Non-equilibrium State Salt-forming Phase Diagram：Utilization of Bittern Resource in High Efficiency

Salt-forming regions for a complex salt-water system in non-equilibrium state of evaporation process are usually different from those in solubility diagrams.To understand the solid-forming region of NaCl and improve the utilization of bittern resources,experiments were carried out to evaporate 20 representative mixture solution samples of Na ^＋,Mg ^2＋ //Cl^-, SO4^2--H2O system with an average evaporation intensity of（1.4±0.4） g·L^-1 ·min^-1（water） at boiling temperature 348 K,and determine the NaCl solid-forming regions in non-equilibrium state.Because of the complexity of salt-forming region,a maximal region and a minimal region were proposed to express the non-equilibrium state salt-forming region with different crystal seed,and a conditional salt-forming region was proposed to present the characteristic region of non-equilibrium salt-forming phase diagram.The areas of the maximal and minimal regions are 2.00 and 1.56 times those in solubility diagram,so it is possible to utilize bittern resources in high efficiency.The recovery rates of NaCl were 99.65%,93.14%,88.57%,72.76%,and 83.68%for six typical bittern sources from Tulantai Salt Lake（China）,Dongtai Salt Lake（China） ,Jilantai Salt Lake（China）,Qarun Salt Lake（Egypt） and seawater,respectively.It is testified that the non-equilibrium state salt-forming phase diagram can be used in industrial processes.

Discussion on the Non-Equilibrium Phase of the Gliding Arc Plasma Driven by the Transverse Magnetic Field

a gliding arc driven by the transverse magnetic field was ignited between the electrodes with a complicated shape at atmospheric pressure and a non-equilibrium plasma was gencrated. Under our experimental conditions, a phenomenon was clearly observed where the arc power decreased with the increase in arc voltage. As the arc voltage was higher than 3.375 kV, the are power acquired from the power supply decreased, and the arc plasma began to switch to a non-equilibrium phase. The existence of the non-equilibrium arc plasma was very short, about 10 ms in one gliding arc discharge cycle.

Numerical Simulation Considering Non-Equilibrium Phase Change Volatile Oil Reservoir: A Case Study of Wenchang 8-3 Oil Reservoir

As a typical volatile oil reservoir, the actual production characteristics of Wenchang 8-3 reservoir are inconsistent with the results of traditional phase equilibrium experiments. The conventional isothermal instantaneous phase equilibrium theory cannot meet the production performance or numerical simulation analysis requirements of this type of reservoir. The thermodynamic properties of volatile oil reservoirs are like those of condensate gas reservoirs. As the formation pressure drops below the dew point pressure during the mining process, the balance between the liquid phase and the gas phase is not completed instantaneously. Based on the non-equilibrium phase recovery treatment method of the condensate gas reservoir, the phase behavior change curve of the A4h well of Wenchang 8-3 oil reservoir recovered from the saturation pressure to three different pressures is analyzed. The accuracy of the numerical simulation results with or without non-equilibrium phase transition is compared. The results show that the non-equilibrium phase change has a great impact on the production performance of volatile oil reservoirs;the numerical simulation results considering the non-equilibrium phase transition are in good agreement with the actual production performance of a single well and can better reflect the actual situation of this type of reservoir. Therefore, considering the effects of non-equilibrium phase transitions has important guiding significance for the dynamic analysis of volatile oil reservoirs, numerical simulation, and the formulation of development management strategies.

Capturing the non-equilibrium state in light–matter–free-electron interactions through ultrafast transmission electron microscopy

Ultrafast transmission electron microscope(UTEM) with the multimodality of time-resolved diffraction, imaging,and spectroscopy provides a unique platform to reveal the fundamental features associated with the interaction between free electrons and matter. In this review, we summarize the principles, instrumentation, and recent developments of the UTEM and its applications in capturing dynamic processes and non-equilibrium transient states. The combination of the transmission electron microscope with a femtosecond laser via the pump–probe method guarantees the high spatiotemporal resolution, allowing the investigation of the transient process in real, reciprocal and energy spaces. Ultrafast structural dynamics can be studied by diffraction and imaging methods, revealing the coherent acoustic phonon generation and photoinduced phase transition process. In the energy dimension, time-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy enables the examination of the intrinsic electronic dynamics of materials, while the photon-induced near-field electron microscopy extends the application of the UTEM to the imaging of optical near fields with high real-space resolution. It is noted that light–free-electron interactions have the ability to shape electron wave packets in both longitudinal and transverse directions, showing the potential application in the generation of attosecond electron pulses and vortex electron beams.

On the Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Interface Conditions for Numerical Simulation of Violent Separated Flows

Numerous models have been proposed in the literature to include phase change into numerical simulations of two-phase flows.This review paper presents the modeling options that have been taken in order to obtain a model for violent separated flows with application to sloshing wave impacts.A relaxation model based on linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been chosen to compute the rate of phase change.The integration in the system of partial differential equations is done through a non-conservative advection term.For each of these modelling choices,some alternative models from the literature are presented and discussed.The theoretical framework for all phase change model(conservation equations and entropy growth)is also summarized.

A Mixed-control Mechanism Model of Proeutectoid Ferrite Growth under Non-equilibrium Interface Condition in Fe-C Alloys

By combining the α/γ interface migration and the carbon diffusion at the interface in Fe-C alloys, a mathematical model is constructed to describe the mixed-control mechanism for proeutectoid ferrite formation from austenite. In this model, the α/γ interface is treated as non-equilibrium interface, i.e., the carbon concentration of austenite at γ/α interface is obtained through theoretical calculation, instead of that assumed as the local equilibrium concentration. For isothermal precipitation of ferrite in Fe-C alloys, the calculated results show that the rate of interface migration decreases monotonically during the whole process, while the rate of carbon diffusion from γ/α interface into austenite increases to a peak value and then decreases. The process of ferrite growth may be considered as composed of three stages: the period of rapid growth, slow growth and finishing stage. The results also show that the carbon concentration of austenite at γ/α interface could not reach the thermodynamic equilibrium value even at the last stage of ferrite growth.

Implications of Design, Management and Recession Phase in Drip Irrigation on the Total Distribution Efficiency in Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Crops in Areas with High Slopes in Concordia, Argentina

The increase of human population generates the need to improve the efficiency of food production. A thorough planning is required following the scope of economic and sustainable development, being irrigation a basic tool, however water availability is restricted and it obliges farmers to progress increasing water productivity. Irrigation uses around 70% of total available fresh water, while irrigation water application efficiency is around 40%. Irrigation systems must follow strong criteria at the design stage to achieve high values of water productivity. Maintenance is indispensable to follow the original functioning level of those systems. At last the daily precise management of systems, following soil water potential, considering the effective rain storage at root depth of the crop and the evolution of daily evapotranspiration, preserving natural resources, are relevant to achieve low values of water footprint of this crop. In an 8 year drip irrigation system, the Uniformity Coefficient of Christiansen (UCC) measured was 95.14%;the Uniform Coefficient of the Minor Quart (UCMQ) was 93.16%. The Total Distribution Efficiency (EDT) was 95.13% when measurements finished while the irrigation systems is of. When measurements also considered the volume collected during the “recession phase in drip irrigation” and the “volume of water collected during recession phase in drip irrigation” collected at different points, EDT was 95.13%. Moreover it can be seen that when three different typical soil of the area were considered, the EDT was, 91.85%, 91.47% and 90.30% respectively, according with different water storage capacity of each soil. The Total Distribution Efficient is a strong method, to evaluate the design and management of drip irrigation systems, under different design criteria, management practices and maintenance of the systems. Water footprint in a blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) crop with drip and sprinkler anti-frost system, were measure and values obtained were 846, 310, 223, 212, 172 and 218 liters per kg of fresh fruit in the period 2010-2015. The UCC and the UCMQ reflects properly the irrigation design, while the EDT reflects irrigation design, management and maintenance. Water footprint is at last the strong tool to evaluate design and operation of the irrigation system and crop management.

Kinetic Phase Transition in A_2+2B_2→2B_2A Reaction System with Particle Diffusion

A lattice gas model is presented for the A2 ＋2B2 → 2B2A reaction system with particle diffusion in two dimensions. In the model, B2 dissociates in the random dimer-filling mechanism and A2 dissociates in the end-on dimer filling mechanism. A reactive window appears and the system exhibits a continuous phase transition from a reactive state to a ＂B ＋ vacancy＂ covered state with infinitely many absorbing states. When the diffusion of particle B is considered, there are only two absorbing states. It is found that the critical behavior of the continuous phase transition changes from the directed percolation （DP） class to the pair contact process with diffusion （PCPD） class.

Ferroelectric Phase Transition in Graphene with Anderson Interaction

The normal transverse electric field which appears in impurity graphene spontaneously in the presence of a high applied electric field was calculated. The given effect can be associated with non-equilibrium of electron subsystem in graphene. The characteristics of spontaneous field on the parameters of the problem were investigated.

花生品种对水酶法制油水相体系中油脂和蛋白质分布的影响

为了明确花生品种对水酶法制油的影响,测定了不同品种花生(豫花23、豫花37、豫花9326)的基本成分,并研究了水酶法制油工艺条件对不同品种花生水相体系中油脂和蛋白质分布的影响。结果表明:3个花生品种中,豫花37的油脂、水分、灰分、可溶性糖、可溶性总酚含量均最高,豫花23的蛋白质含量最高(25.36%),豫花9326的粗纤维含量最高(6.59%);花生品种对水相体系中油脂和蛋白质的分布有显著影响;以水相体系中低油脂和高蛋白质分布为准则得到水酶法制油的最佳工艺条件为豫花37的粉碎时间90 s、豫花23和豫花9326的粉碎时间120 s,酶用量1.0%,酶解时间2 h,酶解温度50℃,此时豫花23、豫花37、豫花9326在水相体系中油脂分布分别为6.21%、4.19%、4.19%,蛋白质分布分别为50.99%、75.68%、63.84%。综上,豫花37能在更短的粉碎时间内使水酶法制油过程中花生水相体系中的油脂分布少,蛋白质分布多,更适用于水酶法制油。

贵州不同芒果品种(系)果实香气成分研究

【目的】测定贵州不同芒果品种(系)的香气成分及其相对含量,明确其香气特性,为选育优质芒果新品种提供参考。【方法】以金煌芒、台农1号芒和台芽芒等32个芒果品种(系)为试验材料,采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术测定分析不同品种(系)的香气成分类别及其相对含量,明确其香气特性。【结果】金煌芒、台农1号芒和台芽芒等32个芒果品种(系)共检测出9类103种香气成分,依次为倍半萜烯类(25种)>单萜烯类(21种)>酯类(14种)>醇类(11种)>醛类=其他物质(10种)>酮类(8种)>酸类(3种)>芳香烃类(1种);以月桂烯、3-蒈烯、γ-松油烯、(E,E)-4,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯和反式石竹烯为芒果香气的基本组成成分。台芽芒的香气种类最多,为54种;椰香芒最少,仅28种。果实的醇类和酯类物质较少,且相对含量均小于10.00%。32个芒果品种(系)聚为2类,类群1包括生吃芒、桂七芒、爱文芒、鹰嘴芒和桂热10号芒;类群2分为2个分支,第一分支包括台牙芒、贵妃芒、QS-002、金兴芒、玉文芒、东镇红芒、热品2号芒、热农1号芒、红芒6号、黔山芒1号和凯特芒,其余16个芒果品种(系)归为第二分支。【结论】贵州不同芒果品种(系)果实的香气成分丰富,共检测出9类103种香气成分,其相对含量存在明显差异,以月桂烯、3-蒈烯、γ-松油烯、(E,E)-4,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯和反式石竹烯为芒果香气的基本组成成分。

巨峰葡萄实生苗阶段发育过程中几种同工酶酶谱的变化

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,分析了三年生巨峰实生苗阶段发育过程中不同节位木质部的过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和超氧物歧化酶同工酶谱带。结果表明:不同节位木质部的过氧化物酶同工酶的一条谱带,从茎基部到首次出现卷须的部位其活性增强,随后便消失。在休眠期,过氧化物酶同工酶不存在阶段发育的酶谱差异性;在生长期则随着葡萄蔓阶段发育程度的提高酶带数增多,活性增强。超氧物歧化酶同工酶,不论是休眠植株还是活跃生长的植株,其酶谱保持不变,但休眠期酶带多、活性高。过氧化物酶同工酶与多酚氧化酶同工酶酶谱类型一致。

利用香气成分识别葡萄酒品种和产地的初步研究

以天津、宁夏2个产区的赤霞珠、梅鹿辄干红葡萄酒为材料,采用固相微萃取-气质色谱联用(SPME-GC-MS)方法分析其香气成分的差异,共定性香气组分75种,针对其中对葡萄酒香气特征贡献较大的21种组分进行深入探讨,分别进行感官特征构成分析和聚类分析。结果表明,不同品种和不同产地的葡萄酒具有各自的特性,利用葡萄酒中的少数主要香气组分能够鉴别它们之间的差异,并能够对葡萄酒的品种和产地进行识别分析。

糜子新品种比较示范试验

为筛选引进更好更适应山西晋北地区的糜子新品种,采用随机区组设计,对引进的5个糜子新品种进行了试验示范。结果表明,赤糜2号、内糜3号、晋黍9号在植株性状、形态特征、抗倒性及经济性状等方面均表现良好,陇糜11号和晋黍8号次之。

新疆设施草莓新品种引种对比试验

以北京农林科学院草莓工程中心自育的7个‘京香’系列草莓新品种和新疆温室草莓主栽品种"红颜"为试材,在吉木萨尔县新地乡现代农业示范区温室进行栽培试验,研究比较了不同草莓品种的物候期、植株生长特性、抗病性、果实外观、内在品质及产量等。结果表明:"2014"极早熟,早于"红颜"25d,连续结果能力强、产量高,可作为早熟品种搭配种植;"红袖添香""京藏香"成熟期居中,生长势强、果个大、品质优,适合鲜食栽培,在北疆地区温室具有良好推广价值;"燕香""京承香"果实硬度高,耐储运,适合加工;"京桃香"风味独特,可用作鲜食采摘栽培。

新疆日光温室促成栽培草莓品种对比研究

【目的】筛选出适宜新疆日光温室促成栽培的草莓品种。【方法】对10个草莓品种的发育周期、植株生长习性、抗病性、果实形态特征及果实内在品质进行观测和比较。【结果】日系草莓品种口感香甜,但抗病性较差,果实偏软,贮运性差;欧美系草莓品种抗病性较强,果实硬,耐贮运,产量高,但口感偏酸;中国自育草莓品种口感酸甜、香味较浓,抗病性中等,较耐贮运,产量高。【结论】以追求口感为目的的生产,日系品种中枥乙女表现为口感好,早熟,果个大、抗病性好等突出特点,可作为首选品种;以果个大、丰产性好、耐贮藏、便于运输为目的生产应选择卡姆罗莎和甜查理;而生产中既要考虑口感、又要考虑耐储运性和抗病性首选的品种为京藏香,其次为京泉香。

四川主栽茶树品种红茶香气成分的SPME-GC-MS分析

采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法对采自名山白毫131、福鼎大白茶、福选9号、早白尖和四川中小叶群体种5个主栽品种制作的工夫红茶香气成分进行分析。在5个品种红茶中共分离鉴定出148种香气化合物,其中包含醇类、醛类、酯类、酮类、烃类、酸类等。主要的香气贡献成分是醇类化合物,相对含量在45.97%~63.78%之间,其中主体香气成分有香叶醇、芳樟醇及其氧化物、苯乙醇、3,7-二甲基-1,5,7-辛三烯-3-醇、苯甲醇、橙花叔醇、水杨酸甲酯、癸酸乙酯、顺-3-己烯醇己酸酯、苯乙醛、柠檬醛等,这些成分是决定四川工夫红茶甜花香和果香的重要组分。四川主栽品种红茶香气类型属于中间型,富含芳樟醇和香叶醇,其中名山白毫131、四川中小叶群体种和福鼎大白茶红茶萜烯指数较低,分别为0.57、0.60和0.65,表明这3个品种红茶香气高锐,属于高香型红茶,这与感官审评结果一致。因此,高香或花香型四川工夫红茶宜选用名山白毫131、四川中小叶群体种或福鼎大白茶鲜叶制作。

湍流边界层复涡黏模式的实验研究

在开口式循环水槽底部湍流边界层外区引入周期性扰动,利用X型热膜探针在扰动下游进行测量．用实验的方法研究了周期性大尺度结构下壁湍流涡黏模式中涡黏系数的形式,结果发现和周期性扰动对应的变形率及与之对应的雷诺应力间存在着相位差．这是目前许多最终导致涡黏系数的湍流模式理论都没有考虑到的一个重要因素．

桑树不同品种及取材部位中的主要芪类成分含量测定

芪类物质是桑树的次生代谢产物之一,具有多种生物活性功能。采用反相高效液相色谱-紫外检测法,测定不同桑树品种及同一品种不同取材部位的桑皮苷A、氧化白藜芦醇、白藜芦醇等主要芪类成分含量。芪类成分含量相对较高的桑树品种有中生火桑、黑鲁桑、塘10、小鸡冠桑等,4个桑树品种样品中芪类成分的质量比分别为3 228.3、3 162.7、3 049.7、2 462.4μg/g。桑树不同取材部位中,以1年生枝条中的芪类成分含量较高,新梢和桑叶中的含量较低,3个部位样品中的芪类成分质量比分别为3 879.0、813.2、501.6μg/g。检测结果可作为筛选芪类成分含量高的桑树药用材料的依据。