NON-EQUILIBRIUM STATIONARY STATE IN CHEMICAL REACTION OF SiO_2/Fe AT INTERFACE OF SLAG/METAL AND ITS STABILITY DURING ARC WELDING

For characteristics of open and far from thermodynamic equilibrium in welding chemical reaction, a new kind of quantitative method, which is used to analyze direction and extent for chemical reaction of SiO2/Fe during quasi-steady state period, is introduced with the concept of non-equilibrium stationary state. The main idea is based on thermodynamic driving forces, which result in non-zero thermodynamic fluxes and lead to chemical reaction far away from thermodynamic equilibrium. There exists certain dynamic equilibrium relationship between rates of diffusion fluxes in liquid phase of reactants or products and the rate equation of chemical reaction when welding is in quasi-steady state. As result of this, a group of non-linear equations containing concentrations of all substances at interface of slag/liquid-metal may be established. Moreover the stability of this non-equilibrium stationary state is discussed using dissipative structure theory and it is concluded theoretically that this non-equilibrium stationary state for welding chemical reaction is of stability.

Permeability evolution and gas flow in wet coal under non-equilibrium state:Considering both water swelling and process-based gas swelling

Accurate knowledge of gas flow within the reservoir and related controlling factors will be important for enhancing the production of coal bed methane.At present,most studies focused on the permeability evolution of dry coal under gas adsorption equilibrium,gas flow and gas diffusion within wet coal under the generally non-equilibrium state are often ignored in the process of gas recovery.In this study,an improved apparent permeability model is proposed which accommodates the water and gas adsorption,stress dependence,water film thickness and gas flow regimes.In the process of modeling,the water adsorption is only affected by water content while the gas adsorption is time and water content dependent;based on poroelastic mechanics,the effective fracture aperture and effective pore radius are derived;and then the variation in water film thickness for different pore types under the effect of water content,stress and adsorption swelling are modeled;the flow regimes are considered based on Beskok’s model.Further,after validation with experimental data,the proposed model was applied to numerical simulations to investigate the evolution of permeability-related factors under the effect of different water contents.The gas flow in wet coal under the non-equilibrium state is explicitly revealed.

Stationary Measures of Three-State Quantum Walks with Defect on the One-Dimension Lattice

In this paper, we focus on the space-inhomogeneous three-state on the one-dimension lattice, a one-phase model and a two-phase model include. By using the transfer matrices method by Endo et al., we calculate the stationary measure for initial state concrete eigenvalue. Finally we found the transfer matrices method is more effective for the three-state quantum walks than the method obtained by Kawai et al.

Dielectric Relaxation of Adsorbed Water in Wood Cell Wall under Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium State

This article summarized systematically the previous investigations on t he dielectric relaxation of wood, the main substances and extractives in wood at oven-dry state, and the dielectric relaxation based on the adsorbed water in w o od cell wall under equilibrium and non-equilibrium state. Moreover, some expect a tions for future research were proposed on this basis. The purpose of this artic le is to provide other researchers an overall understanding about the research i n this region, and further to promote the research onto a new and higher level.

Non-equilibrium State Salt-forming Phase Diagram：Utilization of Bittern Resource in High Efficiency

Salt-forming regions for a complex salt-water system in non-equilibrium state of evaporation process are usually different from those in solubility diagrams.To understand the solid-forming region of NaCl and improve the utilization of bittern resources,experiments were carried out to evaporate 20 representative mixture solution samples of Na ^＋,Mg ^2＋ //Cl^-, SO4^2--H2O system with an average evaporation intensity of（1.4±0.4） g·L^-1 ·min^-1（water） at boiling temperature 348 K,and determine the NaCl solid-forming regions in non-equilibrium state.Because of the complexity of salt-forming region,a maximal region and a minimal region were proposed to express the non-equilibrium state salt-forming region with different crystal seed,and a conditional salt-forming region was proposed to present the characteristic region of non-equilibrium salt-forming phase diagram.The areas of the maximal and minimal regions are 2.00 and 1.56 times those in solubility diagram,so it is possible to utilize bittern resources in high efficiency.The recovery rates of NaCl were 99.65%,93.14%,88.57%,72.76%,and 83.68%for six typical bittern sources from Tulantai Salt Lake（China）,Dongtai Salt Lake（China） ,Jilantai Salt Lake（China）,Qarun Salt Lake（Egypt） and seawater,respectively.It is testified that the non-equilibrium state salt-forming phase diagram can be used in industrial processes.

STATIONARY DISTRIBUTIONS OF INFINITE PARTICLE SYSTEMS WITH NONCOMPACT STATE SPACE.

This paper deals with the preblem of existence and uniqueness of the stationary distributions (abbr., s. d.'s) for the processes constructed in [4] .The main results are stated in § 1. For the reader's convenience we first restate the existence theorems (Theorem 1 and 2) of the processes given in [4]. Then two existence theorems (Theorem 3 and 4) and a uniqueness theorem (Theorem 5) for the s. d.'s of the processes are presented. The last result (Theorem 6), as an application of the previous ones, is about the Schlgl model which comes from nonequilibrium statisticali physics. The details of the proofs of Theorem 3—6 are given in § 2—4.

STABILITY OF STATIONARY STATE SOLUTION FOR A REACTION DENSITY-DEPENDENT DIFFUSION EQUATION

In this paper we are interested in the large time behavior of the nonlinear diffusion equationWe consider functions which allow the equation to possess traveling wave solutions. We first present an existence and uniqueness as well as some comparison principle result of generalized solutions to the Cauchy problem. Then we give for some threshold results, from which we can see that u=a is stable, while u= 0 or u=1 is unstable under some assumptions, etc.

Energy Emissions Profile and Floating Solar Mitigation Potential for a Malaysia’s State

The establishment of the National Low Carbon City Master Plan(NLCCM)by Malaysia’s government presents a significant opportunity to minimize carbon emissions at the subnational or local scales,while simultaneously fostering remarkable economic potential.However,the lack of data management and understanding of emissions at the subnational level are hindering effective climate policies and planning to achieve the nationally determined contribution and carbon neutrality goal.There is an urgent need for a subnational emission inventory to understand and manage subnational emissions,particularly that of the energy sector which contribute the biggest to Malaysia’s emission.This research aims to estimate carbon emissions for Selangor state in accordance with the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories(GPC),for stationary energy activities.The study also evaluates the mitigation potential of Floating Solar Photovoltaic(FSPV)proposed for Selangor.It was found that the total stationary energy emission for Selangor for the year 2019 was 18,070.16 ktCO2e,contributed the most by the Manufacturing sub-sector(40%),followed by the Commercial and Institutional sub-sector;with 82%contribution coming from the Scope 2 emission.The highest sub-sector of Scope 1 emissions was contributed by Manufacturing while Scope 2 emissions from the Commercial and Institutional.Additionally,the highest fuel consumed was natural gas,which amounted to 1404.32 ktCO2e(44%)of total emissions.The FSPV assessment showed the potential generation of 2.213 TWh per year,by only utilizing 10%of the identified available ponds and dams in Selangor,equivalent to an emission reduction of 1726.02 ktCO2e,offsetting 11.6%Scope 2 electricity emission.The results from the study can be used to better evaluate existing policies at the sub-national level,discover mitigation opportunities,and guide the creation of future policies.

一种高斯-重尾切换分布鲁棒卡尔曼滤波器

为降低实际应用中由强未知干扰和仪器故障对观测造成的影响,减轻随机和未建模干扰对系统的侵蚀,从而提升系统在非高斯噪声环境下的状态估计精度,提高滤波器的鲁棒性能,提出了一种基于高斯-重尾切换分布的鲁棒卡尔曼滤波器(Gaussian-heavy-tailed switching distribution based robust Kalman filter,GHTSRKF)。首先,通过自适应学习高斯分布和一种重尾分布之间的切换概率将噪声建模为GHTS(Gaussian-heavy-tailed switching)分布,所设计的GHTS分布可以通过在线调整高斯分布和新的重尾分布之间的切换概率来对非平稳重尾噪声进行建模,具有虚拟协方差的高斯分布用于处理协方差矩阵不准确的高斯噪声。其次,引入两个分别服从Categorical分布与伯努利分布的辅助参数将GHTS分布表示为一个分层高斯形式,进一步利用变分贝叶斯方法推导了GHTSRKF。最后,利用一个仿真场景对几种不同的RKFs(robust Kalman filters)进行了对比验证。结果表明,所提出的GHTSRKF算法的估计精度对初始状态的选取不敏感,精度优于其他RKFs,它的RMSEs最接近噪声信息准确的KFTNC(KF with true noise covariances)的RMSEs(root mean square errors),且当系统与量测噪声是未知时变高斯噪声时,相比于现有的滤波器,GHTSRKF具有更好的估计性能,从而验证了GHTSRKF的有效性。

聚乙烯燃气管道焊接过程平稳特征分析方法

聚乙烯燃气管道焊接过程的平稳性是影响其焊接质量的重要因素。以焊接过程压力监测数据为研究对象,通过几何特征分割监测序列实现降维,对各阶段进行曲线拟合,由拟合函数的导数信息构造稳态指数定量表征焊接过程工艺参数平稳性。同时,挖掘历史稳态数据确定阈值,实现了对各阶段焊接压力的平稳性评价与稳态判断。分析工艺过程平稳性特征,为焊接质量评价提供过程性质量依据。采用改进的基于正交距离特征点的数据分段方法将焊接压力监测时间序列划分为不同焊接阶段,然后提出基于分段叠加拟合的平稳性特征分析方法,利用一阶、二阶导数构造了稳态指数,定量表征各阶段的平稳性。利用热熔焊接压力数据进行实例分析,验证了文章提出的方法可以实现对焊接过程压力数据平稳性的定量特征。

一维三方势垒量子隧穿特性的研究

本文通过严格求解定态薛定谔方程,研究了一维对称三方势垒的量子隧穿特性,解析地给出透射系数的精确表达式,并且数值模拟了势垒高度、势垒间距以及粒子入射能量对透射系数的影响.结果表明:当取不同的势垒宽度,或者不同的粒子入射能量时,透射系数随着势垒间距的增加而呈现出明显的周期式振荡.将一维对称双方势垒和三方势垒进行比较,透射系数随着势垒间距的增大,均呈现周期性振荡,并且振荡周期相同,但三方势垒振荡更剧烈,振幅越大,并且三方对称势垒是双峰曲线,而双方对称势垒是单峰曲线.该特性为设计新型纳米器件以及共振隧穿量子器件等提供理论指导.

CONTINUOUS TIME MIXED STATE BRANCHING PROCESSES AND STOCHASTIC EQUATIONS

A continuous time and mixed state branching process is constructed by a scaling limit theorem of two-type Galton-Watson processes.The process can also be obtained by the pathwise unique solution to a stochastic equation system.From the stochastic equation system we derive the distribution of local jumps and give the exponential ergodicity in Wasserstein-type distances of the transition semigroup.Meanwhile,we study immigration structures associated with the process and prove the existence of the stationary distribution of the process with immigration.

Evolution analysis of the states of the EZ model

Based on suitable choice of states, this paper studies the stability of the equilibrium state of the EZ model by regarding the evolution of the EZ model as a Markov chain and by showing that the Markov chain is ergodic. The Markov analysis is applied to the EZ model with small number of agents, the exact equilibrium state for N = 5 and numerical results for N = 18 are obtained.

Stationary Classical Chaos of Trapped Two-Component Bose-Einstein Condensates in 1-D Optical Lattice Potentials

We study the nonlinear dynamics of two-component Bose-Einstein condensates in one-dimensional pe-riodic optical lattice potentials.The stationary state perturbation solutions of the coupled two-component nonlinearSchr?dinger/Gross-Pitaevskii equations are constructed by using the direct perturbation method.Theoretical analysisrevels that the perturbation solution is the chaotic one,which indicates the existence of chaos and chaotic region inparameter space.The corresponding numerical calculation results agree well with the analytical results.By applying thechaotic perturbation solution,we demonstrate the atomic spatial population and the energy distribution of the systemare chaotic generally.

Thermonuclear Plasma Steady States Generation

This report is a systematic and complemented summary of the earlier published works by the authors [1-4]. The concept of gravitational radiation as a radiation of one level with the electromagnetic radiation is based on theoretically proved and experimentally confirmed fact of existence of?electron’s stationary states in own gravitational field, characterized by gravitational constant K = 1042 G (G—Newtonian gravitational constant) and by irremovable space-time curvature. The received results strictly correspond to principles of the relativistic theory of gravitation and the quantum mechanics. The given work contributes into further elaboration of the findings considering their application to dense high-temperature plasma of multiple-charge ions. This is due to quantitative character of electron gravitational radiation spectrum such that amplification of gravitational radiation may take place only in multiple-charge ion high-temperature plasma.

Energy consideration in processes of transition to equilibrium state

A calculation of the energy loss due to a transition from non-equilibrium to equilibrium state is given. Three different physical systems are considered in this study: connecting an uncharged capacitor to a charged capacitor, emission of a photon from an excited atom, and releasing an object from a compressed spring. In this study, it is shown that a specific fraction of the total energy stored in a non-equilibrium system should be consumed to reach the equilibrium state.

<i>In-Situ</i>Study of Non-Equilibrium Charge Carriers’ Behavior under Ultra-Short Pulsed Electrons Irradiation in Silicon Crystal

The recombination processes for charge carriers have been studied in n-type silicon crystals which were irradiated by pico-second duration pulse electrons with energy of 3.5 MeV (ultrafast irradiation), and maximum dose of 3.3 × 1013 el/cm2. In-situ measurements were carried out under artificial conditions simulating natural environment (space, semiconductor detectors, etc.). The observed phenomena were investigated experimentally in-situ using a high-speed oscilloscope equipped with a special preamplifier. Following irradiation to particular doses, some peculiarities of the recovery time of the semiconductor equilibrium condition (“characteristic time”), were obtained. Thus, it was found that the value of the “characteristic time” differs by an order of magnitude from the lifetime of the non-equilibrium (minority) charge carrier measured in an ex-situ regime. However, their behavior, as a function of irradiation dose, is similar and decreases with dose increase. Investigations of the dependencies of electro-physical parameters on irradiation dose, using Hall effect measurements, showed that at particular doses the radiation defects thus created, have an insignificant influence on the concentration of the charge carriers, but change their scattering properties appreciably, which affects the time parameters for the recombination of the semiconductor charge carriers. This investigation uses a novel approach to solid-state radiation physics, where in situ measurements were conducted in addition to conventional pre- and post-irradiation.

微扰论和变分法在求解量子力学定态问题中的应用

在量子力学的具体问题中,由于体系的哈密顿算符比较复杂,能够精确求解的问题很少,只能用近似方法求体系的近似解。微扰论和变分法是求解量子力学定态问题常用的两种近似方法,微扰论是近似方法中最基本的一种,变分法是一种具有实用价值的近似方法,两种方法各有优缺点,也有各自的局限性。该文通过具体实例研究微扰论和变分法在求解量子力学定态问题中的应用。

长江口极端增水非平稳变化特征研究

本文基于ADCIRC构建适用于长江口的台风暴潮模型,对1979–2019年间长江口台风增水过程进行数值重构;结合非平稳广义极值分布和状态空间模型,构建适用于刻画长江口极端增水非平稳变化的频率统计模型,研判非平稳变化引起的极端增水量值调整情况。结果表明,长江口各验潮站处极端增水的非平稳广义极值分布时变位置参数在2008年前表现为波动特征,2008年后呈现逐渐增大趋势。2008–2019年间各验潮站处极端增水时变位置参数的线性上升率介于0.8~1.2 cm/a之间。基于上述变化趋势,考虑极端增水非平稳变化时长江口各验潮站处百年一遇增水均大于基于平稳假定的推算结果,二者差值介于8~15 cm之间。经分析,2008年后北上到长江口附近海域再转向外海的热带气旋强度有明显增强趋势,致使长江口各验潮站处年第二和第三大值增水增大,这是导致各验潮站处风暴增水极值分布位置参数出现趋势性增大的主要原因。

双相位三态量子游荡的平稳测度

借助传递矩阵法研究了直线上空间非齐次三态量子游荡的双相位模型及一类特殊三态量子游荡.此外,基于相应的特征值问题和初始态,计算了一般条件下模型的平稳测度.