Memristor’s characteristics: From non-ideal to ideal

Memristor has been widely studied in the field of neuromorphic computing and is considered to be a strong candidate to break the von Neumann bottleneck. However, the non-ideal characteristics of memristor seriously limit its practical application. There are two sides to everything, and memristors are no exception. The non-ideal characteristics of memristors may become ideal in some applications. Genetic algorithm(GA) is a method to search for the optimal solution by simulating the process of biological evolution. It is widely used in the fields of machine learning, combinatorial optimization,and signal processing. In this paper, we simulate the biological evolutionary behavior in GA by using the non-ideal characteristics of memristors, based on which we design peripheral circuits and path planning algorithms based on memristor networks. The experimental results show that the non-ideal characteristics of memristor can well simulate the biological evolution behavior in GA.

Effect of spin on the instability of THz plasma waves in field-effect transistors under non-ideal boundary conditions

Terahertz(THz) radiation can be generated due to the instability of THz plasma waves in field-effect transistors(FETs). In this work, we discuss the instability of THz plasma waves in the channel of FETs with spin and quantum effects under non-ideal boundary conditions. We obtain a linear dispersion relation by using the hydrodynamic equation, Maxwell equation and spin equation. The influence of source capacitance, drain capacitance, spin effects, quantum effects and channel width on the instability of THz plasma waves under the non-ideal boundary conditions is investigated in great detail. The results of numerical simulation show that the THz plasma wave is unstable when the drain capacitance is smaller than the source capacitance;the oscillation frequency with asymmetric boundary conditions is smaller than that under non-ideal boundary conditions;the instability gain of THz plasma waves becomes lower under non-ideal boundary conditions. This finding provides a new idea for finding efficient THz radiation sources and opens up a new mechanism for the development of THz technology.

Energy-efficient data transmission with non-ideal circuit power for downlink cellular networks

The downlink energy-efficient transmission schedule with non-ideal circuit power over Wreless networks involving a single transmitter and multiple receivers was investigated. According to the special structure of the problem, a novel algorithm called OOSCPMR （the optimal offine scheduling with non-ideal circuit power for multi-receivers） is proposed, and the optimal offine solutions to optimize the energy- efficient transmission policy are found. The packets to be transmitted can be divided into two types where one type of packet is determined to be transmitted using the enrgy- efficient tansmission time, and the other type of packet is determined by the ID moveright algorithm. Finally, an energy-efficient online schedule is developed based on te proposed OOSCPMR algoriAm. Simulation results show that the optima offline transmission schedule provides te lower bound performance for the online tansmission schedule. The proposed optimal offline and online policy is more energy efficient than the existing schemes tat assume ideal circuit power.

A Non-linear Non-ideal Model of Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography for Chiral Separations

A non-linear non-ideal model, taking into account non-linear competitive isotherms, axial dispersion, film mass transfer, intraparticle diffusion, and port periodic switching, was developed to simulate the dynamics of simulated moving bed chromatography (SMBC). The model equations were solved by a new efficient numerical technique of orthogonal collocation on finite elements with periodical movement of concentration vector. The simulated SMBC performance is in accordance with the experimental results reported in the literature for separation of l,1'-bi-2-naphthol enantiomers using SMBC. This model is useful for design, operation, optimization and scale-up of non-linear SMBC for chiral separations with significant non-ideal effects, especially for high solute concentration and small intraparticle diffusion coefficient or large chiral stationary phase particle.

Numerical modelling of non-ideal detonation in ANFO explosives applying Wood-Kirkwood theory coupled with EXPLO5 thermochemical code

Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil(ANFO)based explosive is a classic example of non-ideal high explosives.Its detonation is characterized by a strong dependence of detonation parameters on explosive charge diameter,presence and characteristics of confinement,as well as incomplete consumption of explosive at the sonic point.In this work we propose a detonation model based on the Wood-Kirkwood(WK)theory coupled with the thermochemical code EXPLO5 and supplemented with reaction rate models.Our objective is to analyze the validity of the model for highly non-ideal ANFO explosives,with emphasis on effect of reaction rate models.It was found that both single-step and two-step pressure-based models can be calibrated to reproduce experimental detonation velocity-charge radius data of ANFO at radii significantly above the failure radius(i.e.for D/D_(id)>~0.6).Single-step pressure-based model,with the pressure exponent equal to 1.4,proved to be the most accurate,even in the vicinity of the failure radius.The impact of the rate models is most evident on temporal(and spatial)distribution of flow parameters in detonation driving zone,especially when it comes to the conversion and width of detonation driving zone.

A novel digital control strategy of three-phase shunt active power filter under non-ideal mains voltages

A novel control strategy for three-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) was proposed to improve its performance under non-ideal mains voltages. The approach was inspired by our finding that the classic instantaneous reactive power theory based algorithm was unsatisfactory in terms of isolating positive sequence fundamental active components exactly under non-ideal mains voltages. So, a modified ip-iq reference current calculation method was presented. With usage of the new method, not only the positive sequence but also the fundamental active current components can be accurately isolated from load current. A deadbeat closed-loop control model is built in order to eliminate both delay error and tracking error between reference voltages and compensation voltages under unbalanced and distorted mains voltages. Computer simulation results show that the proposed strategy is effective with better tracking ability and lower total harmonic distortion (THD). The strategy is also applied to a 10 kV substation with a local electrolysis manganese plant injecting a large amount of harmonics into the power system, and is proved to be more practical and efficient.

Pseudoelastic effect in autoparametric non-ideal vibrating system with SMA spring

In this paper a three degrees of freedom autoparametric system with limited power supply is investigated numerically. The system consists of the body, which is hung on a spring and a damper, and two pendulums connected by shape memory alloy （SMA） spring. Shape memory alloys have ability to change their material properties with temperature. A polynomial constitutive model is assumed to describe the behavior of the SMA spring. The non-ideal source of power adds one degree of freedom, so the system has four degrees of freedom. The equations of motion have been solved numerically and pseudoelastic effects associated with the martensitic phase transformation are studied. It is shown that in this type system one mode of vibrations might excite or damp another mode, and that except different kinds of periodic vibrations there may also appear chaotic vibrations. For the identification of the responses of the system＇s various techniques, including chaos techniques such as bifurcation diagrams and time histories, power spectral densities, Poincare maps and exponents of Lyapunov may be used.

Confinement Effect and Diameter Effect on the Non-ideal Detonation Parameters of Small Charge

An expanding model of the confinement of non-ideal detonation of small charge is established on the basis of the nozzle theory.Making use of the expanding model,the analytic relationship of small charge detonation velocity and the semi-empirical relationship of detonation pressure that both change with charge diameter and confinement condition are established.The detonation velocity and pressure of small charges are calculated and experimentally verified,and the detonation velocity deviation is less than 7% while the detonation pressure deviation is less than 9%.

Investigation of Shock Waves in Non-Ideal Gas under the Action of Magnetic Field

In present paper, certain aspect of shock wave in non-ideal gas, when magnetic field is orthogonal to the trajectories of the gas particles and electrical conductivity is taken to be infinite, is investigated. Considering one-dimensional unsteady non-planer motion, basic equations, its general solution and formation of shock-wave, conservation laws and jumps conditions, variation of area of non-uniform cross section and analytical solution of strong non planer shock is obtained.

Frequency-Concentration Dependence of Optical Activity of a Non-Ideal 1D-Superlattice

In the present work the widths of layers constituting the non-ideal superlattice are much bigger then the characteristic scales of space dispersion. In such a case the contribution of individual layers to gyrotropy can be regarded as independed. Thus the corresponding optical quantities can be expressed through the layers’ gyrotropic characteristics. This approach is applied to calculate the specific rotation angle of plane of polarization of light propagating through a nonideal 1D-superlattice, which varies in composition as well as in layers’ width. We carry out numerical calculation of the frequency dispersion of optical activity of a non-ideal superlattice, which includes impurity layers with point defects.

Assessing the energy release characteristics during the middle detonation reaction stage of aluminized explosives

Afterburning behind the detonation front of an aluminized explosive releases energy on the millisecond timescale,which prolong the release of detonation energy and the energy release at different stages also shows significant differences.However,at present,there are few effective methods for evaluating the energy release characteristics of the middle reaction stage of such explosives,which can have a duration of tens to hundreds of microseconds.The present work demonstrates an approach to assessing the midstage of an aluminized explosive detonation based on a water push test employing a high degree of confinement.In this method,the explosive is contained in a steel cylinder having one end closed that is installed at the bottom of a transparent water tank.Upon detonation,the gaseous products expand in one direction while forcing water ahead of them.The resulting underwater shock wave and the interface between the gas phase products and the water are tracked using an ultra-high-speed framing and streak camera.The shock wave velocity in water and the expansion work performed by the gaseous detonation products were calculated to assess the energy release characteristics of aluminized explosives such as CL-20 and RDX in the middle stage of the detonation reaction.During the middle stage of the detonation process of these aluminized explosives,the aluminum reaction reduced the attenuation of shock waves and increased the work performed by gas phase products.A higher aluminum content increased the energy output while the presence of oxidants slowed the energy release rate.This work demonstrates an effective means of evaluating the performance of aluminized explosives.

双连接架构与关键技术分析

现有的基站内载波聚合和多点协作传输技术均使用理想回程传输数据,且为提高流量容量和数据速率,导致宏小区内部署的小小区热点不断增加。3GPP在R12阶段的长期演进(LTE)异构网中提出小小区增强技术,于是采用非理想回程且能够连接两个以上基站的双连接技术应运而生,尤其是在密集小小区部署中。因此,从用户平面和控制平面描述协议栈架构的场景部署,并从各个场景所面临的挑战和技术细节,对双连接技术的设计实现进行详细分析,以期提供相关理论参考。

Analysis and design of sigma-delta interface circuit for quartz flexural pendulum accelerometer

For the high resolution required in a digital interface circuit of an accelerometer used in feeble gravity measurement, a switched-capacitor （SC） sigma-delta modulator （SDM） is proposed. Based on the principle and the topology structure of the SDMs, the influence of oversampling ratio, bits of an internal quantizer and the cascaded structure on weak signal detecting precision is analyzed, and an ideal low-distortion SDM with a second-order 1-bit structure satisfying the high- resolution interface circuit of an accelerometer is designed. With the research on non-idealities of each SDM block in the SC circuit implementation and their impacts on power consumption, the realized parameters of low-power SDMs based on different bandwidths are devised and the power consumption of each SDM is estimated. Time-domain behavioral simulation is explored based on Simulink. The results demonstrate that a 21- bit resolution of the designed SDMs can be achieved on the premise of low power, and the parameters for the circuit implementation can be directed to the transistor-level circuit design.

A new approach for analyzing the effect of non-ideal power supply on a constant current underwater cabled system

The effect of a constant current(CC)power supply on the CC ocean observation system is a problem that once was neglected.The dynamic characteristics of the CC power supply may have great influence on the whole system,especially the voltage behavior in the event of load change.This needs to be examined.In this paper,a method is introduced to check whether the CC power supply can satisfy the dynamic requirements of the CC ocean observation system.An equivalent model to describe the non-ideal CC power supply is presented,through which the dynamic characteristics can be standardized.To verify the feasibility of this model,a minimum system of a single node in the CC ocean observation system is constructed,from which the model is derived.Focusing on the power failure problem,the output voltage responses are performed and the models are validated.Through the model,the dynamic behavior of the CC power supply is checked in a practical design.

Combining extractive heterogeneous-azeotropic distillation and hydrophilic pervaporation for enhanced separation of non-ideal ternary mixtures

The separation of non-ideal mixtures using distillation can be an extremely complex process and there continues to be a need to further improve these techniques.A new method which combines extractive heterogeneous-azeotropic distillation(EHAD)and hydrophilic pervapora-tion(HPV)for the separation of non-ideal termary mixtures is demonstrated.This improved distillation method combines the benefits of heterogeneous-azeotropic and extractive distillations in one column but no added materials are needed as is usually the case with pervaporation.The separation of water-methanol-ethyl acetate and water-methanol-isopropyl acetate mixtures were investigated to demonstrate the accuracy of the combined EHAD/HPV technique.There is not currently an established treatment strategy for the separation of the second mixtures in the literature.These separation processes were rigorously modelled and optimized using a professional flowsheet.The objective functions were total cost and energy consumption and heat integration was also investigated.The verification of the process modelling was carried out using laboratory-scale measurements.Extractive heterogeneous-distillation combined with methanol dehydration was found to be more efficient than conventional distillation for the separation of these highly non-ideal mixtures.

Comparative Study of Single-phase Phase-locked Loops for Grid-connected Inverters Under Non-ideal Grid Conditions

In renewable power generation systems,ensuring the synchronization of the inverter and the power grid is crucial for the stable operation of grid-connected inverters.Nowadays,the phase-locked loop(PLL)technology has become a widely used grid synchronization method because of its simple implementation and robustness under various grid conditions.Even though a lot of PLLs have been proposed,an overview and comparative analysis of multiple PLLs can be helpful for practical applications.In addition,the weak grid condition is a great challenge for the system.Therefore,this study first presents an overview of the existing PLLs together with their general structures and basic working principles.Depending on the implementation of the phase detector,the PLL can be divided into three categories:power-based PLL(pPLL),orthogonal-signalgenerator-based PLL(OSG-PLL)and adaptive-filter-based PLL(AF-PLL).Then,from the above classification,seven typical single-phase PLLs are selected for further study.Finally,some test results are given,and a comprehensive evaluation of the selected PLLs under different grid conditions is conducted.

Impact of Non-ideal Waveforms on GaN Power FET in Magnetic Resonant Wireless Power Transfer System

GaN field-effect transistors(FET)have low conduction and switching losses in high-frequency(>MHz)resonant wireless power transfer systems.Nevertheless,such systems impose a unique stress on GaN FETs owing to their non-ideal voltage waveforms.In this work,we report the observed non-ideal behavior in a 6.78 MHz magnetic resonant wireless transfer system that employs class-D GaN power amplifiers.The non-ideal waveform phenomenon existing at the output of the power amplifier is explained.The study analyzes the causes of this phenomenon,including the coupling coefficient k of the coil,the DC input voltage of the amplifier,and the load on the receiver.Each parameter is simulated and analyzed using LTspice.The influence of the phenomenon on the on-state resistance of the GaN device is proved in an experimental measurement,and the cause of the phenomenon is explained.The study combines a theoretical simulation and an experimental test to discuss the effect of this phenomenon on GaN power devices and proposes the corresponding solutions,which include the limitation of voltage,current,and power of the system,thermal management,and other protection measures.

Adsorption of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid/sulfuric acid/sulfurous acid from aqueous solution by iron-impregnated weakly basic resin：Equilibrium and model

Commercial grade weakly basic resin D301 was impregnated with iron through a simple method using ferric chloride. Experiments for single, bisolute and trinary competitive adsorption were carried out to investigate the adsorption behavior of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid(NSA), sulfuric acid and sulfurous acid from their solution at 298 K onto the novel hybrid iron impregnated D301(Fe-D301). Adsorption affinity of NSA on Fe-D301 was found to be much higher than that of sulfuric acid, while adsorption affinity of sulfuric acid was slightly higher than that of sulfurous acid. The data of single-solute adsorption were fitted to the Langmuir model and the Freundlich adsorption model. The non-ideal competitive adsorbed model coupled with the single-solute adsorption models were used to predict the bisolute and trinary-solute competitive adsorption equilibria. The NICM coupled with the Langmuir model yields the favorable representation of the bisolute and trinary-solute competitive adsorption behavior.

Non-ideal effects of MOS capacitor in a switched capacitor waveform recorder ASIC

SCAs （Switched Capacitor Arrays） have a wide range of uses, especially in high energy physics, nuclear science and astrophysics experiments. This paper presents a method of using a MOS capacitor as a sampling capacitor to gain larger capacitance with small capacitor area in SCA design. It studies the non-ideal effects of the MOS capacitor and comes up with ways to reduce these adverse effects. A prototype SCA ASIC which uses a MOS capacitor to store the samples has been designed and tested to verify this method. The SCA integrates 32 channels and each has 64 cells and a readout amplifier. The stored voltage is converted to a pair of differential currents （~ 4 mA max） and multiplexed to the output. All the functionalities have been verified. The power consumption is less than 2 mW/ch. The INL of all the cells in one channel are better than 0.39%. The equivalent input noise of the SCA has been tested to be 2.2 mV with 625 kHz full-scale sine wave as input, sampling at 40 MSPS （Mega-samples per Second） and reading out at 5 MHz. The effective resolution is 8.8 bits considering 1 V dynamic range. The maximum sampling rate reaches up to 50 MSPS and readout rate of 15 MHz to keep noise smaller than 2.5 mV. The test results validate the feasibility of the MOS capacitor.

Modelling of Electrical Conductivity of a Silver Plasma at Low Temperature

During the working of electrical fuses, inside the fuse element the silver ribbon first begins to melt, to vaporize and then a fuse arc appears between the two separated parts of the element. Second, the electrodes are struck and the burn-back phenomenon takes place. Usually, the silver ribbon is enclosed inside a cavity filled with silica sand. During the vaporization of the fuse element, one can consider that the volume is fixed so that the pressure increase appears to reach pressures higher than atmospheric pressure. Thus, in this paper two pressures, 1 atm and 10 atm, are considered. The electrical field inside the plasma can reach high values since the distance between the cathode surface and the anode surface varies with time. That is to say from zero cm to one cm order. So we consider various electrical fields： 102 V/m, 103 V/m, 5×103 V/m, 104 V/m at atmospheric pressure and 105 V/m at a pressure of 10 atm. This study is made in heavy species temperature range from 2,400 K to 10,000 K. To study the plasma created inside the electric fuse, we first need to determine some characteristics in order to justify some hypotheses. That is to say： are the classical approximations of the thermal plasmas physics justified？ In other words： plasma frequency, the ideality of the plasma, the Debye-Hückel approximation and the drift velocity versus thermal velocity. These characteristics and assumptions are discussed and commented on in this paper. Then, an evaluation of non-thermal equilibrium versus considered electrical fields is given. Finally, considering the high mobility of electrons, we evaluate the electrical conductivities.