对接控制器,确保精确完成对接操作的同时尽量减少推进剂消耗以获得最优接近轨迹。最后,仿真结果说明了本文所提出控制策略的有效性和鲁棒性,所设计控制器可以在满足多种约束的基础上,实现微纳卫星对非合作翻滚目标的对接,并对干扰具有鲁棒性。

空间可重复锁紧装置可靠性评估

为了对空间可重复锁紧装置在轨执行多次锁紧分离动作的任务可靠性进行评估,针对装置在轨受到航天器交会对接冲击和空间环境下性能退化综合作用的特点,建立了考虑冲击与退化相依竞争失效的可靠性评估模型。首先,以空间可重复锁紧装置的功能、结构及工作原理为出发点,结合在轨主要故障模式确定可靠性特征量。其次,同时考虑在轨承受极端冲击和累积冲击两种情况,构建冲击作用下的性能退化模型,并针对装置小子样、高可靠、长寿命特点,采用加速退化试验和贝叶斯方法进行模型参数估计。然后,基于冲击与退化过程的相依竞争失效理论,建立装置可靠性评估模型。最后,以某型号空间可重复锁紧装置为例,开展装置在轨冲击承载模拟试验及加速性能退化试验,同时融合相似产品历史试验数据,采用贝叶斯公式进行模型参数估计,得到装置可靠度函数曲线。研究结果表明,装置在轨运行25 a后仍能以0.973的高可靠度运行,评估结果符合工程实际;运用所提出的方法及模型,能够紧扣装置在轨任务工况,结合试验和研制数据综合进行可靠性评估,为在轨任务可靠性分析提供了有效的技术途径,为设计改进和使用策略制定提供了理论依据。

基于深度学习的航天器位姿估计研究进展

从在轨应用角度出发,对近年来基于深度学习的航天器位姿估计相关研究成果进行了综述。首先,对基于传统特征提取方法的航天器位姿估计研究进展与局限性进行了归纳梳理。在此基础上,引出基于深度学习的航天器位姿估计的重要意义,并聚焦公开比赛、数据集、姿态估计方法、开源模型等方面阐述基于深度学习方法在当前和未来的关键问题与解决途径。最后,从数据集逼真度、模型可部署、多任务域适应3个维度给出了相应关键技术后续发展的方向与思路。