Energy determines the ability of matter to work. However, in the given environment, the real usefulness to perform work is determined by exergy. This study covers not only solar, but also any monochromatic thermal rad...Energy determines the ability of matter to work. However, in the given environment, the real usefulness to perform work is determined by exergy. This study covers not only solar, but also any monochromatic thermal radiation. The value of such radiation was determined by its exergy and the ratio of its exergy-to-energy. A novelty in this work is to demonstrate by means of exergy that the usefulness of thermal polychromatic radiation can be increased by its dispersion to monochromatic radiation. This effect is the greater, the lower the temperature of the radiation. Analogies of this effect to the exergetic effect of gas separation have been indicated. The effect of the increase in exergy in the process of radiation dispersion was interpreted by means of a cylinder-piston system that explains this effect with the influence of environmental radiation. The concept of quasi-monochromatic and cumulated radiation was introduced into dispersion considerations and the change in the energetic, entropic and environmental components of the exergy of radiation beams was analyzed. Considerations were illustrated with appropriate examples of calculations considering dispersion of high-temperature radiation, such as extraterrestrial solar radiation and dispersion of low-temperature radiation from water vapor.展开更多
For a long time,China's regional water resource imbalance has restricted the development of coal chemical industry,and it is imperative to achieve zero liquid discharge(ZLD).Therefore,the game relationship between...For a long time,China's regional water resource imbalance has restricted the development of coal chemical industry,and it is imperative to achieve zero liquid discharge(ZLD).Therefore,the game relationship between technical indicators,costs and emissions in ZLD process of fixed-bed coal gasification wastewater treatment process should be explored in detail.According to the accurate model,the simulation for ZLD of fixed-bed coal gasification wastewater treatment process is established,and this process is assessed from the perspective of thermodynamics,economy,and environment.The total energy consumption of ZLD process before optimization is 4.032×10^(8)W.The results of exergy analysis show exergy destruction of ZLD process is 94.55%.For economic and environmental results,the total annual cost is 1.892×10^(7)USD·a^(-1)and the total environmental impact is 4.782×10^(-8).The total energy consumption of the optimal six-step ZLD process based on multi-objective optimization is 4.028×10^(8)W.The CO_(2)content in the treated wastewater is 0.1%.This study will have an important role in promoting the establishment of the ZLD process for coal chemistry industry.展开更多
To solve the problems of large losses and low productivity of permanent magnet synchronous generators used in wind power systems,the field-circuit coupling method is used to accurately solve the electromagnetic field ...To solve the problems of large losses and low productivity of permanent magnet synchronous generators used in wind power systems,the field-circuit coupling method is used to accurately solve the electromagnetic field and temperature field of the generator.The loss distribution of the motor is accurately obtained by considering the influence of external circuit characteristics on its internal physical field.By mapping the losses to the corresponding part of the three-dimensional finite element model of the motor,the temperature field is solved,and the global temperature distribution of the generator,considering the influence of end windings,is obtained.By changing the air gap length,permanent magnet thickness,and winding conductivity,the relationship between the loss,temperature rise,and exergy efficiency can be obtained.By optimizing the air gap length,permanent magnet thickness,and winding conductivity,the best configuration and material properties can improve the efficiency of the motor by up to 4%.展开更多
Waste heat recovery is one of the possible solutions to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines.Instead of wasting the exhaust stream of an energy conversion system into the environment,its residual ener...Waste heat recovery is one of the possible solutions to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines.Instead of wasting the exhaust stream of an energy conversion system into the environment,its residual energy content can be usefully recovered,for example in Organic Rankine Cycles(ORC).This technology has been largely consolidated in stationary power plants but not yet for mobile applications,such as road transport,due to the limitations in the layout and to the constraints on the size and weight of the ORC system.An ORC system installed on the exhaust line of a bus powered by a natural gas spark ignition engine has been investigated.The thermal power available at engine exhaust has been evaluated by measuring gas temperature and mass flow rate during real driving operation.The waste thermal power has been considered as heat input for the ORC plant simulation.A detailed heat exchanger model has been developed because it is a crucial component for the ORC performance.The exergy analysis of the ORC was performed comparing different working fluids:R601,R1233zd(E)and two zeotropic blends of the two organic pure fluids.The model allowed the evaluation of the ORC produced energy over the driving cycle and the potential benefit on the engine efficiency.展开更多
Exergy作为热力学指标是指系统从给定状态到与其周围介质达到热力学平衡所需做的最大功,Exergy概念被生态学家借鉴应用于生态系统的研究,使它有了生物学的含义。应用Exergy作为生态指标,用于指示崇西潮滩湿地生态工程中受到干扰的大型...Exergy作为热力学指标是指系统从给定状态到与其周围介质达到热力学平衡所需做的最大功,Exergy概念被生态学家借鉴应用于生态系统的研究,使它有了生物学的含义。应用Exergy作为生态指标,用于指示崇西潮滩湿地生态工程中受到干扰的大型底栖动物群落结构的复杂的恢复过程。用BACI(before versus after,control versus impact)方法进行底栖动物采样,根据(a)不同食性类群的代码基因数;(b)储存在有机体基因内的信息;(c)种水平上的基因组尺度(C值)作为参数估算局域Exergy。结果显示工程区的Exergy值在工程干扰后9d时降到最低,接着工程区大型底栖动物群落的Exergy值逐渐与周围对照区趋向平衡。270d后,工程区的大型底栖动物群落得到恢复。3种不同方法估算的区域Exergy值表现出极为相似的动态趋势,进一步证实了用基因组尺度数据估算Exergy的可行性和优越性。研究表明Exergy指标不但适用于干扰后底栖动物群落恢复过程的监测,而且适合更广泛的生物系统研究。用周边对照区作为计算受干扰群落的局域Exergy值的动态参考比用历史资料更合适。展开更多
文摘Energy determines the ability of matter to work. However, in the given environment, the real usefulness to perform work is determined by exergy. This study covers not only solar, but also any monochromatic thermal radiation. The value of such radiation was determined by its exergy and the ratio of its exergy-to-energy. A novelty in this work is to demonstrate by means of exergy that the usefulness of thermal polychromatic radiation can be increased by its dispersion to monochromatic radiation. This effect is the greater, the lower the temperature of the radiation. Analogies of this effect to the exergetic effect of gas separation have been indicated. The effect of the increase in exergy in the process of radiation dispersion was interpreted by means of a cylinder-piston system that explains this effect with the influence of environmental radiation. The concept of quasi-monochromatic and cumulated radiation was introduced into dispersion considerations and the change in the energetic, entropic and environmental components of the exergy of radiation beams was analyzed. Considerations were illustrated with appropriate examples of calculations considering dispersion of high-temperature radiation, such as extraterrestrial solar radiation and dispersion of low-temperature radiation from water vapor.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078166,22178188)。
文摘For a long time,China's regional water resource imbalance has restricted the development of coal chemical industry,and it is imperative to achieve zero liquid discharge(ZLD).Therefore,the game relationship between technical indicators,costs and emissions in ZLD process of fixed-bed coal gasification wastewater treatment process should be explored in detail.According to the accurate model,the simulation for ZLD of fixed-bed coal gasification wastewater treatment process is established,and this process is assessed from the perspective of thermodynamics,economy,and environment.The total energy consumption of ZLD process before optimization is 4.032×10^(8)W.The results of exergy analysis show exergy destruction of ZLD process is 94.55%.For economic and environmental results,the total annual cost is 1.892×10^(7)USD·a^(-1)and the total environmental impact is 4.782×10^(-8).The total energy consumption of the optimal six-step ZLD process based on multi-objective optimization is 4.028×10^(8)W.The CO_(2)content in the treated wastewater is 0.1%.This study will have an important role in promoting the establishment of the ZLD process for coal chemistry industry.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51966013,52066013)the Special Fund of Inner Mongolia Education Department(No.STZC202230).
文摘To solve the problems of large losses and low productivity of permanent magnet synchronous generators used in wind power systems,the field-circuit coupling method is used to accurately solve the electromagnetic field and temperature field of the generator.The loss distribution of the motor is accurately obtained by considering the influence of external circuit characteristics on its internal physical field.By mapping the losses to the corresponding part of the three-dimensional finite element model of the motor,the temperature field is solved,and the global temperature distribution of the generator,considering the influence of end windings,is obtained.By changing the air gap length,permanent magnet thickness,and winding conductivity,the relationship between the loss,temperature rise,and exergy efficiency can be obtained.By optimizing the air gap length,permanent magnet thickness,and winding conductivity,the best configuration and material properties can improve the efficiency of the motor by up to 4%.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge Universitàdegli studi della Campania“L.Vanvitelli”for funding the research project CHIMERA with V:ALERE 2019 grant。
文摘Waste heat recovery is one of the possible solutions to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines.Instead of wasting the exhaust stream of an energy conversion system into the environment,its residual energy content can be usefully recovered,for example in Organic Rankine Cycles(ORC).This technology has been largely consolidated in stationary power plants but not yet for mobile applications,such as road transport,due to the limitations in the layout and to the constraints on the size and weight of the ORC system.An ORC system installed on the exhaust line of a bus powered by a natural gas spark ignition engine has been investigated.The thermal power available at engine exhaust has been evaluated by measuring gas temperature and mass flow rate during real driving operation.The waste thermal power has been considered as heat input for the ORC plant simulation.A detailed heat exchanger model has been developed because it is a crucial component for the ORC performance.The exergy analysis of the ORC was performed comparing different working fluids:R601,R1233zd(E)and two zeotropic blends of the two organic pure fluids.The model allowed the evaluation of the ORC produced energy over the driving cycle and the potential benefit on the engine efficiency.
文摘Exergy作为热力学指标是指系统从给定状态到与其周围介质达到热力学平衡所需做的最大功,Exergy概念被生态学家借鉴应用于生态系统的研究,使它有了生物学的含义。应用Exergy作为生态指标,用于指示崇西潮滩湿地生态工程中受到干扰的大型底栖动物群落结构的复杂的恢复过程。用BACI(before versus after,control versus impact)方法进行底栖动物采样,根据(a)不同食性类群的代码基因数;(b)储存在有机体基因内的信息;(c)种水平上的基因组尺度(C值)作为参数估算局域Exergy。结果显示工程区的Exergy值在工程干扰后9d时降到最低,接着工程区大型底栖动物群落的Exergy值逐渐与周围对照区趋向平衡。270d后,工程区的大型底栖动物群落得到恢复。3种不同方法估算的区域Exergy值表现出极为相似的动态趋势,进一步证实了用基因组尺度数据估算Exergy的可行性和优越性。研究表明Exergy指标不但适用于干扰后底栖动物群落恢复过程的监测,而且适合更广泛的生物系统研究。用周边对照区作为计算受干扰群落的局域Exergy值的动态参考比用历史资料更合适。
