The skeleton is a dynamic organ that is constantly remodeled. Proteins secreted from bone cells, namely osteoblasts, osteocytes,and osteoclasts exert regulation on osteoblastogenesis, osteclastogenesis, and angiogenes...The skeleton is a dynamic organ that is constantly remodeled. Proteins secreted from bone cells, namely osteoblasts, osteocytes,and osteoclasts exert regulation on osteoblastogenesis, osteclastogenesis, and angiogenesis in a paracrine manner. Osteoblasts secrete a range of different molecules including RANKL/OPG, M-CSF, SEMA3A, WNT5A, and WNT16 that regulate osteoclastogenesis. Osteoblasts also produce VEGFA that stimulates osteoblastogenesis and angiogenesis. Osteocytes produce sclerostin(SOST) that inhibits osteoblast differentiation and promotes osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclasts secrete factors including BMP6, CTHRC1, EFNB2, S1P, WNT10B, SEMA4D, and CT-1 that act on osteoblasts and osteocytes, and thereby influencea A osteogenesis. Osteoclast precursors produce the angiogenic factor PDGF-BB to promote the formation of Type H vessels, which then stimulate osteoblastogenesis. Besides, the evidences over the past decades show that at least three hormones or "osteokines"from bone cells have endocrine functions. FGF23 is produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes and can regulate phosphate metabolism. Osteocalcin(OCN) secreted by osteoblasts regulates systemic glucose and energy metabolism, reproduction, and cognition. Lipocalin-2(LCN2) is secreted by osteoblasts and can influence energy metabolism by suppressing appetite in the brain.We review the recent progresses in the paracrine and endocrine functions of the secretory proteins of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, revealing connections of the skeleton with other tissues and providing added insights into the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases affecting multiple organs and the drug discovery process.展开更多
Photodissociation spectra of Ca^+-pyridine complex was obtained by reflectron time of flight spectrum (RTOF). Two channels were found from difference photodissociation spectra, one was non-reactive Ca^+ cation sep...Photodissociation spectra of Ca^+-pyridine complex was obtained by reflectron time of flight spectrum (RTOF). Two channels were found from difference photodissociation spectra, one was non-reactive Ca^+ cation separation channel, the other one was active channel for product Ca^+NH2. Product Ca^+ was dominant in the whole region studied and the only product in 530-590 nm region, reactive product Ca^+NH2 shared a little present in whole products. Action spectrum as a function of photolysis laser wavelength shows appearance peaks relevant to transitions of complex. Branching ratio supports the information of photodissociation too.展开更多
In order to accurately simulate the diffusion of chloride ion in the existing concrete bridge and acquire the precise chloride ion concentration at given time, a cellular automata (CA)-based model is proposed. The p...In order to accurately simulate the diffusion of chloride ion in the existing concrete bridge and acquire the precise chloride ion concentration at given time, a cellular automata (CA)-based model is proposed. The process of chloride ion diffusion is analyzed by the CA-based method and a nonlinear solution of the Fick's second law is obtained. Considering the impact of various factors such as stress states, temporal and spatial variability of diffusion parameters and water-cement ratio on the process of chloride ion diffusion, the model of chloride ion diffusion under multi-factor coupling actions is presented. A chloride ion penetrating experiment reported in the literature is used to prove the effectiveness and reasonability of the present method, and a T-type beam is taken as an illustrative example to analyze the process of chloride ion diffusion in practical application. The results indicate that CA-based method can simulate the diffusion of chloride ion in the concrete structures with acceptable precision.展开更多
The intense application of Voltage Source Converter based HVDC interconnections and grids will result in a hybrid AC-HVDC-system. The operation of such a system becomes complex regarding system security and system ope...The intense application of Voltage Source Converter based HVDC interconnections and grids will result in a hybrid AC-HVDC-system. The operation of such a system becomes complex regarding system security and system operation. This paper describes major challenges and proposes potential solutions, including a combined security assessment, preventive optimization and curative actions. A coordination of both systems enables an efficient application of existing transport capacity.展开更多
The reverse cholesterol transport mediated by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is an important mechanism for maintaining body cholesterol, and hence, the crucial anti-atherogenic action of the lipoprotein. Recent studie...The reverse cholesterol transport mediated by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is an important mechanism for maintaining body cholesterol, and hence, the crucial anti-atherogenic action of the lipoprotein. Recent studies, however, have shown that HDL exerts a variety of anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic actions independently of cholesterol metabolism. The present review provides an overview of the roles of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor and apolipoprotein A-I/scavenger receptor class B type I systems in the anti-atherogenic HDL actions. In addition, the physiological significance of the existence of S1P in the HDL particles is discussed.展开更多
This papcr presents a comparison between the Chinese Code GB50011-2001 and the International Standard ISO3010:2001(E),emphasizing the similarities and differences related to design requirements,seismic actions and ana...This papcr presents a comparison between the Chinese Code GB50011-2001 and the International Standard ISO3010:2001(E),emphasizing the similarities and differences related to design requirements,seismic actions and analytical approaches.Similarities include:earthquake return period,conceptual design,site classification,structural strength and ductility requirements,deformation limits,response spectra,seismic analysis procedures,isolation and energy dissipation, and nonstructural elements.Differences exist in the following areas:seismic levels,earthquake loading,mode damping factors and structural control.展开更多
Previous studies have demonstrated that hand shadows may activate the motor cortex associated with the mirror neuron system in human brain. However, there is no evidence of activity of the human mirror neuron system d...Previous studies have demonstrated that hand shadows may activate the motor cortex associated with the mirror neuron system in human brain. However, there is no evidence of activity of the human mirror neuron system during the observation of intransitive movements by shadows and line drawings of hands. This study examined the suppression of electroencephalography mu waves (8-13 Hz) induced by observation of stimuli in 18 healthy students. Three stimuli were used: real hand actions, hand shadow actions and actions made by line drawings of hands. The results showed significant desynchronization of the mu rhythm ("mu suppression") across the sensodmotor cortex (recorded at C3, Cz and C4), the frontal cortex (recorded at F3, Fz and F4) and the central and right posterior parietal cortex (recorded at Pz and P4) under all three conditions. Our experimental findings suggest that the observation of "impoverished hand actions", such as intransitive movements of shadows and line drawings of hands, is able to activate widespread cortical areas related to the putative human mirror neuron system.展开更多
Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long medicinal history.Ginsenoside is the main compo⁃nent of ginseng,among which the ginsenoside-Rg3 possess higher medicinal value.The pharmacological studies reported...Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long medicinal history.Ginsenoside is the main compo⁃nent of ginseng,among which the ginsenoside-Rg3 possess higher medicinal value.The pharmacological studies reported that the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibit a variety of pharmacological actions.For example,the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibit an effective inhibitory effect against cancer and induce apoptosis,such as glioma,lung cancer,liver cancer,breast cancer,ovarian cancer,cervical cancer and so on.The anti-cancer effect will be significantly increased by combinning chemotherapy drugs with ginsenoside-Rg3.In addition,ginsenoside-Rg3 can reduce the side effects of chemotherapy drugs,such as cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.Furthermore,ginsenoside-Rg3 could reverse the multidrug resistance of cancer cells against anticancer drugs.What′s more,ginsenoid-Rg3 has several other pharmacological actions as follows.At first,ginsenoid-Rg3 appears to anti-fatigue effect by reversing the dopamine reduction induced by fatigue.Secondly,ginsenoid-Rg3 can reverse chemical-induced memory damage and improve memory to exert neuroprotective effect.Finally,ginsenoid-Rg3 can improve mitochondrial function and insulin tolerance in skeletal muscle,suggesting that ginsenoid-Rg3 can be used as a hypoglycemic drug.In this review,I present an overview of the pharmacological actions of ginsenoside-Rg3 to provide theoretical guidance for further development and utilization of ginsenoside-Rg3.展开更多
Analytic atlases on <img src="Edit_948e45b7-cbef-425e-bb79-28648b859994.png" width="23" height="22" alt="" /> can be easily defined making it an <em>n</em>-dim...Analytic atlases on <img src="Edit_948e45b7-cbef-425e-bb79-28648b859994.png" width="23" height="22" alt="" /> can be easily defined making it an <em>n</em>-dimensional complex manifold. Then with the help of bi-M<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ö</span></span>bius transformations in complex coordinates Abelian groups are constructed making this manifold a Lie group. Actions of Lie groups on differentiable manifolds are well known and serve different purposes. We have introduced in previous works actions of Lie groups on non orientable Klein surfaces. The purpose of this work is to extend those studies to non orientable <em>n</em>-dimensional complex manifolds. Such manifolds are obtained by factorizing <img src="Edit_7e5721ee-bb7f-4224-bd52-7d4641ac1c73.png" width="23" height="22" alt="" /> with the two elements group of a fixed point free antianalytic involution of <img src="Edit_ddfdac64-b296-48c5-9bb2-932eb3d76008.png" width="23" height="22" alt="" />. Involutions <strong>h(z)</strong> of this kind are obtained linearly by composing special M<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ö</span></span>bius transformations of the planes with the mapping <img src="Edit_4cda269a-9399-41ae-a5da-0c9d18a419ab.png" width="89" height="24" alt="" /><img src="Edit_4cda269a-9399-41ae-a5da-0c9d18a419ab.png" width="85" height="22" alt="" />. A convenient partition of <img src="Edit_9e899708-41b0-4351-a12b-cc6efb5b1581.png" width="23" height="22" alt="" /> is performed which helps defining an internal operation on <img src="Edit_7cd42987-68f8-4e4c-9382-cbc68b56377e.png" width="49" height="26" alt="" /> and finally actions of the previously defined Lie groups on the non orientable manifold <img src="Edit_5740b48c-f9ea-438d-a87d-8cdc1f83662b.png" width="49" height="25" alt="" /> are displayed.展开更多
基金supported in part by grants from 973 Program from the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) (2014CB964704 and 2015CB964503)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB19000000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (31371463, 81672119, and 81725010)
文摘The skeleton is a dynamic organ that is constantly remodeled. Proteins secreted from bone cells, namely osteoblasts, osteocytes,and osteoclasts exert regulation on osteoblastogenesis, osteclastogenesis, and angiogenesis in a paracrine manner. Osteoblasts secrete a range of different molecules including RANKL/OPG, M-CSF, SEMA3A, WNT5A, and WNT16 that regulate osteoclastogenesis. Osteoblasts also produce VEGFA that stimulates osteoblastogenesis and angiogenesis. Osteocytes produce sclerostin(SOST) that inhibits osteoblast differentiation and promotes osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclasts secrete factors including BMP6, CTHRC1, EFNB2, S1P, WNT10B, SEMA4D, and CT-1 that act on osteoblasts and osteocytes, and thereby influencea A osteogenesis. Osteoclast precursors produce the angiogenic factor PDGF-BB to promote the formation of Type H vessels, which then stimulate osteoblastogenesis. Besides, the evidences over the past decades show that at least three hormones or "osteokines"from bone cells have endocrine functions. FGF23 is produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes and can regulate phosphate metabolism. Osteocalcin(OCN) secreted by osteoblasts regulates systemic glucose and energy metabolism, reproduction, and cognition. Lipocalin-2(LCN2) is secreted by osteoblasts and can influence energy metabolism by suppressing appetite in the brain.We review the recent progresses in the paracrine and endocrine functions of the secretory proteins of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, revealing connections of the skeleton with other tissues and providing added insights into the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases affecting multiple organs and the drug discovery process.
文摘Photodissociation spectra of Ca^+-pyridine complex was obtained by reflectron time of flight spectrum (RTOF). Two channels were found from difference photodissociation spectra, one was non-reactive Ca^+ cation separation channel, the other one was active channel for product Ca^+NH2. Product Ca^+ was dominant in the whole region studied and the only product in 530-590 nm region, reactive product Ca^+NH2 shared a little present in whole products. Action spectrum as a function of photolysis laser wavelength shows appearance peaks relevant to transitions of complex. Branching ratio supports the information of photodissociation too.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51178305)Key Projects in the Science & Technology Pillar Program of Tianjin (No.11ZCKFSF00300)
文摘In order to accurately simulate the diffusion of chloride ion in the existing concrete bridge and acquire the precise chloride ion concentration at given time, a cellular automata (CA)-based model is proposed. The process of chloride ion diffusion is analyzed by the CA-based method and a nonlinear solution of the Fick's second law is obtained. Considering the impact of various factors such as stress states, temporal and spatial variability of diffusion parameters and water-cement ratio on the process of chloride ion diffusion, the model of chloride ion diffusion under multi-factor coupling actions is presented. A chloride ion penetrating experiment reported in the literature is used to prove the effectiveness and reasonability of the present method, and a T-type beam is taken as an illustrative example to analyze the process of chloride ion diffusion in practical application. The results indicate that CA-based method can simulate the diffusion of chloride ion in the concrete structures with acceptable precision.
文摘The intense application of Voltage Source Converter based HVDC interconnections and grids will result in a hybrid AC-HVDC-system. The operation of such a system becomes complex regarding system security and system operation. This paper describes major challenges and proposes potential solutions, including a combined security assessment, preventive optimization and curative actions. A coordination of both systems enables an efficient application of existing transport capacity.
基金Supported by Grants-in-Aid for scientific research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science,No.20015008,20054003,and 21390016
文摘The reverse cholesterol transport mediated by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is an important mechanism for maintaining body cholesterol, and hence, the crucial anti-atherogenic action of the lipoprotein. Recent studies, however, have shown that HDL exerts a variety of anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic actions independently of cholesterol metabolism. The present review provides an overview of the roles of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor and apolipoprotein A-I/scavenger receptor class B type I systems in the anti-atherogenic HDL actions. In addition, the physiological significance of the existence of S1P in the HDL particles is discussed.
文摘This papcr presents a comparison between the Chinese Code GB50011-2001 and the International Standard ISO3010:2001(E),emphasizing the similarities and differences related to design requirements,seismic actions and analytical approaches.Similarities include:earthquake return period,conceptual design,site classification,structural strength and ductility requirements,deformation limits,response spectra,seismic analysis procedures,isolation and energy dissipation, and nonstructural elements.Differences exist in the following areas:seismic levels,earthquake loading,mode damping factors and structural control.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.60775019,60970062 and 61173116the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China,No.201100702110014
文摘Previous studies have demonstrated that hand shadows may activate the motor cortex associated with the mirror neuron system in human brain. However, there is no evidence of activity of the human mirror neuron system during the observation of intransitive movements by shadows and line drawings of hands. This study examined the suppression of electroencephalography mu waves (8-13 Hz) induced by observation of stimuli in 18 healthy students. Three stimuli were used: real hand actions, hand shadow actions and actions made by line drawings of hands. The results showed significant desynchronization of the mu rhythm ("mu suppression") across the sensodmotor cortex (recorded at C3, Cz and C4), the frontal cortex (recorded at F3, Fz and F4) and the central and right posterior parietal cortex (recorded at Pz and P4) under all three conditions. Our experimental findings suggest that the observation of "impoverished hand actions", such as intransitive movements of shadows and line drawings of hands, is able to activate widespread cortical areas related to the putative human mirror neuron system.
文摘Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long medicinal history.Ginsenoside is the main compo⁃nent of ginseng,among which the ginsenoside-Rg3 possess higher medicinal value.The pharmacological studies reported that the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibit a variety of pharmacological actions.For example,the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibit an effective inhibitory effect against cancer and induce apoptosis,such as glioma,lung cancer,liver cancer,breast cancer,ovarian cancer,cervical cancer and so on.The anti-cancer effect will be significantly increased by combinning chemotherapy drugs with ginsenoside-Rg3.In addition,ginsenoside-Rg3 can reduce the side effects of chemotherapy drugs,such as cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.Furthermore,ginsenoside-Rg3 could reverse the multidrug resistance of cancer cells against anticancer drugs.What′s more,ginsenoid-Rg3 has several other pharmacological actions as follows.At first,ginsenoid-Rg3 appears to anti-fatigue effect by reversing the dopamine reduction induced by fatigue.Secondly,ginsenoid-Rg3 can reverse chemical-induced memory damage and improve memory to exert neuroprotective effect.Finally,ginsenoid-Rg3 can improve mitochondrial function and insulin tolerance in skeletal muscle,suggesting that ginsenoid-Rg3 can be used as a hypoglycemic drug.In this review,I present an overview of the pharmacological actions of ginsenoside-Rg3 to provide theoretical guidance for further development and utilization of ginsenoside-Rg3.
文摘Analytic atlases on <img src="Edit_948e45b7-cbef-425e-bb79-28648b859994.png" width="23" height="22" alt="" /> can be easily defined making it an <em>n</em>-dimensional complex manifold. Then with the help of bi-M<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ö</span></span>bius transformations in complex coordinates Abelian groups are constructed making this manifold a Lie group. Actions of Lie groups on differentiable manifolds are well known and serve different purposes. We have introduced in previous works actions of Lie groups on non orientable Klein surfaces. The purpose of this work is to extend those studies to non orientable <em>n</em>-dimensional complex manifolds. Such manifolds are obtained by factorizing <img src="Edit_7e5721ee-bb7f-4224-bd52-7d4641ac1c73.png" width="23" height="22" alt="" /> with the two elements group of a fixed point free antianalytic involution of <img src="Edit_ddfdac64-b296-48c5-9bb2-932eb3d76008.png" width="23" height="22" alt="" />. Involutions <strong>h(z)</strong> of this kind are obtained linearly by composing special M<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ö</span></span>bius transformations of the planes with the mapping <img src="Edit_4cda269a-9399-41ae-a5da-0c9d18a419ab.png" width="89" height="24" alt="" /><img src="Edit_4cda269a-9399-41ae-a5da-0c9d18a419ab.png" width="85" height="22" alt="" />. A convenient partition of <img src="Edit_9e899708-41b0-4351-a12b-cc6efb5b1581.png" width="23" height="22" alt="" /> is performed which helps defining an internal operation on <img src="Edit_7cd42987-68f8-4e4c-9382-cbc68b56377e.png" width="49" height="26" alt="" /> and finally actions of the previously defined Lie groups on the non orientable manifold <img src="Edit_5740b48c-f9ea-438d-a87d-8cdc1f83662b.png" width="49" height="25" alt="" /> are displayed.