A Simple and Rapid Method for the Detection of Non-Ionic Surfactants

A spectrophotometric approach for the detection of non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100) has been proposed in this paper. This method does not involve extraction of the ion-associate with harmful solvents, but employs adhesion of the ion-association of potassium/non-ionic surfactants complex and tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonic acid obtained by vigorous shaking. The adhered ion-associate was dissolved with water and its absorbance was measured. The sensitivity for Triton X-100 was determined to be 0.146 (expressed as absorbance of 1 mg/L solution). The adhesion tendency of ion-associate was found to be dependent on the water contact angle, which in turn was influenced by a high adhesion of the ion-associate and by low blank values. In this respect, a tetrafluo-roethylene vessel was found to be the most suitable for the detection of non-ionic surfactants. This spectrophotometrical method is simply and rapidly performed by a procedure based on mechanical shaking and can be employed to detect non-ionic surfactants containing more than 7 polyethylene oxide units.

A Simple Determination of Polyethylene Oxide-type Non-ionic Surfactant by Adhesion Method

A simple and rapid method for the determination of polyethylene oxide-type non-ionic surfactants is reported herein. This method is based on the adhesion of calcium/non-ionic surfactant complexes with tetra phenyl porphine sulfonic acid （TPPS） to the wall of reaction vessel upon vigorous shaking. The ion-associate adhering to the inner wall of the vessel was dissolved with water after discarding the solution and spectrophotometrically assayed at 412 nm. From the standard curve for Triton X-100, the order of the sensitivity for different ions was as follows： Ca^2＋〉 K^＋〉 NH4^＋〉 Ba^2＋. The proposed method does not involve extraction of the ion-associated with harmful solvents and can be simply performed by combining a procedure based on hand shaking and the use of a spectrophotometer.

Liquid-liquid Extraction System Based on Non-ionic Surfactant-salt-H_2O and Mechanism of Drug Extraction

Extraction behavior of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) and procaine hydro- chloride (PCN) in the system described in the title was studied. Research shows that the extraction efficiency of CPZ can amount to 96% by twice extraction, while that of PCN is 77%. This system produces the distribution coefficients (KD) of 12.3 and 2.6 respectively for CPZ and PCN. Extraction mechanism is deduced according to ultraviolet and molecular fluorescence spectra variation of the drugs in the system studied.

Theranostic applications:Non-ionizing cellular and molecular imaging through innovative nanosystems for early diagnosis and therapy

Modern medicine is expanding the possibilities of receiving "personalized" diagnosis and therapies,providing minimal invasiveness,technological solutions based on non-ionizing radiation,early detection of pathologies with the main objectives of being operator independent and with low cost to society.Our research activities aim to strongly contribute to these trends by improving the capabilities of current diagnostic imaging systems,which are of key importance in possibly providing both optimal diagnosis and therapies to patients.In medical diagnostics,cellular imaging aims to develop new methods and technologies for the detection of specific metabolic processes in living organisms,in order to accurately identify and discriminate normal from pathological tissues.In fact,most diseases have a "molecular basis" that detected through these new diagnostic methodologies can provide enormous benefits to medicine.Nowadays,this possibility is mainly related to the use of Positron Emission Tomography,with an exposure to ionizing radiation for patients and operators and with extremely high medical diagnosticscosts.The future possible development of non-ionizing cellular imaging based on techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance or Ultrasound,would represent an important step towards modern and personalized therapies.During the last decade,the field of nanotechnology has made important progress and a wide range of organic and inorganic nanomaterials are now available with an incredible number of further combinations with other compounds for cellular targeting.The availability of these new advanced nanosystems allows new scenarios in diagnostic methodologies which are potentially capable of providing morphological and functional information together with metabolic and cellular indications.

Ionizing and non-ionizing kerma factors in silicon for China Spallation Neutron Source neutron spectrum

The quantification of ionizing energy deposition and non-ionizing energy deposition plays a critical role in precision neutron dosimetry and in the separation of the displacement damage effects and ionizing effects induced by neutron radiation on semiconductor devices. In this report, neutrons generated by the newly built China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) are simulated by Geant4 in semiconductor material silicon to calculate the ionizing and non-ionizing kerma factors. Furthermore, the integral method is applied to calculate neutron-induced ionizing at the CSNS and non-ionizing kerma factors according to the standard neutron nuclear database and the incident neutron spectrum. In addition, thermoluminescence dosimeters are utilized to measure the ionizing energy deposition and six series of bipolar junction transistors are used to measure the non-ionizing energy deposition based on their neutron damage constants. The calibrated kerma factors that were experimentally measured agreed well with the simulation and integral calculation results. This report describes a complete set of methods and fundamental data for the analysis of neutron-induced radiation effects at the CSNS on silicon-based semiconductor devices.

Exposure to a 2.5 GHz Non-ionizing Electromagnetic Field Alters Hematological Profiles, Biochemical Parameters, and Induces Oxidative Stress in Male Albino Rats

Modern technology has witnessed milestone achievements in the telecommunication industry.However,the widespread application of telecommunication technology is believed to heighten electromagnetic field(EMF)‘pollution’in our environment[1]and subject living organisms to various sources of electromagnetic emissions.These emissions include;microwaves.

Non-ionizing energy loss calculations for modeling electron-induced degradation of Cu(In,Ga)Se_2 thin-film solar cells

The lowest energies which make Cu,In,Ga,and Se atoms composing Cu（In,Ga）Se_2（CIGS） material displaced from their lattice sites are evaluated,respectively.The non-ionizing energy loss（NIEL） for electron in CIGS material is calculated analytically using the Mott differential cross section.The relation of the introduction rate（k） of the recombination centers to NIEL is modified,then the values of k at different electron energies are calculated.Degradation modeling of CIGS thin-film solar cells irradiated with various-energy electrons is performed according to the characterization of solar cells and the recombination centers.The validity of the modeling approach is verified by comparison with the experimental data.

Non-ionizing radiation-induced cellular senescence and age-related diseases

Cellular senescence has emerged as an important contributor to aging and age-related diseases.Non-ionizing radiation(NIR),including ultraviolet radiation and electromagnetic fields,has been increasingly recognized as a key inducer of premature senescence.In this review,we discuss the molecular mechanisms of NIR-induced cellular senescence and its effects on aging and age-related diseases.We also summarize the modulation strategies for NIR-induced cellular senescence.A better understanding of the complex relationship between nonionizing radiation,cellular senescence and age-related pathology may lead to interventions to ameliorate radiation damage and delay aging.Further research is still needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms,dose-response effects,and to develop protective strategies against radiation-induced senescence.

不同放电倍率下软包锂离子电池非均匀生热表征方法

软包锂离子电池非均匀的温度分布严重影响其循环性能、使用寿命和安全性。针对软包锂离子电池生热的建模表征复杂且精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于生热分布因子的软包锂离子电池非均匀生热表征方法。将电池划分成不同区域,并将生热分布因子引入Bernardi生热公式中获取不同区域的生热率;通过传热和优化数值模拟求解电池的温度分布,同时辨识不同区域的生热分布因子,分析了软包电池生热非均匀分布特性;采用三次样条差值法推导了生热分布因子与放电倍率的对应关系,研究了不同放电倍率下生热分布因子的演化规律。实验结果表明,该方法所建立的热模型在2.75 C和3.75 C下的温度估计值的平均绝对百分比误差最大不超过1.55%,该方法能够准确估计电池非均匀的生热率,并实现电池温度分布特性的有效表征。

低温等离子体耦合Fe^(2+)均相催化降解甲苯和丙酮

本文对比研究了两类典型VOCs(甲苯和丙酮)在单独NTP、NTP+LC/Fe^(2+)和NTP+LC/Fe^(2+)+PCA系统的降解效果.结果表明,甲苯和丙酮的去除率均随放电电压的升高而升高;在相同电压下,甲苯降解效率高于丙酮,但降解过程中O_(3)的产生量相当;当放电电压为22kV时,NTP+LC/Fe^(2+)+PCA系统的甲苯去除效率比单独NTP提高了18.2%,丙酮的去除效率提高了55.5%;NTP+LC/Fe^(2+)+PCA的O_(3)去除率可达100%;EPR和猝灭实验表明,羟基自由基和超氧自由基在LC/Fe^(2+)+PCA反应器中对VOCs去除有重要贡献.最后,结合测定的自由基和中间有机产物,推测了VOCs在NTP+LC/Fe^(2+)体系中的降解途径.

三水铝石和勃姆石吸附行为的研究进展

三水铝石和勃姆石不仅是在土壤和水环境中分布广泛的铝氢氧化物矿物,也是重要的工业原料与产品。它们与环境中无机非金属离子、无机金属离子及有机物的吸附作用极大地影响着地表环境中物质的迁移富集和环境污染物的吸附去除,并且由于结构特性和表面性质,三水铝石和勃姆石在研究高效经济的吸附剂方面也具有较为重要的应用。本文在概述三水铝石和勃姆石结构和表面物理化学性质的基础上,对三水铝石和勃姆石表面多种非金属离子、金属离子和有机物的吸附行为进行综述,期望加深对铝氢氧化物矿物在地表环境物质循环中所起作用的理解,以及拓展其工业应用。

Non-ionic surfactant on particles removal in post-CMP cleaning

The effect of a non-ionic surfactant on particles removal in post-CMP cleaning was investigated. By changing the concentration of the non-ionic surfactant, a series of experiments were performed on the 12 inch Cu pattern wafers in order to determine the best cleaning results. Then the effect of the surfactant on the reduction of defects and the removal of particles was discussed in this paper. What is more, the negative effect of a non-ionic surfactant was also discussed. Based on the experiment results, it is concluded that the non-ionic surfactant could cause good and ill effects at different concentrations in the post-CMP cleaning process. This understanding will serve as a guide to how much surfactant should be added in order to achieve excellent cleaning performance.

生物活性离子改性透钙磷石骨水泥的生物和理化性能

背景:透钙磷石骨水泥作为一种骨替代和骨填充材料,因其具有良好的生物相容性、骨传导性等优点,尤其是相比于其他磷酸钙类骨水泥具有更好的生物降解能力,在骨修复方面有重要应用价值,但也因其存在机械性能不足、固化反应快及注射性能差等问题的限制,目前一般只能用于非负重区骨的修复。目的:探讨生物活性离子(金属离子和非金属离子)改性透钙磷石骨水泥,以期拓展使用范围。方法:利用Pub Med、Science Direct和中国知网、万方数据库检索2018-2023年发表的文献,中文检索词为“金属离子,铁,铜,锶,镁,锌,非金属离子,改性,骨,透钙磷石骨水泥”;英文检索词为“metal ion,iron,Fe,copper,Cu,strontium,Sr,magnesium,Mg,zinc,Zn,non-metal ion,modification,bone,Brushite Cements”。通过阅读标题、摘要对所得文献进行初筛,排除重复及内容不相关文献,最终纳入64篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:(1)生物活性离子影响透钙磷石骨水泥水化反应过程,不同离子以离子取代的方式掺入透钙磷石骨水泥晶体结构中,改变了骨水泥晶体形态,引起凝固时间、注射性、抗压强度等理化性能改变。(2)离子改性的透钙磷石骨水泥因不同的晶体结构而产生不同的离子释放效应,不同类型离子具有如促血管生成/成骨、抗菌及抗肿瘤等特性而发挥作用,此外,透钙磷石骨水泥具有良好的生物降解性,这对于各离子性能的发挥具有极大优势。(3)不同离子改性透钙磷石骨水泥理化性能影响如下:铁、铜、锶、镁、锌、银、钴可延长凝固时间;锶、镁可提高注射性能;铜、锶、镁、银、硅可增强抗压强度;能同时改善透钙磷石骨水泥以上3种理化性能的离子有锶、镁;良好的理化性能是临床应用的前提,故离子改善透钙磷石骨水泥的凝固时间、注射性及抗压强度等性能对骨水泥的研究应用具有重要意义。(4)不同离子改性透钙磷石骨水泥生物性能影响如下:铜、锶、镁、锌、钴、锂、硅、硒具有促血管生成/成骨效应;铁、铜、镁、锌、银具有抗菌特性;镁离子具有抗炎特性;铜、硒具有抗肿瘤性。(5)综上所述,镁离子能改善透钙磷石骨水泥凝固时间、注射性和抗压强度,同时具有促新生血管生成/成骨及抗菌性,对合并感染的骨缺损治疗具有良好应用前景;此外,铜还具有抗肿瘤特性,因此铜离子在感染、肿瘤引起的骨缺损治疗方面有巨大潜力;只是目前相关研究仍处于基础研究阶段,不同离子掺杂浓度和合成条件等对透钙磷石骨水泥理化性能的影响需进一步探索,同时对于生物性能影响也需更长期的研究观察。

A new cleaning process combining non-ionic surfactant with diamond film electrochemical oxidation for polished silicon wafers

This paper presents a new cleaning process for particle and organic contaminants on polished silicon wafer surfaces.It combines a non-ionic surfactant with boron-doped diamond（BDD） film anode electrochemical oxidation. The non-ionic surfactant is used to remove particles on the polished wafer＇s surface,because it can form a protective film on the surface,which makes particles easy to remove.The effects of particle removal comparative experiments were observed by metallographic microscopy,which showed that the 1%v/v non-ionic surfactant achieved the best result. However,the surfactant film itself belongs to organic contamination,and it eventually needs to be removed.BDD film anode electrochemical oxidation（BDD-EO） is used to remove organic contaminants,because it can efficiently degrade organic matter.Three organic contaminant removal comparative experiments were carried out：the first one used the non-ionic surfactant in the first step and then used BDD-EO,the second one used BDD-EO only,and the last one used RCA cleaning technique.The XPS measurement result shows that the wafer＇s surface cleaned by BDD-EO has much less organic residue than that cleaned by RCA cleaning technique,and the non-ionic surfactant can be efficiently removed by BDD-EO.

植物DNA双链断裂修复机制及其在重离子诱变和基因编辑中的作用

在自然界中,植物会遭受各种环境或内源因素导致的DNA损伤,其中DNA双链断裂(double strand breaks,DSBs)的影响最为严重,如果修复不当,将导致基因组不稳定、基因突变甚至细胞死亡。一方面,植物进化出了强大且有序的损伤修复机制,以确保其存活及正常繁衍;另一方面,基于修复过程的容错性及致突变性,T-DNA插入、基因编辑、物理诱变等技术广泛应用于动植物品种改良。相较于哺乳动物,植物DSBs修复通路及其分子机制报道较为有限。本文综述了植物对DSBs损伤的响应、主要修复途径及关键因子,介绍了通路机制尚未完全解析的替代末端连接(alternative end joining,Alt-EJ)的最新研究进展;此外,探讨了重离子束引起的植物DSBs修复特征和多途径选择,以及基于不同DSBs修复途径的基因编辑技术的研究进展,旨在为深入了解植物DSBs损伤响应及修复的分子机制和研发高效生物育种技术提供参考。

锂离子电池用非石墨类负极材料研究进展

综述合金材料、过渡金属化合物及硅基化合物作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究进展。合金负极材料在首次充放电过程中面临库仑效率低和容量损失大的问题。通过形态改善和材料结构调控的方式,电池可实现高达99.7%的库仑效率,并在150~200次循环内保持稳定。过渡金属化合物负极,包括氧化物、硫化物和磷化物等,存在体积膨胀和电解质连续分解等问题。通过纳米工程技术和复合材料设计,可提升电化学性能。硅基负极材料的理论容量高,但存在体积膨胀和导电性差的问题。通过微纳米架构设计、硅合金结构控制和预锂化等方法,可提高循环性能和初始库仑效率。

空间锂离子电池组非耗散均衡控制方案

随着能量密度和可靠性等性能指标要求的提升,空间锂离子电池组逐渐成为航天器储能装置应用和发展的主流,其寿命和性能极大地依赖于对串联单体电池的均衡管理。为提高基于双向直流/交流(DC/AC)变换器的非耗散均衡管理单元对空间宽温度工作范围的适应能力,降低在轨时的损耗,文章在空间锂离子电池组非耗散均衡控制方案的基础上提出一种适用于双向DC/AC变换器的谐振频率跟踪控制方法,利用全数字锁相环对变换器固有频率进行实时跟踪,使得双向DC/AC变换器始终工作在系统谐振状态。仿真和试验结果表明:谐振频率控制方法可以实现对固有频率变化的跟踪,在宽范围内变换器始终工作于软开关状态,从而降低了开关器件损耗,提升了均衡管理效率。锂离子电池组非耗散均衡控制方案的在轨应用实现了电池管理产品的升级换代,保障了航天器锂离子电池组的在轨安全运行。

非金属离子有机电池研究进展

电荷载流子承载电荷是决定电池性能的重要组分之一。目前,大多数可充电电池的研究都集中在金属载流子(如Li^(+)、Na^(+)、K^(+)、Zn^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Al^(3+)等),而非金属离子(如H^(+)、NH_(4)^(+)、卤素离子X^(-)、甲基紫精阳离子MV^(2+)等)作为电荷传输载体的研究却相对较少。然而超快动力学,长循环寿命、低廉的制造成本、资源丰富等优点,使得非金属载流子的电池几乎在性能上能够与表现优异的金属基载流子电池相媲美。但受限于能量密度与功率密度较低等问题,开发适于储存非金属离子的电极材料仍面临诸多挑战。从电荷载流子与电极材料的相互作用入手,主要总结了基于H^(+)、NH_(4)^(+)、卤素离子(X^(-))等非金属载流子电池的最新研究进展,并提出了提升非金属离子电池性能的策略,为研究高性能非金属离子电池及开发新型的正极材料提供借鉴作用。

不同侵蚀环境下水下不分散混凝土抗Cl-和SO_(4)^(2-)渗透性能研究

在不同侵蚀环境中的水下不分散混凝土会受到侵蚀离子的渗透,严重影响水下不分散混凝土的耐久性能。研究了不同强度等级的水下不分散混凝土在氯盐溶液、硫酸盐溶液和复合盐溶液3种侵蚀环境下抵抗侵蚀离子渗透的能力。通过分析不同矿渣掺量下抗侵蚀离子渗透性能的影响,探究Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)在渗透过程中的耦合作用,并利用AutoPoreIV9500压汞仪测试不同侵蚀龄期各试样的孔隙特征。结果表明:在距离侵蚀表面5 mm和30 mm处,C35混凝土比C25混凝土的离子浓度降低7%~60%;在相同侵蚀环境下,掺入矿渣粉可以显著减小水下不分散混凝土中侵蚀离子浓度;水下不分散混凝土中的孔隙组成以直径小于50 nm的介孔和微孔为主,矿渣的掺入细化了孔隙结构。即水下不分散混凝土的抗渗性能随着其抗压强度等级的提高而显著提高,并且矿渣粉的掺入使结构更加致密,从而有效提高混凝土抗Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)渗透性能。

红光联合银离子敷料治疗慢性难愈合创面的最佳方案筛选及机制

背景:临床上多采用红光照射和银离子敷料治疗慢性难愈合创面,但是红光照射联合银离子敷料治疗慢性难愈合创面的最佳照射时间和不同银离子敷料的组合尚未确定。目的:探讨红光联合银离子敷料治疗大鼠慢性难愈合创面的最佳照射时间与敷料组合。方法:取SD大鼠,采用全层皮肤缺损+创面涂抹金黄色葡萄球菌+皮下注射氢化可的松的方式制作慢性难愈合创面模型。采用随机数字表法将造模成功的72只大鼠随机分为4组,每组18只:在创面标准换药的基础上分别给予红光照射20 min+脂质水胶体硫酸银敷料覆盖(A1B1组)、红光照射20 min+藻酸钙纤维银敷料覆盖(A1B2组)、红光照射30 min+脂质水胶体硫酸银敷料覆盖(A2B1组)、红光照射30 min+藻酸钙银纤维敷料覆盖(A2B2组),每24 h换药、照射一次并更换敷料。连续治疗14 d后,检测各组大鼠创面愈合率、细菌菌落数、炎症反应、组织形态学及血管新生情况。结果与结论:①随着治疗时间的延长,4组大鼠创面愈合率增加,A2B2组大鼠治疗后3,7,14 d的创面愈合率高于其他3组(P<0.05);②治疗后第7天的创面细菌培养结果显示,A2B2组细菌菌落数低于其他3组(P<0.05);Western-blotting检测显示,随着治疗时间的延长,4组大鼠创面组织中肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6的蛋白表达均下降,白细胞介素10的蛋白表达均升高,A2B2组肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6的蛋白表达低于其他3组(P<0.05),白细胞介素10的蛋白表达高于其他3组(P<0.05);③治疗后第14天的创面苏木精-伊红染色显示,A2B2组可见大量的胶原纤维平行分布且连接最紧密,明显优于其他3组;④治疗后第7天的创面免疫荧光染色显示,A2B2组CD31荧光强度表达高于其他3组(P<0.05);治疗后3,7,14 d的q-PCR检测显示,A2B2组血管内皮生长因子a、血管内皮生长因子受体2的mRNA表达均高于其他3组(P<0.05);治疗后3,7,14 d的Western-blotting检测显示,A2B2组血管内皮生长因子a、血管内皮生长因子受体2的蛋白表达均高于其他3组(P<0.05);⑤结果表明,红光照射30 min联合藻酸钙银纤维敷料治疗慢性难愈合创面的效果更优。