Response of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems of Polygonum hydropiper to Mn stress

The response of enzyme and non-enzymatic antioxidants of Mn hyperaccumuator, Polygonum hydropiper(P. hydropiper), to Mn stress was studied using hydroponics culture experiments to explore the mechanism of Mn tolerance in this species. Results showed that both chlorophyll and carotenoid contents significantly(p<0.05) decreased with increasing Mn treatment levels(0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/L) in hydroponics. The concentrations of malondialdehyde(MDA) and hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) in the root and shoot of P. hydropiper were accumulated under Mn stress. Meanwhile, the anti-oxidative functions of several important enzymes, including superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), ascorbate peroxidase(APX) and peroxidase(POD) in plants were stimulated by Mn spike in leaves and roots, especially at low Mn stress; while sulfhydryl group(—SH) and glutathion(GSH) were likely involved in Mn detoxification of P. hydropiper under high Mn stress.

Alu antisense RNA ameliorates methylglyoxal-induced human lens epithelial cell apoptosis by enhancing antioxidant defense

AIM:To determine whether an antisense RNA corresponding to the human Alu transposable element(Aluas RNA)can protect human lens epithelial cells(HLECs)from methylglyoxal-induced apoptosis.METHODS:Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assays were used to assess HLEC viability.HLEC viability/death was detected using a Calcein-AM/PI double staining kit;the annexin V-FITC method was used to detect HLEC apoptosis.The cytosolic reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels in HLECs were determined using a reactive species assay kit.The levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)and the antioxidant activities of total-superoxide dismutase(T-SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)were assessed in HLECs using their respective kits.RT-q PCR and Western blotting were used to measure m RNA and protein expression levels of the genes.RESULTS:Aluas RNA rescued methylglyoxal-induced apoptosis in HLECs and ameliorated both the methylglyoxalinduced decrease in Bcl-2 m RNA and the methylglyoxalinduced increase in Bax m RNA.In addition,Aluas RNA inhibited the methylglyoxal-induced increase in Alu sense RNA expression.Aluas RNA inhibited the production of ROS induced by methylglyoxal,restored T-SOD and GSHPx activity,and moderated the increase in MDA content after treatment with methylglyoxal.Aluas RNA significantly restored the methylglyoxal-induced down-regulation of Nrf2 gene and antioxidant defense genes,including glutathione peroxidase,heme oxygenase 1,γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and quinone oxidoreductase 1.Aluas RNA ameliorated methylglyoxal-induced increases of the m RNA and protein expression of Keap1 that is the negative regulator of Nrf2.CONCLUSION:Aluas RNA reduces apoptosis induced by methylglyoxal by enhancing antioxidant defense.

Silicon and Nitric Oxide-Mediated Regulation of Growth Attributes, Metabolites and Antioxidant Defense System of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) under Arsenic Stress

Arsenic(As)contaminated food chains have emerged as a serious public concern for humans and animals and are known to affect the cultivation of edible crops throughout the world.Therefore,the present study was designed to investigate the individual as well as the combined effects of exogenous silicon(Si)and sodium nitroprusside(SNP),a nitric oxide(NO)donor,on plant growth,metabolites,and antioxidant defense systems of radish(Raphanus sativus L.)plants under three different concentrations of As stress,i.e.,0.3,0.5,and 0.7 mM in a pot experiment.The results showed that As stress reduced the growth parameters of radish plants by increasing the level of oxidative stress markers,i.e.,malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide.However,foliar application of Si(2 mM)and pretreatment with SNP(100μM)alone as well as in combination with Si improved the plant growth parameters,i.e.,root length,fresh and dry weight of plants under As stress.Furthermore,As stress also reduced protein,and metabolites contents(flavonoids,phenolic and anthocyanin).Activities of antioxidative enzymes such as catalase(CAT),ascorbate peroxidase(APX),guaiacol peroxidase(POD),and polyphenol oxidase(PPO),as well as the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants(glutathione and ascorbic acid)decreased under As stress.In most of the parameters in radish,As III concentration showed maximum reduction,as compared to As I and II concentrations.However,the individual and combined application of Si and NO significantly alleviated the As-mediated oxidative stress in radish plants by increasing the protein,and metabolites content.Enhancement in the activities of CAT,APX,POD and PPO enzymes were recorded.Contents of glutathione and ascorbic acid were also enhanced in response to co-application of Si and NO under As stress.Results obtained were more pronounced when Si and NO were applied in combination under As stress,as compared to their individual application.In short,the current study highlights that Si and NO synergistically regulate plant growth through lowering the As-mediated oxidative stress by upregulating the metabolites content,activity of antioxidative enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants in radish plants.

Photosynthetic traits and antioxidative defense responses of Pinus yunnanensis after joint attack by bark beetles Tomicus yunnanensis and T.minor

Bark beetles Tomicus yunnanensis and T.minor are two important pests of Pinus yunnanensis and can cause massive death of pine trees.In this study,we examined several traits related to photosynthesis in P.yunnanensis and their relationship with antibiotic defense responses after joint attack by the two bark beetles at the shoot and the trunk stages.When shoots were attacked by the beetles,the abundance of chlorophylls,carotenoids,and the rates of net photosynthesis(Pn)and transpiration(E)decreased in needles,while the levels of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde remained unchanged in both needles and phloem.The activity of peroxidases also remained unchanged in needles,but increased in phloem.The activity of catalases increased in both needles and phloem.When trunks were attacked by the bark beetles,chlorophyll abundance,Pn,E,and antioxidative enzyme activities all declined,and the declines were more pronounced than in the attacked shoots.A decrease in protein concentrations was also observed in needles and phloem from the attacked pines.Attack on shoots by the bark beetles suppressed host defense and provided a favorable environment for larval growth and development,resulting in long-term decline of pine growth potential.The results suggest that attacks on trunks by beetles caused more severe damage to host trees than attacks on shoots.

Effect of temperature on antioxidant defense and innate immunity in Brandt’s voles

Ambient temperature is an importa nt factor in flue ncing many physiological processes, in eluding antioxidant defense and immunity. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that antioxidant defense and immunity are suppressed by high and low temperature treatme nt in Bran dt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). Thirty male voles were randomly assigned into different temperature groups (4, 23, and 32℃, n=10 for each group), with the treatment course lasting for 27 d. Results showed that low temperature in creased gross en ergy in take (GEI) and liver, heart, and kidney mass, but decreased body fat mass and dry carcass mass. With the decline in temperature, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, which is indicative of reactive oxyge n species (ROS) levels, in creased in the liver, decreased in the heart, and was unchanged in the kidney, testis, and small intestine. Lipid peroxidation indicated by malonaldehyde (MDA) content in the liver, heart, kidney, testis, and small intestine did not differ among groups, implying that high and low temperature did not cause oxidative damage. Similarly, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) in the five tissues did not respond to low or high temperature, except for elevation of CAT activity in the testis upon cold exposure. Bacteria killing capacity, which is indicative of innate immunity, was nearly suppressed in the 4℃ group in contrast to the 23℃ group, whereas spleen mass and white blood cells were un affected by temperature treatment. The levels of testosterone, but not corticostero ne, were in flue need by temperature treatment, though neither were correlated with innate immunity, H2O2 and MDA levels, or SOD, CAT, and TAOC activity in any detected tissues. Overall, these results showed that temperature had different in flue nces on oxidative stress, an tioxida nt en zymes, and immunity, which depended on the tissues and parameters tested. Up-regulation or maintenance of an tioxida nt defe nse might be an importa nt mechanism for voles to survive highly variable environmental temperatures.

Toxic effects of crude-oil-contaminated soil in aquatic environment on Carassius auratus and their hepatic antioxidant defense system

Under the indoor simulant conditions, toxic effects of crude-oil-contaminated soil which was put into aquatic environment on the young fishes Carassius auratus and their hepatic antioxidant system after a 20-d exposure were investigated. Results showed that the relationship between the mortality of C. auratus and the exposed doses could be divided into 3 phases： fishes exposed to the low dose groups （0.5-5.0 g/L） were dead due to the ingestion of crude-oil-contaminated soils in aquatic environment; at the medium dose groups （5.0-25.0 g/L） fishes were dead due to the penetration of toxic substances; at the high dose groups （25.0-50.0 g/L） fishes were dead due to environmental stress. The highest mortality and death speed were found in the 1.0 g/L dose group, and the death speed was sharply increased in the 50.0 g/L dose group in the late phase of exposure. The activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and glutathione S-transferase （GST） and the content of malaondialdehyde （MDA） in the hepatic tissues of C. auratus were induced significantly. The activity of SOD was increased and then decreased. It was significantly inhibited in the 50.0 g/L dose group. The activity of CAT was highly induced, and restored to a level which is little more than the control when the exposed doses exceeded 10.0 g/L. The activity of GST was the most sensitive, it was significantly induced in all dose groups, and the highest elevation was up to 6 times in the 0.5 g/L dose group comparing with the control. The MDA content was significantly elevated in the 50.0 g/L dose group, and the changes of the MDA content were opposite with the changes of GST activity.

Changes in Growth,Photosynthetic Pigments,Cell Viability,Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Defense System in Two Varieties of Chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)Subjected to Salinity Stress

Salinity is one of the most severe abiotic stresses for crop production.The present study investigates the salinityinduced modulation in growth indicators,morphology and movement of stomata,photosynthetic pigments,activity of carbonic anhydrase as well as nitrate reductase,and antioxidant systems in two varieties of chickpea(Pusa-BG5023,and Pusa-BGD72).On 20^(th) day of sowing,plants were treated with varying levels of NaCl(0,50,100,150 and 200 mM)followed by sampling on 45 days of sowing.Recorded observations on both the varieties reveal that salt stress leads to a significant decline in growth,dry biomass,leaf area,photosynthetic pigments,protein content,stomatal behavior,cell viability,activity of nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase with the rise in the concentration of salt.However,quantitatively these changes were less in Pusa-BG5023 as compared to Pusa-BGD72.Furthermore,salinity-induced oxidative stress enhanced malondialdehyde content,superoxide radicals,foliar proline content,and the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and peroxidase.The variety Pusa-BGD72 was found more sensitive than Pusa-BG5023 to salt stress.Out of different graded concentrations(50,100,150 and 200 mM)of sodium chloride,50 mM was least toxic,and 200 mM was most damaging.The differential behavior of these two varieties measured in terms of stomatal behavior,cell viability,photosynthetic pigments,and antioxidant defense system can be used as prospective indicators for selection of chickpea plants for salt tolerance and sensitivity.

Therapeutic implications of antioxidant defense in acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammation initially localized in the pancreas,which may be accompanied with severe complications such as multi-organ failure,gastrointestinal hemorrhage and malnutrition.One in ten severe cases of acute pancreatitis develops systemic inflammatory response syndrome.Despite treatment,acute pancreatitis can be a life-threatening disease as its mortality rate amounts to 5%-10%in general,and up to 35%in cases of severe course.[1]Over the years,the role of oxidative stress

Influence of fasting on muscle composition and antioxidant defenses of market-size Sparus macrocephalus

The study was conducted to investigate fasting effects on flesh composition and antioxidant defenses of market-size Sparus macrocephalus. Two hundred fish (main initial weight 580 g) were divided into two groups (control and fasted) and reared in 6 cages. After two weeks of adaptation, group I fasted for 28 d; group II was fed normally as a control. In 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d, 6 fish per group were sampled for proximate flesh composition, liver antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde flesh content analyses. In fasted fish, the reduction of lipid content in muscle occurred after day 3, and, compared to controls, the content of protein decreased from day 14, the activities of liver antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) increased from day 3, and flesh malondialdehyde levels increased from day 21. Flesh fat reduction shows that fasting may be used as a technique to reduce flesh lipid content in Sparus macrocephalus. However, considering flesh protein loss and the subsequent oxidative stress, the fasting technique should be used with precautions.

Antioxidant defense mechanisms and fatty acid catabolism in Red-billed Leiothrix(Leiothrix lutea)exposed to high temperatures

Extreme hot weather is occurring more frequently due to global warming,posing a significant threat to species survival.Birds in particular are more likely to overheat in hot weather because they have a higher body temperature.This study used a heat stress model to investigate the antioxidant defense mechanisms and changes in fatty acid catabolism in Red-billed Leiothrix(Leiothrix lutea)to gain an understanding of how birds adapt to high temperatures.The birds were divided into five groups:a control group(30℃for 0 days),1 D group(40℃for 1 day),3 D group(40℃for 3 days),14 D group(40℃for 14 days)and recovery group(40℃for 14 days,then 30℃for 14 days).Our results indicated that when Red-billed Leiothrix are subjected to heat stress,malondialdehyde(MDA)content in the liver significantly increased,as did the enzyme activities of catalase(CAT),glutathione-SH-peroxidase(GSH-PX)and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)in the liver.Furthermore,there was a significant increase in heat shock protein 70(HSP70)expression in the liver,while avian uncoupling protein(avUCP)expression in muscle was significantly reduced.Additionally,there was a significant reduction in fatty acid catabolism enzyme activity such as 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAdehydrogenase(HOAD)activity in the heart,and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1(CPT-1)and citrate synthase(CS)activity in the heart and liver.Furthermore,fatty acid translocase(FAT/CD36)in the heart,heart-type fatty acid binding protein(H-FABP)and fatty acid binding protein(FABP-pm)in the liver and heart were also significantly decreased.These changes reverted after treatment,but not to the same level as the control group.Our results indicated that when Red-billed Leiothrix are exposed to heat stress their internal antioxidant defense system is activated to counteract the damage caused by high temperatures.However,even with high antioxidant levels,prolonged high temperature exposure still caused some degree of oxidative damage possibly requiring a longer recovery time.Additionally,Red-billed Leiothrix may be able to resist heat stress by reducing fatty acid transport and catabolism.

The Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant and Level of Oxidative Stress of Tuberculosis Patients in Selected Treatment Center in Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Introduction: Non-enzymatic antioxidants are good scavengers of free radicals preventing their overproduction there by reducing the level of oxidative stress. This work was undertaken at Saint Peter TB specialized hospital and TekleHaimanot health center from March 2012 to May 2013.Aim: To determine changes in Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and level of oxidative stress of tuberculosis Patients before and after taking anti tuberculosis treatment.Materials and Methods: In this comparative cross sectional study, a total of 210 individuals including: newly diagnosed TB patients as group-I (n = 70), TB patients who completed treatment as group-II (n = 70), and healthy volunteers as group-III (n = 70) were enrolled. Different methods were used to determine the parameters;vit-C (HPLC method), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbuituric acid method), and bilirubin (Colorimetric assay). Results: Vitamin-C (Vit-C) and of group-I showed a significant reduction (p < 0.001) as compared with both group-II and group-III whereas Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was increased. However, the total and direct bilirubin was not different among the groups. In group-III, there was a positive correlation between BMI and serum Vit-C (r = -0.305, p = 0.010). Vit-C showed a negative correlation with serum MDA in all the groups with values (r = -0.265, p = 0.027), (r = -0.389, p = 0.001) and (r = -0.375, p = 0.001) for group-I, group-II and group-III respectively. In addition to this Vit-C was negatively correlated with serum UA (r = -0.285, p = 0.017) in group-I. Conclusion: The findings of the current study suggest that the amount of Vit-C in the newly diagnosed TB patients and those who finished their treatment is much lower than the healthy volunteers. In contrast to this, the MDA value was significantly higher both in the newly diagnosed TB patients and TB patients who completed treatment than in healthy volunteers suggesting higher degree of oxidative stress.

Response of antioxidant defense system in copepod Calanus sinicus Brodsky exposed to CO_2-acidified seawater

Marine zooplankton responds sensitively to elevated seawater CO_2 concentration. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms have not been studied well. We therefore investigated the effects of elevated CO_2concentration（0.08%, 0.20%, 0.50% and 1.00%） on antioxidant defense components, as well as two detoxification enzymes of Calanus sinicus（copepod）. The results showed that glutathione peroxidase（GPx） activity exposed to CO_2-acidified seawater was significantly stimulated while other antioxidant components, including glutathione-Stransferase（GST） activity, superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity decreased significantly with reduced glutathione（GSH） level and GSH/oxidized glutathione（GSSG） value. CO_2-acidified seawater exhibited stimulatory effects on adenosine triphosphatase（ATPase） activity and acetylcholinesterase（Ach E） activity was inhibited. Moreover, the results of principal component analysis indicated that 75.93% of the overall variance was explained by the first two principal components. The elevated CO_2 concentration may affect the metabolism and survivals of copepods through impacts these enzymes activities. Further studies are needed to focus on the synergistic effects of elevated CO_2 concentration and other environmental factors on copepods.

Context‑dependent antioxidant defense system(ADS)‑based stress memory in response to recurrent environmental challenges in congeneric invasive species

Marine ecosystems are facing escalating environmental fluctuations owing to climate change and human activities,imposing pressures on marine species.To withstand recurring environmental challenges,marine organisms,especially benthic species lacking behavioral choices to select optimal habitats,have to utilize well-established strategies such as the antioxidant defense system(ADS)to ensure their survival.Therefore,understanding of the mechanisms governing the ADS-based response is essential for gaining insights into adaptive strategies for managing environmental challenges.Here we conducted a com-parative analysis of the physiological and transcriptional responses based on the ADS during two rounds of'hypersalinity-recovery'challenges in two model congeneric invasive ascidians,Ciona robusta and C.savignyi.Our results demonstrated that C.savignyi exhibited higher tolerance and resistance to salinity stresses at the physiological level,while C.robusta demonstrated heightened responses at the transcriptional level.We observed distinct transcriptional responses,particularly in the utilization of two superoxide dismutase(SOD)isoforms.Both Ciona species developed physiological stress memory with elevated total SOD(T-SOD)and glutathione(GSH)responses,while only C.robusta demonstrated transcriptional stress memory.The regulatory distinctions within the Nrf2-Keap1 signalling pathway likely explain the formation disparity of transcriptional stress memory between both Ciona species.These findings support the'context-dependent stress memory hypothesis',emphasizing the emergence of species-specific stress memory at diverse regulatory levels in response to recurrent environmental challenges.Our results enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of environmental challenge manage-ment in marine species,particularly those related to the ADS.

外源烯效唑对干旱胁迫下马铃薯叶片抗氧化能力及渗透调节的影响

为探讨外源烯效唑(Uniconazole)对干旱胁迫下马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)叶片生理参数的影响,2022年在黑龙江省农业科学院克山分院盆栽场进行盆栽试验,以干旱敏感品种大西洋为试验材料,在块茎膨大期(第二花序开花)进行烯效唑和干旱处理,分别设正常水分管理(CK)、正常水分管理+喷施烯效唑(CK+S)、干旱胁迫(D)和干旱胁迫+喷施烯效唑(D+S)4个处理,于喷施烯效唑后第15天进行取样,通过相关性分析、主成分分析等方法研究外源烯效唑对干旱胁迫下马铃薯叶片生长、活性氧积累、抗氧化酶活性、抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(ASA-GSH)循环以及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明,外源烯效唑能够明显改善马铃薯叶片的生长状态,D+S处理的叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)和总叶绿素(Chl a+b)含量较D处理显著提高了16.52%和13.85%。喷施烯效唑降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)、超氧阴离子(O_(2)^(-))产生速率和过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))含量,同时提高了抗氧化酶活性以及ASA-GSH循环中的抗坏血酸(ASA)、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,起到了清除过量积累的活性氧(ROS)及降低膜脂过氧化程度的作用。另外,外源烯效唑显著提高了干旱胁迫下叶片中可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,减缓了干旱胁迫对叶片生长的抑制作用。外源烯效唑能够促进马铃薯叶片内抗氧化酶、ASA-GSH循环和渗透调节之间的协同作用,从而提高叶片内部还原力水平和抗氧化能力,减轻活性氧对细胞膜造成的损害,提高马铃薯耐旱性。本研究结果为马铃薯抗旱栽培及烯效唑的应用提供了科学依据。

海水酸化对黄鳍金枪鱼幼鱼抗氧化和免疫能力的影响

大气中过多的二氧化碳(CO_(2))被海水吸收后形成碳酸,增加了海水的酸度。探究海水酸化对黄鳍金枪鱼(Thun-nus albacares)幼鱼抗氧化和免疫能力的影响,以为海洋生态环境和金枪鱼野生种群保护提供参考。以平均体长(18.21±1.09)cm、平均体质量(354.98±149.77)g的黄鳍金枪鱼幼鱼为研究对象,设定pH梯度为8.1、7.6、7.1和6.6,采用静水停食法,测定肝、鳃、红肌和皮肤中的丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化物酶(POD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和溶菌酶(LZM)的活性。结果显示:48 h后,pH 6.6处理组的幼鱼出现死亡。除对照组外,鳃中SOD、CAT、POD和LZM的活性均高于其他组织(P<0.05),SOD、CAT、POD的活性在pH 7.1时达到峰值,LZM的活性在pH 6.6时达到峰值;皮肤的GSH-Px活性高于其他组织(P<0.05),在pH 7.1时达到峰值;肝的MDA含量累积最多,ACP活性最高(P<0.05),前者在pH 6.6时达到峰值,后者在pH 8.1时达到峰值;红肌的AKP活性显著低于其他组织(P<0.05),且在pH 7.1时达到最低。综上所述,黄鳍金枪鱼幼鱼在海水pH大于7.1时,免疫功能和抗氧化防御系统存在一定的抵抗力,pH小于7.1之后,部分免疫功能出现紊乱。

一氧化氮参与调控油菜素内酯增强高山离子芥悬浮细胞抗寒性

为探究油菜素内酯(BRs)诱导提高植物的抗寒性是否受一氧化氮(NO)信号分子调控,以高山离子芥(Chorispora bungeana)悬浮细胞为材料,分别用24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)、NO供体SNP、NO清除剂PTIO、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)抑制剂L-NAME、EBR+PTIO以及EBR+L-NAME进行处理,分析在低温胁迫下以上处理对细胞抗寒性、活性氧(ROS)水平以及抗氧化防御系统的影响。结果表明:(1)外源EBR处理可以缓解低温胁迫对悬浮细胞活力的抑制以及离子渗漏和膜脂过氧化程度的加剧,从而增强细胞对低温的抗逆能力。SNP处理对上述生理指标的影响与EBR类似。(2)在低温胁迫下,与EBR处理细胞相比,EBR+PTIO以及EBR+L-NAME处理会导致悬浮细胞活力下降,离子渗漏和膜脂过氧化程度显著升高,表明阻断NO信号会降低EBR诱导提高的抗寒性。(3)与仅受低温胁迫的细胞相比,外源EBR处理导致细胞NO含量和NOS活性进一步升高,而EBR诱导的NO积累可以被PTIO或L-NAME所抑制。(4)EBR、SNP处理均可以明显抑制低温胁迫下离子芥悬浮细胞过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))含量、超氧阴离子(O_(2)·^(-))产生速率和羟自由基(OH-)含量的升高,并显著增强抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性以及增加抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,从而缓解低温造成的氧化损伤,而PTIO、L-NAME会不同程度抑制低温胁迫下EBR的这些保护功能。综上所述,EBR通过激活离子芥悬浮细胞的NOS活性来促进细胞内源NO积累,从而提高其抗寒性。EBR处理可以抑制低温胁迫下ROS过量积累并增强细胞的抗氧化防御能力,这两个过程都受NO信号分子调控,从而缓解低温造成的氧化损伤,防止膜脂过氧化程度加剧,提高细胞对低温胁迫的抗逆性。因此,低温胁迫下,高山离子芥悬浮细胞NOS来源的NO是EBR信号转导的下游信号分子。

Grain Yield,Biomass Accumulation,and Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress

Simultaneous stresses of salinity and drought often coincide during rice-growing seasons in saline lands,primarily due to insufficient water resources and inadequate irrigation facilities.Consequently,combined salinity-drought stress poses a major threat to rice production.In this study,two salinity levels(NS,non-salinity;HS,high salinity)along with three drought treatments(CC,control condition;DJ,drought stress imposed at jointing;DH,drought stress imposed at heading)were performed to investigate their combined influences on leaf photosynthetic characteristics,biomass accumulation,and rice yield formation.Salinity,drought,and their combination led to a shortened growth period from heading to maturity,resulting in a reduced overall growth duration.Grain yield was reduced under both salinity and drought stress,with a more substantial reduction under the combined salinity-drought stress.The combined stress imposed at heading caused greater yield losses in rice compared with the stress imposed at jointing.Additionally,the combined salinity-drought stress induced greater decreases in shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity,as well as in shoot biomass and nonstructural carbohydrate(NSC)content in the stem at heading and maturity.However,it increased the harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve.Salinity and drought reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves and weakened the leaf photosynthetic characteristics as indicated by lower photosynthetic rates,transpiration rates,and stomatal conductance.These reductions were more pronounced under the combined stress.Salinity,drought,and especially their combination,decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase,catalase,and superoxide dismutase,while increasing the contents of malondialdehyde,hydrogen peroxide,and superoxide radical.Our results indicated a more significant yield loss in rice when subjected to combined salinity-drought stress.The individual and combined stresses of salinity and drought diminished antioxidant enzyme activities,inhibited leaf photosynthetic functions,accelerated leaf senescence,and subsequently lowered assimilate accumulation and grain yield.

工程纳米材料抵抗作物病害的研究进展

纳米技术有望在一定程度上缓解因人口增长带来的粮食危机,纳米级农化品(纳米肥料和纳米农药)展现出的缓释和高效低剂量特性减少了传统农用化学品带来的不利环境影响。该研究着重介绍了工程纳米材料(ENMs)通过直接和间接方式防治作物病害的内在机理,重点阐述了ENMs通过调控植物营养、诱导抗氧化酶活性和改善植物光合作用的方式来抵抗病原入侵对植物造成的氧化胁迫;同时,研究亦指出ENMs能够通过诱导植物产生系统获得抗性(SAR)的方式增强植物的抗病能力。对ENMs抗病机理的深入探究能够有效提高植物病害管理,实现作物产量和质量的增加,并极大程度减轻传统农药化学品对农业生态环境的负面影响。

2种不同种衣剂对玉米黑糯100生长状况和抗氧化防御系统的影响

本研究通过田间试验,选择噻虫嗪和噻虫嗪-苯醚甲环唑混剂2种内吸性农药作为玉米种衣剂,探究了种衣剂对玉米乳熟期果穗鲜重,不同生长时期各部位鲜重的影响,以及对玉米植株抗氧化防御系统的影响。结果表明:以推荐使用剂量(6 mL/kg种子),种衣剂对玉米植株各部位鲜重的影响主要在玉米苗期和拔节期,相比对照处理,噻虫嗪和噻虫嗪-苯醚甲环唑混剂处理明显降低玉米苗期和拔节期各部位鲜重,乳熟期时3个处理之间差异不显著;施用种衣剂能增加果穗鲜重,但增加效果不明显。种衣剂处理均促进植株叶绿素的合成,且噻虫嗪和苯醚甲环唑混施较单施噻虫嗪玉米叶绿素含量更高。单施噻虫嗪和噻虫嗪与苯醚甲环唑混合施用均会引起玉米叶片中抗氧化酶SOD、CAT和POD活性的提高,使叶片GSH和MDA含量降低,说明在本试验施用的种衣剂剂量胁迫环境下,玉米叶片抗氧化防御系统可作出应答,调节细胞的代谢过程,使玉米植株正常生长。

Antioxidant responses to benzo[a]pyrene,tributyltin and their mixture in the spleen of Sebasticus marmoratus

It has been reported that there is an interaction between Benzo[a]pyrene （BaP）, a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and tributyltin （TBT）, an organometal used as an antifouling biocide. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of BaP, TBT and their mixture on splenic antioxidant defense systems of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The fish were exposed to water containing environmentally relevant concentrations of BaP, TBT and their mixture. Spleens were collected for biochemical analysis after exposure for 7, 25, 50 d and after recovery for 7, 20 d. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 7 d potentiated the induction of glutathione peroxidase （GPx） activity by BaP or TBT alone. The cotreatment for 25 and 50 d resulted in inhibition of GPx activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Splenic glutathione S-transferase （GST） activities were significantly elevated in S. marmoratus exposed to BaP starting from 7 d and remained high up to 25 d. However, no further activity change was found with prolonged exposure. Cotreatment of BaP and TBT primarily inhibited the GST activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 25 or 50 d potentiated the depletion of GSH （glutathione） by BaP or TBT alone. MDA （malondialdehyde） contents in spleen of S. marmoratus were not significantly altered compared with the control during the test period. Spleen, as an immune organ, is sensitive to exposure of BaP or TBT. It should have an effective mechanism to counteract oxidative damage. Antioxidative defense systems in spleen of S. marmoratus should be considered as potential biomarkers. Short-term exposure of BaP or TBT could result in induction of antioxidant defense system. A significant decrease of these indices, such as GSH, GST, GPx might indicate more severe contamination.