A field experiment was conducted to study water use efficiency and agronomic traits in rice cultivated in flooded soil and non-flooded soils with and without straw mulching. The total amount of water used by rice unde...A field experiment was conducted to study water use efficiency and agronomic traits in rice cultivated in flooded soil and non-flooded soils with and without straw mulching. The total amount of water used by rice under flooded cultivation （FC） was 2.42 and 3.31 times as much as that by rice under the non-flooded cultivation with and without straw mulching, respectively. The average water seepage was 13 560 m^3/ha under the flooded cultivation, 4 750 m^3/ha under the non-flooded cultivation without straw mulching （ZM） and 4 680 m^3/ha under non-flooded cultivation with straw mulching （SM）. The evapotranspiration in the SM treatment was only 38.2% and 63.6% of the FC treatment and ZM treatment, respectively. Compared with the ZM treatment, straw mulching significantly increased leaf area per plant, main root length, gross root length and root dry weight per plant of rice. The highest grain yield under the SM treatment （6 747 kg/ha） was close to the rice cultivated in flooded soil （6 811.5 kg / ha）. However, the yield under the ZM treatment （4 716 kg/ha） was much lower than that under the FS treatment and SM treatment. The order of water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were both as follows： SM〉 ZM〉 FC.展开更多
A long-term field experiment （started at 2003） was conducted to determine the effects of different dce cultivation methods on growth characteristics and grain yield of late-season rice under double-rice cropping sys...A long-term field experiment （started at 2003） was conducted to determine the effects of different dce cultivation methods on growth characteristics and grain yield of late-season rice under double-rice cropping system in seasonal drought region of southeast China （Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province）. The rice cultivation methods included no-tillage and flooded rice cultivation （N-F）, no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation with straw mulching （N-SM）, and no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation without straw mulching （N-ZM）. There was no significant difference in rice grain yield between the N-SM and N-F treatments. However, the rice grain yields in the N-SM and N-F treatments were significantly higher than that in the N-ZM treatment. The late-season rice plants in the N-SM treatment had significantly higher numbers of effective panicles and total grains per hill compared with those in the N-ZM treatment. The above-ground dry matter of late-season rice was similar between the N-SM and N-F treatments. Compared with the N-F treatment, the N-ZM and N-SM treatments significantly decreased the leaf area at the heading stage. Moreover, the N-SM treatment could significantly increase total root length and root tip number at the grain-filling stage compared with the N-ZM treatment.展开更多
本文详细阐述了渗流力学经典理论——达西定律的发展历程及其适用条件,并从Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程推导出了达西定律在多孔介质中的毛细管渗流和裂缝渗流中的数学表达式。文章指出了当前达西定律应用中存在的8大问题,并综合分析了渗流...本文详细阐述了渗流力学经典理论——达西定律的发展历程及其适用条件,并从Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程推导出了达西定律在多孔介质中的毛细管渗流和裂缝渗流中的数学表达式。文章指出了当前达西定律应用中存在的8大问题,并综合分析了渗流力学理论在油气田开发中的主要挑战。针对这些挑战,本文提出了一系列对策和思考。文章强调指出:构建多尺度、多物理场耦合模型并借助AI科学计算是揭示油气储层复杂真实流动机制,填补目前理论空白的必由之路。建议指出:进一步发展核磁共振、电镜扫描及智能数据与图像处理等高精度实验技术,以直观展现流体在储层中的流动行为和过程。最后,建议综合运用实验研究、新理论模型建立和AI科学研究方法(AI for Science),突破油气渗流力学理论中目前遇到的挑战。研究成果可为我国高校、科研机构和研究者开展石油科学理论研究和课题立项提供重要参考,同时可为我国油气资源可持续进行科学和技术战略规划提供强有力的技术支撑。展开更多
以国家植物园中水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng)为研究对象,对比根部淹水和非淹水生境中水杉的叶片形态特征、化学计量特征、气体交换参数及非结构性糖类的差异,分析水杉对2种生境的适应策略。结果表明:水杉根部淹水和...以国家植物园中水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng)为研究对象,对比根部淹水和非淹水生境中水杉的叶片形态特征、化学计量特征、气体交换参数及非结构性糖类的差异,分析水杉对2种生境的适应策略。结果表明:水杉根部淹水和非淹水生境土壤含水量差异显著(P<0.05),土壤化学计量特征中除C/N比外均具有显著差异。根部淹水生境水杉叶面积和比叶面积均显著大于根部非淹水生境,但叶干物质含量显著低于非淹水生境,这主要通过叶长的增加实现。同一径级内,根部淹水生境仅Ⅰ〔20 cm≤胸径(DBH)<30 cm〕径级水杉叶片净光合速率显著高于非淹水生境;3个径级水杉叶片胞间CO_(2)浓度在2种生境间无显著差异;气孔导度和蒸腾速率在2种生境间均存在显著差异,且除Ⅰ径级的蒸腾速率外均为根部淹水生境显著高于根部非淹水生境。同一生境内,水杉叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率随着径级的增大呈上升趋势,而胞间CO_(2)浓度的变化趋势相反。同一径级内,根部淹水生境水杉叶片有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均高于根部非淹水生境,且除有机碳含量外均存在显著差异;根部淹水生境水杉叶片N/P比、C/N比和C/P比总体小于根部非淹水生境,其中,Ⅰ径级水杉叶片N/P比和C/N比在2种生境间差异显著,Ⅰ和Ⅱ(30 cm≤DBH<40 cm)径级水杉叶片C/P比在2种生境间差异显著。根部淹水生境水杉叶片非结构性糖类含量显著高于非淹水生境,主要表现为可溶性糖含量的升高。综上所述,水杉对淹水胁迫具有良好的适应能力,能够通过改变叶片形态、可溶性糖含量及气孔开放程度来保证正常的生命活动,在今后的迁地保护过程中可通过增加土壤含水量和光照帮助水杉适应环境的变化。展开更多
文摘A field experiment was conducted to study water use efficiency and agronomic traits in rice cultivated in flooded soil and non-flooded soils with and without straw mulching. The total amount of water used by rice under flooded cultivation （FC） was 2.42 and 3.31 times as much as that by rice under the non-flooded cultivation with and without straw mulching, respectively. The average water seepage was 13 560 m^3/ha under the flooded cultivation, 4 750 m^3/ha under the non-flooded cultivation without straw mulching （ZM） and 4 680 m^3/ha under non-flooded cultivation with straw mulching （SM）. The evapotranspiration in the SM treatment was only 38.2% and 63.6% of the FC treatment and ZM treatment, respectively. Compared with the ZM treatment, straw mulching significantly increased leaf area per plant, main root length, gross root length and root dry weight per plant of rice. The highest grain yield under the SM treatment （6 747 kg/ha） was close to the rice cultivated in flooded soil （6 811.5 kg / ha）. However, the yield under the ZM treatment （4 716 kg/ha） was much lower than that under the FS treatment and SM treatment. The order of water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were both as follows： SM〉 ZM〉 FC.
基金the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2002AA2Z4331)for generous financial support
文摘A long-term field experiment （started at 2003） was conducted to determine the effects of different dce cultivation methods on growth characteristics and grain yield of late-season rice under double-rice cropping system in seasonal drought region of southeast China （Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province）. The rice cultivation methods included no-tillage and flooded rice cultivation （N-F）, no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation with straw mulching （N-SM）, and no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation without straw mulching （N-ZM）. There was no significant difference in rice grain yield between the N-SM and N-F treatments. However, the rice grain yields in the N-SM and N-F treatments were significantly higher than that in the N-ZM treatment. The late-season rice plants in the N-SM treatment had significantly higher numbers of effective panicles and total grains per hill compared with those in the N-ZM treatment. The above-ground dry matter of late-season rice was similar between the N-SM and N-F treatments. Compared with the N-F treatment, the N-ZM and N-SM treatments significantly decreased the leaf area at the heading stage. Moreover, the N-SM treatment could significantly increase total root length and root tip number at the grain-filling stage compared with the N-ZM treatment.
文摘本文详细阐述了渗流力学经典理论——达西定律的发展历程及其适用条件,并从Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程推导出了达西定律在多孔介质中的毛细管渗流和裂缝渗流中的数学表达式。文章指出了当前达西定律应用中存在的8大问题,并综合分析了渗流力学理论在油气田开发中的主要挑战。针对这些挑战,本文提出了一系列对策和思考。文章强调指出:构建多尺度、多物理场耦合模型并借助AI科学计算是揭示油气储层复杂真实流动机制,填补目前理论空白的必由之路。建议指出:进一步发展核磁共振、电镜扫描及智能数据与图像处理等高精度实验技术,以直观展现流体在储层中的流动行为和过程。最后,建议综合运用实验研究、新理论模型建立和AI科学研究方法(AI for Science),突破油气渗流力学理论中目前遇到的挑战。研究成果可为我国高校、科研机构和研究者开展石油科学理论研究和课题立项提供重要参考,同时可为我国油气资源可持续进行科学和技术战略规划提供强有力的技术支撑。
文摘以国家植物园中水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng)为研究对象,对比根部淹水和非淹水生境中水杉的叶片形态特征、化学计量特征、气体交换参数及非结构性糖类的差异,分析水杉对2种生境的适应策略。结果表明:水杉根部淹水和非淹水生境土壤含水量差异显著(P<0.05),土壤化学计量特征中除C/N比外均具有显著差异。根部淹水生境水杉叶面积和比叶面积均显著大于根部非淹水生境,但叶干物质含量显著低于非淹水生境,这主要通过叶长的增加实现。同一径级内,根部淹水生境仅Ⅰ〔20 cm≤胸径(DBH)<30 cm〕径级水杉叶片净光合速率显著高于非淹水生境;3个径级水杉叶片胞间CO_(2)浓度在2种生境间无显著差异;气孔导度和蒸腾速率在2种生境间均存在显著差异,且除Ⅰ径级的蒸腾速率外均为根部淹水生境显著高于根部非淹水生境。同一生境内,水杉叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率随着径级的增大呈上升趋势,而胞间CO_(2)浓度的变化趋势相反。同一径级内,根部淹水生境水杉叶片有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均高于根部非淹水生境,且除有机碳含量外均存在显著差异;根部淹水生境水杉叶片N/P比、C/N比和C/P比总体小于根部非淹水生境,其中,Ⅰ径级水杉叶片N/P比和C/N比在2种生境间差异显著,Ⅰ和Ⅱ(30 cm≤DBH<40 cm)径级水杉叶片C/P比在2种生境间差异显著。根部淹水生境水杉叶片非结构性糖类含量显著高于非淹水生境,主要表现为可溶性糖含量的升高。综上所述,水杉对淹水胁迫具有良好的适应能力,能够通过改变叶片形态、可溶性糖含量及气孔开放程度来保证正常的生命活动,在今后的迁地保护过程中可通过增加土壤含水量和光照帮助水杉适应环境的变化。
