Flexibility potential of Cs_(2)BX_(6)(B=Hf,Sn,Pt,Zr,Ti;X=I,Br,Cl)with application in photovoltaic devices and radiation detectors

As interest in double perovskites is growing,especially in applications like photovoltaic devices,understanding their mechanical properties is vital for device durability.Despite extensive exploration of structure and optical properties,research on mechanical aspects is limited.This article builds a vacancyordered double perovskite model,employing first-principles calculations to analyze mechanical,bonding,electronic,and optical properties.Results show Cs_(2)Hfl_(6),Cs_(2)SnBr_(6),Cs_(2)SnI_(6),and Cs_(2)PtBr_(6)have Young's moduli below 13 GPa,indicating flexibility.Geometric parameters explain flexibility variations with the changes of B and X site composition.Bonding characteristic exploration reveals the influence of B and X site electronegativity on mechanical strength.Cs_(2)SnBr_(6)and Cs_(2)PtBr_(6)are suitable for solar cells,while Cs_(2)HfI_(6)and Cs_(2)TiCl_(6)show potential for semi-transparent solar cells.Optical property calculations highlight the high light absorption coefficients of up to 3.5×10^(5) cm^(-1)for Cs_(2)HfI_(6)and Cs_(2)TiCl_(6).Solar cell simulation shows Cs_(2)PtBr_(6)achieves 22.4%of conversion effciency.Cs_(2)ZrCl_(6)holds promise for ionizing radiation detection with its 3.68 eV bandgap and high absorption coefficient.Vacancy-ordered double perovskites offer superior flexibility,providing valuable insights for designing stable and flexible devices.This understanding enhances the development of functional devices based on these perovskites,especially for applications requiring high stability and flexibility.

Change in Surface Microstructure and Properties of PTFE after Solar Radiation and its Mechanism

A series of solar radiation tests for the polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) bulk and film samples were carried out using Q-SUN XE-3-HSC type Solar Radiation Simulator, with the test parameters as follows: radiation intensity is 1 120 W/m^2, temperature is 55 ℃ and humidity is 70% RH. Surface morphology, composition and microstructure of the PTFE samples before and after radiation tests were characterized contrastively. Effect of solar radiation on the tribology and wetting properties of PTFE were also studied by tribometer and contact angle tester, respectively. The results show that, for radiated PTFE, surface roughness, the relative content of C element, the friction coefficients and the contact angle with water increased in varying degrees. In conclusion, the obvious change in PTFE samples can be mainly attributed to break of(CFx)-C bonds after bombardment of high energy UV photons, which causes the loss of F-rich groups, oxidation, crosslinking and restructuring of active unsaturated groups.

The Impact of Surface Properties on Downward Surface Shortwave Radiation over the Tibetan Plateau

The complexity of inhomogeneous surface-atmosphere radiation transfer is one of the foremost problems in the field of atmospheric physics and atmospheric radiation. To date, the influence of surface properties on shortwave radiation has not been well studied. The daily downward surface shortwave radiation of the latest FLASHFlux/CERES （Fast Longwave And Shortwave Fluxes_Time Interpolated and Spatially Averaged/Clouds and the Earth＇s Radiant Energy System） satellite data was evaluated against in situ data. The comparison indicated that the differences between the two data sets are unstable and large over rugged terrain compared with relatively flat terrain, and the mean absolute error of the satellite products reaches 31.4 W m-2 （12.3%） over rugged terrain. Based on the SSF （single satellite footprint）/CERES product, the influence of surface properties on the distribution of downward surface shortwave radiation （DSSR） was analyzed. The influence of surface properties on DSSR over the Tibetan Plateau is about twice as large as that in two other regions located at the same latitude （eastern China-western Pacific and subtropical North Pacific）. A simulation was carried out with the help of the I3RC （International Intercomparision of Three-Dimensional Radiation Code） Monte Carlo 3D radiative transfer community model. The results showed that DSSR increases as surface albedo increases. Moreover, the impact of surface albedo on DSSR is larger if the spatial distribution of clouds is more non-uniform. It is hoped that these results will contribute to the development of 3D radiative transfer models and the improvement of satellite inversion algorithms.

EFFECT OF γ-RADIATION ON PROPERTIES OF CHLORO-SULFONATED POLYETHYLENE

The effects of γ-radiation on three chloro-sulfonated polyethylene (CSM) with different chlorine content have been investigated, the effects of γ-radiation on some physical properties of CSM have been discussed. The results showed that three CSM can be easily crosslinked by irradiation, the crosslinking degree related to chlorine content, at the same radiation dose, the more the chlorine content in CSM, the easier the CSM to be crosslinked, unirradiated CSM has good mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation), the effect of irradiation dose on dielectric properties was insignificant.

Structure and Infrared Radiation Properties of Substituted Cordierites

Zn^2＋ - or Ti^4＋ -substituted cordierites with the nominal compositions of Mg1 .6 Zn0.4 Al4 Si5 O18 and Mg1.8 Ti0.2 Al4.4 Si4.6 O18 respectively, were prepared by a conventional solid state reaction method. The structure of the substituted eordierites was characterized by X- ray diffraction （ XRD ）, infrared （ 1R ） spectroscopy and 29 Si magic angle spinning （ MAS ） nuclear magnetic resonance （ NMR ）. The infoared radiation properties were investigated in the bands within 2.5-25μm. Compared with the na-substituted cordierite composition （ Mg2 Al4 Si5 O18 ）, Zn^2＋ - or Ti^4＋ -substituted cordierites show superior infrared properties. XRD and IR results confirm the formation of hexagonal a-eordierite as the main eo＇stal phase for the substituted cordierites. 29 Si MAS NMR result indicates that Zn^2＋ or Ti^4＋ Substitutions for partial Mg^2＋ of a-eordierite promoted the ordering of the distribution oral and Si atoms in T1 （ tetrahedra connecting six-raembered rings together with [ MgO6] octahedra ） and T2 （ tetraheda forming six-reentered rings） tetrahedral sites. This resulted in a lattice deformation and increased the anharmonicity of polarization vibration, which is responsible for the improvement of infrared radiation properties of the substituted eordierites.

Effect of rock mechanical properties on electromagnetic radiation mechanism of rock fracturing

The influence of rock mechanical properties on the electromagnetic radiation(EMR)mechanism of rock fracturing is an important research topic in solid mechanics and earthquake prediction.In this study,an EMR model of rock fracturing considering the fracture factor,elastic modulus,Poisson’s ratio,radiation distance and crack length is derived based on the Hertz oscillator array assumption.An experimental system,including an electromagnetic shielding module,an EMR signal induction and transmission module,a signal recording module and a loading module,is developed to understand the EMR characteristics of four different rocks.The validity of the EMR theoretical model is verified and the relationships between the rock cracking morphology and the EMR waveform,amplitude and frequency are revealed.It is found that rock mechanical properties have obvious influences on the EMR waveform,amplitude and frequency during rock fracturing.This study provides a better understanding on the EMR mechanism of rock fracturing and can help to improve the accuracy of rock disaster prediction based on EMR.

Swelling and thermal properties of porous PNIPAM/PEG hydrogels prepared by radiation polymerization

In this study,a series of porous intelligent hydrogels were synthesized by radiation exhibiting the lower critical solution temperature（LCST） and fast response involving a combination of A’-isopropyl acrylamideas monomer, polyethylene glycol（PEG） as pore-forming agent and N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide as crosslinking agent.The hydrogels were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and the influence of radiation doses on their swelling and thermal behaviors were studied.Their surface morphologies were examined by scanning electron microscopy.The results showed that PEG molecules only acted as pore-forming agent in the cross-linked polymerization.Their swelling ratios reduced with increasing radiation doses.The LCST was around 37℃,and varied little with the radiation doses.The frozen water content of PNIPAM/PEG6000 hydrogel reduced with increasing the radiation dose,and was greater than that of PN1PAM hydrogel at 15 kGy.Hydrogel macropores were prepared by PEG agent,and the hydrogels without PEG had a dense surface.The porous hydrogels are expected to be applied in the field of artificial intelligence material.

Effects of microwave radiation on dynamic compressive properties of basalt

The dynamic mechanical properties of basalt affected by microwave were investigated by performing dynamic compressive tests using the SHPB system.Meanwhile,the thermal damage of the treated basalt was characterized by ultrasonic non-destructive testing and nuclear magnetic resonance technology.The results show that with the increase of microwave power and exposure time,the P-wave velocity,dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus decrease continuously,and the dynamic failure mode tends to be a more complex fracturing.The increase in microwave power and exposure time can enhance the temperature difference and transfer coefficient among minerals,hence intensifying the rock damage induced by thermal shock.

The Effect of Inorganic Nanoadditives on the Thermal, Mechanical and UV Radiation Barrier Properties of Polypropylene Fibres

The objective of this study of modified polypropylene (PP) fibres using nanoadditives (nano-CaCO3 and Cloisite 30B) was to determine the influence of these additives on thermal and mechanical properties, but especially on the barrier properties of the nanocomposite fibres against UV radiation. The DSC data obtained from measurements of PP/CaCO3 or PP/C30B nanocomposite fibres were used for determination of the constants n and K of the Avrami equation and in the estimation of other thermal properties of the fibres, such as their crystallization half-time t1/2, rate of crystallization t1/2, the necessary time for maximum crystallization tmax and free energy per unit area of surface in the lamella perpen-dicular to the axis of a high-molecular chain se. The nano-CaCO3 or Closite 30B fillers (pre-treated separately in three different solvents: glycerine, acetone and water) did not influence the melting temperatures but caused an increase in PP crystallization temperatures in comparison with the pure PP fibres. The pre-treatments of nanoadditives resulted in increase of n, K, t1/2 values and decrease of t1/2, tmax as well as the values of free surface energies per unit area of the modified PP fibres. There was also observed a decrease in the mechanical properties, however, there was an increase of barrier properties against UV radiation of nanocomposite PP fibres in comparison with neat PP fibres, which was one of the main objectives of the study.

Chemical and physical properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel films formed by irradiation

Chemical and physical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel films were investigated as a function of production factors. The experimental results show that the gel fraction depends strongly on the radiation dose, the degree of swelling is inversely dependent on the concentration of PVA solution, the tensile strength depends mainly on the PVA blending ratio and the elongation at break is inversely dependent on the radiation dose.

VARIATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RADIATION CROSSLINKED RUBBER WITH STORAGE TIME

The effect of storage on physico-chemical properties of non-irradiated natural rubber and radiation vulcanized natural rubber （RVNR） were evaluated. The rubber films were stored under two different conditions, namely in open air and sealed polyethylene bags. The antioxidant, tris（nonylated phenyl） phosphite （TNPP） was used for preventing degradation of RVNR films. Gel content, cross-link density, tensile strength at break and 500% elongation of rubber films were measured. The results show that the retention （%） of tensile properties of rubber films with TNPP is higher than that of rubber films without antioxidants. The rubber films stored in polyethylene bags also show better retention of tensile properties than those of rubber films stored in open air.

Structure and Infrared Radiation Property of Co_(1-x)ZnxFe_2O_4 Ferrites by XAFS Analysis

Co1-xZnxFe2O4 ferrites were prepared by solid state reaction. The microstructure and performance were studied by X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption fine-structure analysis and IRE-2 infrared radiant test. It is found that infrared radiance show a nonlinear change with x, exhibiting the infrared radiance of this material improved and the average radiance in the 8-14 μm waveband reached 0.91. The Co^3＋ and Zn^2＋ ions are found to occupy both tetrahedral and octahedral sites, and correspondingly, the fraction of Fe^3＋ ions in B-site decreases nonlinearly in ferrites. The lattice parameters are found to concern with Zn^2＋, and the activation energy deduces from crystal strain and crystal vibrate increases with content Zn^2＋. The redistribution of the Co^3＋ and Zn^2＋ ions between tetrahedral and octahedral sites is related to the providing a selective tetrahedral and octahedral sites infrared radiance of Co1-xZnxFe2O4 ceramics with increasing x.

Spectroscopic Properties and Effect of Radiation Trapping of a New Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+) Co-Doped Tellurite-Silicate Glasses

A new serials of Er^3＋/Yb^3＋ co-doped tellurite-silicate glasses were prepared by the technique of high-temperature mehing. The thermal stability, absorption spectra, emission spectra and upconversion spectra were measured and investigated. It is found that these kinds of glasses have good thermal stability, broad FWHM and large stimulated emission cross-section. The three upconversion emission at 525, 546, 658 nm, corresponding to the ^2H11/2→^4Ⅰ15/2, ^4S3/2→4^Ⅰ15/2 and ^F9/2→^4Ⅰ15/2 transitions of Dr^3＋ ions,

Effect of Hall Currents and Variable Fluid Properties on MHD Flow past Stretching Vertical Plate by the Presence of Radiation

This paper investigates the effects of Hall currents and radiation on free-convective steady laminar boundary-layer flow past a semi-infinite vertical plate for large temperature differences. A uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plate. The fluid density is assumed to vary exponentially and the thermal conducting linearly with temperature. The fluid viscosity is assumed to vary as a reciprocal of a linear function of temperature. The usual Boussinesq approximation is neglected. The nonlinear boundary layer equations governing the problem under consideration are solved numerically by applying an efficient numerical technique based on the shooting method. The effects of the magnetic parameter , the Hall parameter m, the density/temperature parameter n, the radiation parameter N , the thermal conductivity parameter S, the viscosity temperature , and the temperature ratio parameter are examined on the velocity and temperature distribution as well as the coefficient of heat flux and shearing stress at the plate.

Effects of postselected von Neumann measurement on the properties of single-mode radiation fields

Postselected von Neumann measurement characterized by postselection and weak value has been found to possess potential applications in quantum metrology and solved plenty of fundamental problems in quantum theory. As an application of this new measurement technique in quantum optics and quantum information processing, its effects on the features of single-mode radiation fields such as coherent state, squeezed vacuum state and Schrödinger cat sate are investigated by considering full-order effects of unitary evolution. The results show that the conditional probabilities of finding photons, second-order correlation functions, Qm-factors and squeezing effects of those states after the postselected measurement is significantly changed are comparable with the corresponding initial pointer states.

Effect of the Substitution of Sand by Rubber of Waste Tires on the Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic Concrete and Exposure to Gamma Radiation

For a long time and until now, rubber is the most used material for the manufacture of tires for motor vehicles. Unfortunately, once the tire meets its life cycle, the remaining rubber cannot be recycled, so the tires are discarded in collection centers and often in clandestine dumps. This represents a serious environmental problem because, in one case, these waste tires become breeding grounds for insects and wildlife that is harmful to humans. In the second case, the tires are burned, releasing highly damaging gases into the atmosphere. On the other hand, concrete is worldwide the construction material par excellence. It is basically composed of cement, gravel and sand. Mixing these three components in different proportions, their mechanical strength in compression can be increased. However, due to its fragile nature, concrete, once a crack is formed, it rapidly advances by fragmenting the material and producing its rapid collapse. In the present work, in order contribute to the care of the environment as well as to modify the fracture mode of the concrete, rubber particles obtained from waste tires were used as sand substitute in hydraulic concrete. In addition, rubber modified samples concrete were lately exposed to 70 kGy of gamma radiation in order to study the effects of this radiation on the mechanical deformation of concrete. The results showed a decrease in the mechanical properties of the concrete with rubber particles with respect to the traditional concrete itself. However, such decreases were offset by the fact that samples with rubber addition do not collapses as fast as the free rubber samples. The acquired data pave the way for research with great benefits, such as the use of recycled tires in concrete for its fracture mode modification in a beneficial way, as well as a possible decrease in the cost of concrete.

Influence of Microwave Radiation on Properties and Structure of Fe_2O_3/SO_4^(2-) Solid Superacid Catalyst

The microwave radiation method was introduced to prepare the Fe_2O_3/SO solid superacid.Its structure and properties were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and infrared spectrum analyses as well as measurement of magnetic susceptibility and rate of esterification. The structure of the superacids prepared in microwave field can be crystalline or non-crystalline, the latter has not been reported yet in literatures. Comparing with the traditional superacid, the non-crystalline Fe2O3/SO superacid prepared in microwave field has the highest magnetic susceptibility and catalytic activity. The di-coordination of Fe2O3 and SO and the S=O bi-bond were reinforced by microwave radiation, which is favorable for increasing the acid intensity of the Fe2O3/SO catalyst

X-Ray Radiation Sensing Properties of ZnS Thin Film:A Study on the Effect of Annealing

Chemically synthesized ZnS thin film is found to be a good x-ray radiation sensor. We report the effect of annealing on the x-ray radiation detection sensitivity of a ZnS thin film synthesized by a chemical bath deposition technique. The chemically synthesized ZnS films are annealed at 333, 363 and 393K for 1 h. Structural analyses show that the lattice defects in the films decrease with annealing. Further, the band gap is also found to decrease from 3.38 to 3.21 eV after annealing at 393K. Current-voltage characteristics of the films are studied under dark and x-ray irradiation conditions. Due to the decrease of lattice defects and band gap, the conductivity under dark conditions is found to increase from 2.06 × 10^-6 to 1.69 × 10^-5 S/em, while that under x-ray irradiation increases from 4.13 × 10^-5 to 5.28 ×10^-5 S/cm. On the other hand, the x-ray radiation detection sensitivity of the films is found to decrease with annealing. This decrease of detection sensitivity is attributed to the decrease of the band gap as well as some structural and surface morphological changes occurring after annealing.

Application of Well-Known Antiviral Drugs in the Field Formed by the Unexplained Properties of Low-Level Laser Radiation in Therapy of Covid-19 and Chronic Viral Hepatitis

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or cold laser has been used in medicine for several decades. However, the method utilizes a direct contact of the light beam with a patient. Further research resulted in development of another method that enables remote transmission of the pharmacological properties of a medicament into a human body with the application of low-level laser radiation as the light source. 18 patients with different viral diseases were treated with the antiviral drugs placed into the field formed by the unexplained properties of low-level laser radiation of the “device for transfer of the pharmacological properties of a drug into the patient’s body”. This resulted in improvement of the patient’s condition, the absence of side effects and adverse reactions when using drugs in the proposed device and shortened therapy period for patients with chronic hepatitis C infection and Covid-19 patients. The long-term follow-up of the patients with chronic hepatitis B infection showed that hepatitis B virus remained at low replication levels under the influence of the therapy, which made it possible to avoid such formidable complications of the disease as cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer.

Antimicrobial Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Film Prepared by 3-ray Radiation Induced Grafting of Poly（acrylic acid）

The simultaneous γ-ray-radiation-induced grafting polymerization of acrylic acid on ex- panded polytetrafluoroethylene （ePTFE） film was investigated. It was found that the degree of grafting （DG） of poly（acrylic acid） （PAA） can be controlled by the monomer concentration, absorbed dose, and dose rate under an optimal inhibitor concentration of [Fe2＋]=18 mmol/L. SEM observation showed that the macroporous structure in ePTFE films would be covered gradually with the increase of the DG of PAA. The prepared ePTFE-g-PAA film was im- mersed in a neutral silver nitrate solution to fabricate an ePTFE-g-PAA/Ag hybrid film after the addition of NaBH4 as a reduction agent of Ag＋ to Ag atom. SEM, XRD, and XPS results proved that Ag nanoparticles with a size of several tens of nanometers to 100 nanometers were in situ immobilized on ePTFE film. The loading capacity of Ag nanoparticles could be tuned by the DG of PAA, and determined by thermal gravimetric analysis. The quart- titative antibacterial activity of the obtained ePTFE-g-PAA/Ag hybrid films was measured using counting plate method. It can kill all the Escherichia coli in the suspension in 1 h. Moreover, this excellent antibacterial activity can last at least for 4 h. This work provides a facile and practical way to make ePTFE meet the demanding antimicrobial requirement in more and more practical application areas.