The Overwintering Capability of Ulva prolifera Spores and Gametes in the Yellow Sea,China

Green tides caused by the bloom of Ulva prolifera have affected the Yellow Sea annually since 2007.To explore the intrinsic causes of successive blooms,field investigations and indoor simulation experiments were conducted using micro-propagules of U.prolifera.From January to February 2014,micro-propagules of various green algae,including U.prolifera,Ulva flexuosa,and Ulva linza,were prevalent in the coastal waters of Rudong,Lianyungang,and Qingdao.However,in March 2014,micro-propagules of U.prolifera were not detected in the coastal waters of Lianyungang and Qingdao.Neither the spores nor gametes of U.prolifera can germinate at temperatures below 5℃.At 2℃and 5℃,U.prolifera spores and gametes could survive for 1-3 months at a light intensity range of 0-30μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)and for less than 1 month if the light intensity exceeded 30μmol m^(-2)s^(-1).By integrating indoor experiments and field investigations,this study found that U.prolifera spores and gametes could overwinter in the Rudong coastal area,which is an important factor for the annual emergence of recurring green tides in the Yellow Sea.

Overwintering Safe Storage Methods and Regional Division of Seed-stem of Cassava in China

[Objective] In this study,the climatic features and overwintering sage storage methods of seed-stem of cassava in cassava-planting areas were investigated aiming at providing a technical guidance for sustainable development of cassava industry in China.[Method] The seed-stem of cassava was overwintered through keeping in field,piling up in the open air,burying in soil or piling up in greenhouses in Hepu,Nanning and Laibin of Guangxi,Hunan and Zhejiang.After the beginning of spring,the survival buds in seed stem of cassava were counted.And then the survival rates of buds were calculated for different storage methods.[Result] In Hepu,where the seed-stem of cassava was piled up in the open air for overwintering,the survival rates of buds were all higher than 90.00%.In particular,the survival rate of buds in seed-stem of cassava that was buried shallowly in the open field was highest（94.38%）.In Nanning,the seed-stem of cassava that was stored in greenhouses had the highest survival rate（94.98%） of buds.In Laibin,the seed-stem of cassava was usually stacked in greenhouses.Thus the survival rates of buds were almost all higher than 89.60%.Particularly,the survival rate of buds in seed-stem of cassava that was buried horizontally in soil and covered with sugarcane leaves reached the peak（98.79%）.In Jiangyong and Hangzhou,the seedstem of cassava was stored in specific facilities.So the survival rates of buds were relatively high.[Conclusion] In the frost-free areas south of 21.6° N（south of Maoming（Guangdong）-Hepu（Guangxi）-Jinghong（Yunnan））,the seed-stem of cassava can be buried shallowly in the open air or stacked and covered with film.In the light to heavy-frost areas（21.6° N-23.8° N,south of Qingyuan（Guangdong）-Laibin（Guangxi）-Lincang（Yunnan））,the seed-stem of cassava can be stacked in greenhouses,stacked and covered with film in the open air or buried vertically in greenhouses.In the heavy-frost areas and low-temperature areas north of 23.8° N（north of Qingyuan（Guangdong）-Laibin（Guangxi）-Lincang（Yunnan） to HunanJiangxi-Zhejiang）,the seed-stem of cassava can be stored in coldness-resistant caves or cellars or stacked vertically in greenhouses along with small sheds.

Control Effects of Several Technical Measures on Overwintering Generation of Oriental Fruit Moth in Peach Orchard

Peeling trunk,binding insect-attracting belt,cleaning orchard and soil-covering under the crown were the control methods on overwintering generation of oriental fruit moth.However,they had not been applied widely on the production because of the lack of systematic quantitative evaluation.Aiming at this fact,the control effects of these technical measures were studied in peach with different ripening period.The results showed that peeling trunk was the best with the control effect of88.64%.The control effect of binding insect-attracting belt of grass bundle was74.13%,which was the most economical and efficient.Covering with soil layer of 3cm under the crown during the middle ten days of March could holdback the adult getting out from soil.Cleaning deadwood could clean out the overwintering larvae on the ground.

Investigation and Analysis of Spawning Site of Overwintering-generation Chilo suppressalis(Walker) Adults on Rice Seedlings

Chilo suppressalis （Walker） is one of the important pests in rice produc-tion. ln this paper, the spawning condition of Chilo suppressalis on rice seedlings in Wuxue, Qichun, Chongyang and Xiaogan of Hubei Province was investigated, and the spawning habit of overwintering-generation Chilo suppressalis on rice seedlings was analyzed. The results showed the overwintering-generation Chilo suppressalis prefers to spawn on verdant rice leaf blades （face, upper part）. The investigation on spawning habit of Chilo suppressalis would provide a theoretical basis for the fore-casting and control of Chilo suppressalis.

The Dynamic Changes in Cold Tolerance of Ground-cover Chrysanthemum Growing in the Open Field during the Overwintering

The ground-cover chrysanthemum （Dendranthemaxgrandiflorum Kitamura） ＇Zixunzhang＇ was used as the experimental material in this study. The physiological and biochemical indexes of leaves, emergent rhizomes and roots from ＇Zixunzhang＇ growing in the open field during the autumn and winter in Beijing area were deter- mined. These indexes showed that root activities decreased slowly with the drop in temperature. The relative water contents of leaves and emergent rhizomes, and the water content of roots decreased. The activities of SOD, CAT and POD from leaves and emergent rhizomes were affected significantly by low temperature, but their change trends were different, which suggested that these 3 enzymes might play an interacted role in the formation of the cold tolerance of ＇Zixunzhang＇ mum, while the changes of the three enzyme activities in roots were little when the tem- perature dropped. With the significant increasing of the content of soluble sugar from leaves, the contents of soluble protein and proline declined overall; and the contents of osmotic regulation substances of emergent rhizomes and roots increased at first and then decreased. The correlation analysis indicated that the cold toler- ance of ground-cover mum ＇Zixunzhang＇ was related closely to relative water con- tents, SOD enzyme activity, soluble protein, soluble sugar and root activity. The morphological observation of leaves, emergent rhizomes and roots also showed that the survival of the ground-cover mum mainly depended on the cold tolerance of roots during the overwintering.

Genetic Analysis of Cryotolerance in Cotton During the Overwintering Period Using Mixed Model of Major Gene and Polygene

The joint analysis of the mixed genetic model of major gene and polygene was conducted to study the inheritance of cryotolerance in cotton during the overwintering period.H077（G.hirsutum L.,weak cryotolerance） and H113（G.barbadence L.,strong cryotolerance） were used as parents.Cryotolerance of six generation populations including P1,P2,F1,B1,B2,and F2,from each of the two reciprocal crosses H077×H113 and H113×H077 were all investigated.The results showed that cryotolerance in cotton during the overwintering period was accorded with two additive major genes and additivedominance polygene genetic model.For cross H077×H113,the heritabilities of major genes in B1,B2,and F2 were 83.62,76.84,and 90.56%,respectively;and the heritability of polygene could only be detected in B2,which was 7.76%.For cross H113×H077,the heritabilities of major genes in B1,B2,and F2 were 67.42,68.95,and 83.40%,respectively;and the heritability of polygene was only detected in F2,which was 6.51%.In addition,the whole heritability in F2 was always higher than that in B1 and B2 in each cross.Therefore,for the cryotolerance breeding of perennial cotton,the method of single cross recombination or single backcross should be adopted to transfer major genes,and the selection in F2 would be more efficient than that in other generations.

Comparison of Different Cultivars of Blueberry Overwintering Ability in Qingdao of China

In order to select severe overwintering abilitied blueberry cultivars for cold resistance of annual branches, promoting breeding high quality cultivars, a study had been conducted into field-planting shoots overwintering ability and the relative conductivity, MDA content, SOD of 7 different kinds of blueberries under artificial cooling process. According to survey results, under field conditions, Different cultivars of blueberries showed significantly difference, ranging from 56.67% of Bluegold to 12.80% of Darrow. With the temperature decreasing, changes of relative conductivity, MDA content and SOD in annual branches had a strong regularity and the hardiness of these cultivars is: Northland > Chippewa > Coville > Bluecroup > Darrow > Bluegold > Powderblue.

The mechanism underlying overwintering death in poplar:the cumulative effect of effective freeze-thaw damage

We analyzed the relationships linking overwintering death and frost cracking to temperature and sunlight as well as the effects of low temperatures and freeze–thaw cycles on bud-burst rates,relative electrical conductivity,and phloem and cambial ultrastructures of poplar.Overwintering death rates of poplar were not correlated with negative accumulated temperature or winter minimum temperature.Freeze–thaw cycles caused more bud damage than constant exposure to low temperatures.Resistance to freeze–thaw cycles differed among clones,and the budburst rate decreased with increasing exposure to freeze–thaw cycles.Cold-resistant clones had the lowest relative electrical conductivity.Chloroplasts exhibited the fastest and the most obvious reaction to freeze–thaw damage,whereas a single freeze–thaw cycle caused little damage to cambium ultrastructure.Several such cycles resulted in damage to plasma membranes,severe damage to organelles,dehydration of cells and cell death.We conclude that overwintering death of poplar is mainly attributed to the accumulation of effective freeze–thaw damage beyond the limits of freeze–thaw resistance.

Identification of Quantitative Trait Locus for Overwintering Germinability in Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

312 recombinant inbred lines （RILs） in F9 from a cross between a overwintering cold-tolerant germplasm resource Glutinous rice 89-1（Gr 89-1） and a cold-sensitive variety Shuhui 527 was used for quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis. The scores of percent ratooning germinability （PRG） and overwintering germinability （POG） were evaluated. The overwintering germination rate of axillary buds was scored to represent the overwintering germinability. Two significant QTLs （qPRG-4 and qPRG-7） on chromosomes 4 and 7 were detected and explained 8.3 and 7.2% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively. Three significant QTLs （qPOG-2, qPOG-3 and qPOG-7） were identified and mapped on chromosomes 2, 3, and 7, respectively. These QTLs contributed 9.6, 6.7, and 17.8% of phenotypic variations, respectively. A comparative analysis using SSR markers closely linked to the three QTLs for the overwintering revealed cold-tolerant individuals, which harbour the Glutinous rice 89-1 alleles at RM7110, RM250, RM418, and RM232, had a high percent overwintering germinability, while cold-sensitive individuals, which carry Shuhui 527 alleles at these loci, had a low percent overwintering germinability in the F2 population of Shuhui 527/Glutinous rice 89-1. This study demonstrated the utility of these SSR markers for selection of overwintering germinability genotypes.

Foraging habitat selection of overwintering Black-necked Cranes in the farming area surrounding the Caohai Wetland, Guizhou Province, China

Background: Understanding how overwintering birds choose foraging habitats is very important for conservation management. The overwintering Black-necked Crane(Grus nigricollis) feeds on crop remains in farmlands;thus, reasonable conservation management of this type of farmland that surrounds wetlands is critical for the overwintering populations of the Black-necked Crane;however, it is not clear how the Black-necked Crane chooses the foraging land in the farmland.Methods: A thorough field positioning survey of all foraging sites in farmland areas around the Caohai Wetland and a-sampling analysis of habitat selection by the Black-necked Crane were conducted during the winters from 20162017 and 2017-2018.Results: Multiple factors contributed to the selection of foraging habitat in farmlands, i.e., food factors(crop remains and tillage methods) > human disturbance factors(distance to road and settlement) > topography factors(slope aspect), listed according to the strength of influence. Additionally, Black-necked Cranes tend to choose farmland sites where there was no machine tillage, the crop remains were > 500 g/m^2, the distance to residences ranged from 100 to 500 m, the distance to roads ranged from 50 to 100 m, and the slopes exhibited western or eastern aspects. As the winters progressed, the volume of the edible crop remains declined, and the influences of the other main factors also changed, i.e., the factors of human disturbance(distance to road and settlement) became less important, while the effect of the food factor(crop remains) was strengthened. Thus, the foraging sites near the road became more important.Conclusion: The farming area surrounding the Caohai Wetland is very important for the overwintering Black-necked Crane. Food factors and human disturbance factors are the main factors that influence the choice of feeding ground.

Genetic Analysis on Overwintering Character of Glutinous Rice 89-1

This article discusses the overwintering ability and genetic variation of the main agronomic traits in a new germplasm resource, glutinous rice 89-1. Survival rates of overwintering axillary buds and stems were observed in different altitudes. The F1, backcross F1 and F2 populations were constructed from sexual crossing between glutinous rice 89-1 and Hongmangnuo, Fuhui 838, Minghui 63, Ce 64. The overwintering ability and genetic variation of the main agronomic traits were analyzed in different seasons. Results showed that glutinous rice 89-1 could overwinter by axillary buds in low temperatures at different altitudes. Axillary buds would ratoon in the following year. The survival rates of rice stem and axillary buds were 82.6 and 29%, respectively. The grain yields were 6 291.0 kg ha^-1 in the overwintering ratooning season, and corresponded in the main season. Genetic analysis and chi-square test showed that the overwintering ability of glutinous rice 89-1 was likely controlled by polygene, and heritabilities showed diversity in different hybrid combinations. The highest heritabilities of 1 000-grain weight and plant height were in the main crop season, whereas the lowest were in the overwintering season, and the heritabilities of grain numbers per panicle and the seed setting rate reached the highest in the ratooning season. The spikelets per panicle, the seed setting rate, the 1 000-grain weight, the plant height, and the spikelet length had nearly normal distribution in F2 populations of glutinous rice 89-1/Minghui 63, but the seed setting rate had bimodal distribution. Overwintering glutinous rice 89-1 was a useful new genetic germplasm resource.

Overwintering of Rana dybowskii in Northern Guangdong′s Mountainous Areas

[ Objective] To understand the overwintering of Rana dybowskii under four overwintering modes in northern Guangdong＇s mountainous areas. [Method] The overwintering management of Rana dybowskii was performed under four overwintering modes which were outdoor overwintering in water-land, outdoor overwintering in water, indoor overwintering in dryness, and indoor overwintering in freezer, respectively. The time, temperature and overwintering status were recorded. The Rana dybowskii in each group was weighed before and after overwintering, and the body weight loss and the survival rate were calculated. [ Result] Under the outdoor overwintering in water-land, outdoor overwintedng in water, indoor overwintering in dryness, and indoor overwintering in freezer, the survival rate of Rana dybowskii was 40.0%, 41.5%, 82.0% and 84.5%, respectively. [Conclusion] The temperature, overwintering mode and fatness are the important factors affecting the safe overwintering of Rana dybowskii in northern Guangdong.

Occurrence Regularity and Mating Rhythm of Overwintering Adults of Tessaratoma papillosa on Longan Tree

[ Objeodve ] The occurrence regularity and mating rhythm of overwintering adults of Tessaratoma papiUosa on longan tree were studied in the paper, so as to provide scientific reference for effective prevention and control against the pest. [Method] During the mating period of overwintering adults of T. papillosa, mating duration, occurrence regularity and mating rhythm of overwintefing adults within g8 h as well as their occurrence and mating status during April and June were observed. [Result] Mating duration of T. pap///osa adults for$ -9 h accounted for 18.2%, and duration for 10 -ll h and more than 13 h accounted for 54.5% and 27.3%, respectively. According to daily observation, the maximum adult quantity of T. papillosa adults appeared at 9：00 am, followed by 13：00 pm. There were two peaks （9：00 am and 15：00 pm） and troughs （6：00 am and 19：00 pro） for adult quantity of T. papiUosa and its mating pairs within 24 h as times changed. Mating pairs were positively correlated with observed adult quantity. Adult quantity and mating pairs increased since April 1, and reached the maximum value on April 6. Afterwards, they were gradually dropped down, and almost no adults of T. papiUosa were found after June 11. [Conclusion] The mating peak of T. papillosa adults was from April to May, and there were two mating peaks （9：00 am and 13：00 pm） and troughs （6：00 am and 19：00 pm） every day. Adults repeatedly mated and spawned, while mating usually lasted for 10 -11 h either during the daytime or at night.

广西越冬稻螟种类及其空间分布型研究

【目的】水稻螟虫在广西广泛分布,严重威胁水稻生产,明确广西稻螟的越冬情况及其空间分布型,了解水稻螟虫的种类及分布情况,为其预测预报及科学防治提供依据。【方法】分别在桂东北、桂西北、桂东南、桂西南和沿海地区,共27个市(县)进行越冬螟虫调查,并采用棋盘式取样法,将稻桩带回室内仔细剥查鉴定螟虫种类及数量,分析螟虫种群的空间分布型。【结果】本次越冬调查结果表明,广西越冬螟虫种类有大螟(Sesamia inferens)、二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)、三化螟(Scirpophaga incertulas)和台湾稻螟(Chilotraea auricilia),其中大螟和二化螟为优势种。三化螟主要分布在纬度23°-25°,其他螟虫在广西越冬未呈现明显规律。空间分布参数表明,除13、20和22号田块大螟呈均匀分布外,其他田块螟虫均呈聚集分布,且聚集度随密度的增加而升高。大部分田块螟虫聚集原因是由环境因素引起的。【结论】在广西,越冬螟虫呈聚集分布,大螟和二化螟为田间越冬优势种群,台湾稻螟次之,三化螟零星发生。

橘小实蝇在中国北方果蔬区的发生与防控概况

橘小实蝇是中国果蔬产区重要害虫之一。近年来,随着区域气候、物流发展和种植技术的改变,北方果蔬区也遭受危害并表现出与南方不同的特点。汇总了北方果蔬区橘小实蝇的发生范围及特点,明晰了越冬问题和应对措施,从化学、物理、农业、生物及新技术与设备5个方面比较了实际防控效果及技术优劣,认为套袋和化学防控仍然为该虫高效控制的首选。“预防为主,外防入侵,内防扩散,综合防控,统防统治”仍然是橘小实蝇防控必须坚持的重要方针和关键策略。

茎段和穴盘大小对北方叶用甘薯越冬育苗的影响

为探索北方叶用甘薯越冬穴盘育苗,设置4个茎段大小(4、6、8、10 cm,用D1、D2、D3、D4表示)和5种穴盘规格(32、50、72、105、128孔),搭配14个处理,研究不同搭配对种苗成活率、幼苗长势(茎粗、株高等)和鲜重等指标的影响。结果表明:相同穴盘下,随着茎段增长,幼苗的成活率、叶片数、基部茎粗和株高呈现增加的趋势,进而地上部鲜重和整株鲜重也随之增加,以D4处理最高。相同茎段下,随着穴盘孔数增加,幼苗的叶片数、基部茎粗、株高、地上部鲜重和全株鲜重减少,源于穴盘对地下部的影响,以32孔处理最高。不同茎段和穴盘搭配下,D4-32处理的生长情况最好,3月中旬,对于地上部鲜重而言,D2-72处理(9.79 g)可达到与D4-32处理相同的效果(两者间无显著性差异),其叶片数、基部茎粗和株高等指标满足移栽水平;对于整株鲜重而言,D2-105处理(10.21 g)可达到与D4-32处理相同的效果,且可节省228.1%的育苗面积,参考其重量,1月中旬,D3-72处理下的地上部和整株鲜重接近上述两个处理的水平,可节省125.0%的育苗面积。综合秧苗生长情况与经济效益,3月中旬移栽时,推荐D2-105,即含2个腋芽茎段与105孔穴盘的搭配,如有生产条件在1月中旬移栽,推荐D3-72,即含3个腋芽茎段与72孔穴盘的搭配。

绥芬河河蟹亲蟹培育及越冬技术研究

绥芬河河蟹为黑龙江省绥芬河流域的野生土著河蟹,具有种质纯正、耐寒力及抗病性强、生长速度快、性成熟晚等优良种质特性。文章介绍了绥芬河河蟹亲蟹培育及越冬技术,供参考。

中国南极医学研究进展与展望

南极是地球上气候环境最恶劣的地区之一,人类在南极极端环境下如何生存与适应是南极医学研究的主要内容。本文重点综述了近20年我国南极医学研究及科考队员选拔研究和相关标准研制进展,主要包括:(1)科考队员在南极越冬条件下,易发生昼夜节律失同步和睡眠紊乱、免疫-神经-内分泌网络调节失衡、负性情绪增加等症状;(2)科考队员在南极内陆环境下,易发生急性高原病、心肺功能降低、睡眠障碍、疲劳等负性情绪增加等症状;(3)血氧饱和度低、急性高原反应症状分度评分增加、心电传导阻滞、负性情绪增加等是筛查内陆科考预选队员低氧易感个体的敏感指标;(4)制定了目前极地医学唯一的国家行业标准《极地考察队员岗前体格检查要求》(HY/T236—2018),为科学规范选拔队员提供了医学指导准则。今后应继续开展我国南极考察队员在极端环境下应激适应、代偿和损伤的生理病理变化及其机制研究,为考察队员的选拔、适应、防护、站务管理和有关政策制定等提供科学建议。

5个橡胶树品种苗期冬季光合生理特性变化研究

选取热垦525、云研77-4、GT1、IAN873和热研8-79等5个橡胶树无性系品种的一年生苗木为试材,分析比较不同品种在自然越冬过程中叶片的SPAD值和光合生理参数的变化情况。结果表明:5个橡胶树品种在越冬过程中叶片的SPAD值、净光合速率(P_(n))、蒸腾速率(Tr)及气孔导度(Gs)等参数均呈“下降”趋势;热研8-79的SPAD值、P_(n)、叶片瞬时水分利用效率(WUE_(i))及瞬时羧化效率(ICE)等参数均显著低于另外4个品种;热垦525和IAN873两个品种所测参数均略低于云研77-4,且两个品种间差异不显著。综合来看,云研77-4在整个越冬过程中的SPAD值、P_(n)、WUE_(i)和ICE均处于较高水平,且其WUE_(i)和ICE在整个越冬过程中下降幅度不大,表明其苗木具有较强的耐低温和干旱能力,同时云研77-4叶片脱落较晚,建议可以延长云研77-4冬季的割胶时长。

葡萄阿小叶蝉成虫出蛰、越冬及田间分布规律

为明确葡萄阿小叶蝉成虫出蛰、越冬及田间分布规律,2019年利用黄色黏虫板,结合葡萄园气象数据对其进行了系统调查与分析。结果表明,在宁夏贺兰山东麓地区,葡萄阿小叶蝉越冬代成虫3月中旬在田间开始活动,11月中旬末完全进入越冬状态,其出蛰与日平均气温呈高度正相关,当连续7 d平均气温稳定在8.0℃以上时,越冬代成虫逐渐离开越冬场所,开始在田间活动;其越冬与日平均气温、日平均最低气温和日平均最高气温呈极显著正相关,当日平均气温低于4℃,日最高气温低于10℃,且日最低气温低于-3℃时,成虫开始进入越冬状态;各代成虫在葡萄园田间的分布呈从靠近林带的边行往田间深处虫口数量渐少的趋势。