Navigating nephrotoxic waters:A comprehensive overview of contrast-induced acute kidney injury prevention

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI)is the third leading cause of acute kidney injury deriving from the intravascular administration of contrast media in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and leading to longer in-hospital stay and increased short and long-term mortality.Its pathophysiology,although not well-established,revolves around medullary hypoxia paired with the direct toxicity of the substance to the kidney.Critically ill patients,as well as those with pre-existing renal disease and cardiovascular comorbidities,are more susceptible to CI-AKI.Despite the continuous research in the field of CI-AKI prevention,clinical practice is based mostly on periprocedural hydration.In this review,all the investigated methods of prevention are presented,with an emphasis on the latest evidence regarding the potential of RenalGuard and contrast removal systems for CI-AKI prevention in high-risk individuals.

Signal intensity changes of dentate nucleus on plain MR T1WI innasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy andmultiple injections of gadolinium-base contrast agent

Objective To observe changes of plain MR T1WI signal intensity of dentate nucleus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy and multiple times of intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast agent(GBCA).Methods Fifty patients with pathologically confirmed nasopharyngeal carcinoma and received intensity-modulated radiotherapy were retrospectively enrolled as the nasopharyngeal carcinoma group,and 50 patients with other malignant tumors and without history of brain radiotherapy were retrospectively enrolled as the control group.All patients received yearly GBCA enhanced MR examinations for the nasopharynx or the head.T1WI signal intensities of the dentate nucleus and the pons on same plane were measured based on images in the year of confirmed diagnosis(recorded as the first year)and in the second to the fifth years.T1WI signal intensity ratio of year i(ranging from 1 to 5)was calculated with values of dentate nucleus divided by values of the pons(ΔSI i),while the percentage of relative changes of year j(ranging from 2 to 5)was calculated withΔSI j compared toΔSI 1(Rchange j).The values of these two parameters were compared,and the correlation ofΔSI and GBCA injection year-time was evaluated within each group.Results No significant difference of gender,age norΔSI 1 was found between groups(all P>0.05).The second to the fifth yearΔSI and Rchange in nasopharyngeal carcinoma group were all higher than those in control group(all P<0.05).Within both groups,ΔSI was positively correlated with GBCA injection year-time(both P<0.05).Conclusion Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who underwent radiotherapy and multiple times of intravenous injection of GBCA tended to be found with gradually worsening GBCA deposition in dentate nucleus,for which radiotherapy might be a risk factor.

Shellfish allergy and relation to iodinated contrast media: United Kingdom survey

AIM: To assess current practice of United Kingdom cardiologists with respect to patients with reported shellfish/iodine allergy, and in particular the use of iodinated contrast for elective coronary angiography.Moreover we have reviewed the current evidence-base and guidelines available in this area.METHODS: A questionnaire survey was send to 500senior United Kingdom cardiologists(almost 50% cardiologists registered with British Cardiovascular Society)using email and first 100 responses used to analyze practise. We involved cardiologists performing coronary angiograms routinely both at secondary and tertiary centres. Three specific questions relating to allergy were asked:(1) History of shellfish/iodine allergy in pre-angiography assessment;(2) Treatments offeredfor shellfish/iodine allergy individuals; and(3) Any specific treatment protocol for shellfish/iodine allergy cases. We aimed to establish routine practice in United Kingdom for patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. We also performed comprehensive PubMed search for the available evidence of relationship between shellfish/iodine allergy and contrast media.RESULTS: A total of 100 responses were received, representing 20% of all United Kingdom cardiologists. Ninety-three replies were received from consultant cardiologists, 4 from non-consultant grades and 3 from cardiology specialist nurses. Amongst the respondents, 66% routinely asked about a previous history of shellfish/iodine allergy. Fifty-six percent would pre-treat these patients with steroids and anti-histamines. The other 44% do nothing, or do nonspecific testing based on their personal experience as following:(1) Skin test with 1 mL of subcutaneous contrast before intravenous contrast;(2) Test dose 2 mL contrast before coronary injection;(3) Close observation for shellfish allergy patients; and(4) Minimal evidence that the steroid and anti-histamine regime is effective but it makes us feel better.CONCLUSION: There is no evidence that allergy to shellfish alters the risk of reaction to intravenous contrast more than any other allergy and asking about such allergies in pre-angiogram assessment will not provide any additional information except propagating the myth.

Value of MR contrast media in image-guided body interventions

In the past few years,there have been multiple advances in magnetic resonance (MR) instrumentation,in vivo devices,real-time imaging sequences and interventional procedures with new therapies.More recently,interventionists have started to use minimally invasive image-guided procedures and local therapies,which reduce the pain from conventional surgery and increase drug effectiveness,respectively.Local therapy also reduces the systemic dose and eliminates the toxic side effects of some drugs to other organs.The success of MR-guided procedures depends on visualization of the targets in 3D and precise deployment of ablation catheters,local therapies and devices.MR contrast media provide a wealth of tissue contrast and allows 3D and 4D image acquisitions.After the development of fast imaging sequences,the clinical applications of MR contrast media have been substantially expanded to include pre-during-and post-interventions.Prior to intervention,MR contrast media have the potential to localize and delineate pathologic tissues of vital organs,such as the brain,heart,breast,kidney,prostate,liver and uterus.They also offer other options such as labeling therapeutic agents or cells.During intervention,these agents have the capability to map blood vessels and enhance the contrast between the endovascular guidewire/catheters/devices,blood and tissues as well as direct therapies to the target.Furthermore,labeling therapeutic agents or cells aids in visualizing their delivery sites and tracking their tissue distribution.After intervention,MR contrast media have been used for assessing the efficacy of ablation and therapies.It should be noted that most image-guided procedures are under preclinical research and development.It can be concluded that MR contrast media have great value in preclinical and some clinical interventional procedures.Future applications of MR contrast media in image-guided procedures depend on their safety,tolerability,tissue specificity and effectiveness in demonstrating success of the interventions and therapies.

Transient small bowel angioedema due to intravenous iodinated contrast media

Three cases of transient proximal small bowel angioedema induced by intravenous administration of nonionic iodinated contrast media (CM) are presented.Computed tomography (CT) images in the venous phase displayed the proximal small bowel with circumferential thickening of the wall including the duodenum and proximal segment of the jejunum.The bowel wall was normal in non-enhanced images,and normal or inconspicuous in arterial phase enhanced images.In one of the three cases,the bowel wall was thickened in venous phase but disappeared in the 40 s delayed phase images.No filling defect was seen in the lumen of the superior mesenteric artery and vein.No peritoneal effusion or mesentery abnormality was found.Each of these patients reported only mild abdominal discomfort and recovered without specific treatment within a short time.Only one patient suffered mild diarrhea after scanning which had resolved by the following day.The transient anaphylactic small bowel angioedema due to intravenous iodinated contrast media was easily diagnosed based on its characteristic CT findings and clinical symptoms.Differential diagnosis may include inflammatory and ischemic bowel disease,as well as neoplasms.A three-phase CT protocol and good under-standing of this disorder are fundamentally important in the diagnosis of this condition.The supposed etiology behind the transient anaphylactic reaction to intravenous administration of iodinated CM in small bowel is similar to other CM-induced hypersensitive immediate reactions.The predilection location of transient anaphylactic bowel angioedema is the small intestine,particularly the proximal segment.A speculated cause may be the richer supply of vessels in the small intestine,ample mucous folds and loose connective tissue in the duodenum and the jejunum.

Studies on Hepatocyte-Targeting Magnetic Resonance Imaging Macromolecular Contrast Media

DTPA was covalently conjugated to the copolymer of L lysine and L tyrosine, then transchelated with Gd EDTA,the resultant polymer chelates were further reacted with 6 O bromoacetyl D galactose or methyl lactobionyloxyacetate to give PLT(Gd DTPA) with galactose moiety as liver targeting group.These macromolecular MRI contrast agents were characterized by means of FT IR, ICP AES, elementary analyses and UV Vis spectrophotometry. Their in vitro relaxivity and liver targeting property in mice were also investigated.

Protective Effect of Oral Steroid Premedication: Adverse Reactions to Nonionic Iodine Contrast Media for Computed Tomography

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of oral steroid premedication in terms of adverse reactions to non-ionic contrast media. We investigated the incidence of adverse reactions among patients who underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Patients in the premedication group took 30 mg of prednisolone orally the night before and on the morning of the scheduled computed tomography. Sixty-five patients received the same contrast media. Among them, 56 took prednisolone orally prior to the procedure (premedication without change of contrast media group) and nine without premedication (no premedication and no change of contrast media group). In total, 379 patients received different contrast media. Among them, 340 took prednisolone orally (premedication with change of contrast media group), while 39 did not take the premedication (no premedication with change of contrast media group). The adverse reaction rates in the premedication with change of contrast media and no premedication with change of contrast media groups were 1.8% (6/340 cases) and 2.6% (1/39 cases) (P = 0.54), respectively. The incidence of adverse reaction after the administration of non-ionic iodinated contrast media did not differ significantly based on whether an oral steroid was administered prior to compute tomography. Our evaluation is limited due to the small sample size of the contrast media-changed group. However, even if premedication with steroids is effective, it may only result in an adverse reaction reduction rate of ≤3%.

Effects of contrast media on the hepato-pancreato-biliary system

AIM： To determine the effects of high osmolarity contrast media （HOCM） and iso-osmolar contrast media （CM） application, with or without pressure, on hepato-pancreato-biliary （HPB） system. METHODS： Sixty rats were divided into six equal groups as follows： Group i： （0.9% NaCl, control）, Group 2： （diatrizoate meglumine Na, ionic HOCM, Urographin）, Group 3： （iodixanol, iso-osmolar nonionic CM, Visipaque）; each of which was applied without pressure, whereas the animals of the remaining three groups （1p, 2p, 3p） were subjected to the same CM with pressure. We performed a duodenal puncture and introduced a catheter into the ampulla. After the catheterization, 0.2 mL CM or 0.9% NaCI was injected with or without pressure. Blood samples were taken for biochemical evaluations. The histopathological examinations of liver, common bile duct, and pancreas were performed. RESULTS： There were no significant differences between the six groups for blood amylase, alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferases, bilirubin levels （P 〉 0.05）. Alkaline phosphatase and γ glutamyl transaminase levels were higher （P 〈 0.05） in the Urographin groups （2, 2p） than the Visipaque groups （3, 3p）, or control groups （1, 1p）. Hepatocyte necrosis, portal area inflammation, and Kupffer＇s cell hyperplasia were higher （P 〈 0.05） in the study groups than the control group. However, there were no significant differences （P 〉 0.05） between HOCM （2, 2p） and iso-osmolar CM （3, 3p） groups. Bile duct proliferation and regeneration in the Urographin groups （2, 2p） were significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than the Visipaque~ groups （3, 3p） or the control groups （1, lp）. Although CM caused minor damage to the pancreas, there were no statistically significant differences （P 〉 0.05） between the groups. Application of the CM with pressure did not cause additional damage to the HPB system. CONCLUSION： Iso-osmolar, non-ionic CM could be more reliable than the ionic HOCM, whereas the application of pressure during the CM application had no effect on the HPB system.

Low-field, high-gradient NMR shows diffusion contrast consistent with localization or motional averaging of water near surfaces

Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)measurements of water diffusion have been extensively used to probe microstructure in porous materials,such as biological tissue,however primarily using pulsed gradient spin echo(PGSE)methods.Low-field single-sided NMR systems have built-in static gradients(SG)much stronger than typical PGSE maximum gradient strengths,which allows for the signal attenuation at extremely high b-values to be explored.Here,we perform SG spin echo(SGSE)and SG stimulated echo(SGSTE)diffusion measurements on biological cells,tissues,and gels.Measurements on fixed and live neonatal mouse spinal cord,lobster ventral nerve cord,and starved yeast cells all show multiexponential signal attenuation on a scale of b with significant signal fractions observed at b×Do>1 with b as high as 400 ms/um2.These persistent signal fractions trend with surface-to-volume ratios for these systems,as expected from porous media theory.An exception found for the case of fixed vs.live spinal cords was attributed to faster exchange or permeability in live spinal cords than in fixed spinal cords on the millisecond timescale.Data suggests the existence of multiple exchange processes in neural tissue,which may be relevant to the modeling of time-dependent diffusion in gray matter.The observed multi-exponential attenuation is from protons on water and not macromolecules because it remains proportional to the normalized signal when a specimen is washed with D20.The signal that persists to b×Do>1 is also drastically reduced after delipidation,indicating that it originates from lipid membranes that restrict water diffusion.The multiexponential or stretched exponential character of the signal attenuation at b×Do>1 appears mono-exponential when viewed on a scale of(b×Do)/3,suggesting it may originate from localization or motional averaging of water near membranes on sub-micron length scales.To try to disambiguate these two contributions,signal attenuation curves were compared at varying temperatures.While the curves align when normalizing them using the localization length scale,they separate on a motional averaging length scale.This supports localization as the source of non-Gaussian displacements,but this interpretation is still provisional due to the possible confounds of heterogeneity,exchange,and relaxation.Measurements on two types of gel phantoms designed to mimic extracellular matrix.one with charged functional groups synthesized from polyacrylic acid(PAC)and another with uncharged functional groups synthesized from polyacrylamide(PAM),both exhibit signal at b×Do>1,potentially due to water interacting with macromolecules.These preliminary finding motivate future research into contrast and attenuation mechanisms in tissue with low-field,high-gradient NMR。

Thyroid Dysfunction in Children Exposed to Iodinated Contrast Media:A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Iodinated contrast media(ICM)has the potential to cause thyroid dysfunction in some patients.However,it is unclear whether this relationship exists in children.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis aim to obtain a general overview of the relationship between ICM exposure and the risk of thyroid dysfunction in children.Methods:Computer search of Web of Science,EMbase,PubMed,Cochrane Library,collection of relevant literature on ICM and thyroid dysfunction in children,the search period was from the establishment of the database to July 2021.Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 14.0 software.Results:A total of 8 literatures with 3497 children.The incidence of hypothyroidism in children with ICM exposure was 0.05(95%CI:0.05,0.12),P<0.0001.Subgroup analysis showed that the incidence of hypothyroidism in ICM exposed children in the European region was 0.21(95%CI:0.13,0.30),P<0.0001,a statistically significant difference.Conclusion:The current evidence shows that children exposed to ICM are at risk for hypothyroidism,with a higher risk in neonates,especially children with congenital heart disease.

乌司他丁防治老年冠心病合并慢性肾脏病患者对比剂诱导的急性肾损伤的临床研究

目的探究乌司他丁对老年冠心病合并慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者发生对比剂诱导的急性肾损伤(CIAKI)的防治作用。方法连续入选2021年11月至2022年11月解放军总医院第一医学中心收治的老年冠心病合并CKD并拟行冠状动脉造影的患者321例,分为乌司他丁组161例,水化组160例。比较2组术前及术后2 d心、肾功能指标,观察2组心、肾功能变化差异及CIAKI发生情况。结果乌司他丁组术后2 d血清肌酐、尿素、胱抑素C、同型半胱氨酸、N末端B型钠尿肽前体水平显著低于水化组,估算肾小球滤过率水平显著高于水化组(P<0.01)。321例中有62例(19.3%)符合CIAKI诊断,乌司他丁组17例,水化组45例,乌司他丁组与水化组比较有显著差异(10.6%vs 28.1%,P<0.01)。乌司他丁组合并高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症及高尿酸血症的患者CIAKI发生率较水化组显著降低(P<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,乌司他丁是发生CIAKI的保护因素(OR=0.348,95%CI:0.180~0.673,P=0.001)。结论乌司他丁可改善老年冠心病合并CKD患者的肾功能,降低CIAKI发生风险。

术前Sonazoid超声造影评估肝细胞癌病理分化程度的价值

目的分析肝细胞癌(HCC)Sonazoid超声造影(CEUS)的特点与病理分化程度的相关性。方法纳入行CEUS检查并经病理确诊为HCC的患者64例,共64个病灶,根据病理分化程度将其分为高、中、低分化组,分别为6、48和10例。比较不同病理分化程度HCC的CEUS动脉期增强形态、增强水平和增强模式。结果动脉期增强形态分为均匀增强和不均匀增强2种,低分化组所有病灶及58.3%中分化组病灶呈不均匀高增强;高分化组病灶可呈均匀高增强、均匀等增强和不均匀高增强3种表现。动脉期,所有中、低分组病灶和66.7%高分化组病灶呈高增强,不同分化程度HCC的增强水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);门脉期,高、中、低分化组分别有16.7%、25.0%和70.0%的病灶消退成低增强,不同分化程度HCC的增强水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);延迟期,75%中分化组病灶和所有低分化组病灶呈低增强,66.7%高分化组病灶呈等增强,不同分化程度HCC的增强水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);Kupffer期,所有低分化组和95.8%中分化组病灶呈低增强,高分化组中仍有50%的病灶呈等增强,不同分化程度HCC的增强水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。高分化组病灶表现为多种CEUS模式,中分化组病灶以“快进快退”、“快进慢退”为主,90.0%低分化组病灶呈“快进快退”模式,不同分化程度HCC的CEUS模式差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论Sonazoid-CEUS在评估HCC病理分化程度方面具有一定价值。

利拉鲁肽对老年2型糖尿病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后造影剂肾病及预后的影响

目的 探讨利拉鲁肽对老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后造影剂肾病(CIN)及预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析2021年1月至2022年6月于天津市胸科医院心内科行PCI的老年T2DM患者364例,根据既往是否使用利拉鲁肽分为利拉鲁肽组145例和对照组219例。收集2组患者一般临床资料并使用倾向性评分匹配法校正混杂因素,倾向性评分匹配后,共纳入患者220例,每组110例。比较匹配后2组PCI术前及术后48 h血清肌酐(Scr)、尿素(BUN)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2相关X蛋白/B淋巴细胞瘤2基因比值、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶9及CIN发病率的差异,并在出院后随访18个月。采用多因素logistic回归分析利拉鲁肽对CIN发生的影响,采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析和log rank检验比较2组主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生的差异。结果 利拉鲁肽组术后48 h Scr、BUN、NGAL、hs-CRP、MDA水平显著低于对照组,SOD水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。利拉鲁肽组术后48 h CIN发病率显著低于对照组(7.27%vs 16.36%,P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,利拉鲁肽是老年T2DM患者发生CIN的独立保护因素(OR=0.341,95%CI:0.128~0.906,P=0.031)。中位随访时间14.75(12.60,16.33)个月,利拉鲁肽组MACE发生率显著低于对照组(log rank χ^(2)=5.656,P=0.017)。结论 利拉鲁肽可以减少老年T2DM患者PCI术后CIN及MACE的发生,可能与其抗炎、抗氧化应激作用有关。

超声造影诊断经皮肝穿刺胆管引流置管滑脱后胆瘘1例

患者女,69岁,胰头癌伴梗阻性黄疸,房间隔缺损、三尖瓣中度关闭不全,肺动脉高压;接受经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)后置管滑脱伴轻微腹痛2天。查体:上腹部压痛阳性,无反跳痛及肌紧张,移动性浊音阴性。

针灸足三里穴位周围肌肉微循环的超声造影评估

目的探讨超声造影评价正常人足三里穴位针灸前后局部肌肉微循环情况的价值。资料与方法前瞻性收集2018年9月—2020年5月于福建医科大学附属第二医院超声科就诊的72例健康志愿者,分别于针灸前、针灸得气最强时、针灸后2h进行超声造影,观察胫前肌内微血管血流灌注情况,分析感兴趣区中的小动脉、肌肉组织和小静脉,获得时间-强度曲线和造影剂渡越时间(CTTs)。采用针灸者结合受灸者的客观评分标准评价针感。于针灸前、针灸得气最强时、针灸后2 h检测胃泌素、血浆促胃动力素、胆囊收缩素、胰泌素水平。结果①针灸得气最强时,胫前肌动脉-肌肉间、肌肉-静脉间、动脉-静脉间CTTs明显缩短,与针灸前及针灸后2h比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.001),针灸前及针灸后2hCTTs差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);②针灸得气最强时,志愿者血清内胃泌素、血浆促胃动力素、胆囊收缩素、胰泌素水平升高,与针灸前及针灸后2h比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.001),针灸前及针灸后2h差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);③针灸得气最强时,胃泌素、血浆促胃动力素、胆囊收缩素、胰泌素水平与胫前肌动脉-肌肉间、肌肉-静脉间、动脉-静脉间CTTs均呈正相关(r=0.360~0.702,P<0.001)。结论针刺足三里得气最强时,可造成骨骼肌周围微循环改变,导致CTTs明显缩短,同时也能促进胃肠道的分泌功能。

低对比剂摄入量能谱肺动脉成像虚拟平扫代替胸部平扫的可行性

目的 探讨能谱CT虚拟平扫技术在肺动脉成像(CTPA)中代替胸部平扫降低患者辐射剂量的可行性。资料与方法 前瞻性收集2022年2—11月于大连医科大学附属第一医院行CTPA检查的56例患者,均接受常规胸部平扫及能谱CTPA增强扫描。分别测量胸部平扫和虚拟平扫图像上胸主动脉、肺动脉主干、竖脊肌及肺尖层面、气管隆嵴层面、肺底层面的肺实质CT值及噪声,并计算胸主动脉、肺动脉信噪比、对比噪声比。对两组图像质量及碘残留进行主观评价,并检验主观评分的一致性。记录患者剂量长度乘积、CT容积剂量指数及对比剂用量。比较胸部平扫和虚拟平扫图像各感兴趣区CT值、信噪比、对比噪声比、辐射剂量和主观评分。结果 2名医师的主观评分一致性较好(Kappa=0.984~0.992,P<0.05),胸部平扫、虚拟平扫图像主观评分分别为(4.75±0.65)分、(4.65±0.49)分,差异无统计学意义(t=0.630,P=0.437)。胸部平扫与虚拟平扫图像胸主动脉、肺动脉、各区域肺组织CT值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);肺动脉及胸主动脉信噪比、对比噪声比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。用CTPA的虚拟平扫代替常规胸部平扫,患者辐射剂量由(7.27±1.74)mSv减少至(3.26±0.84)mSv,减少约55%。结论 CTPA虚拟平扫可代替胸部常规CT平扫用于肺部疾病筛查,大幅降低患者的辐射剂量。

超声造影成像对TI-RADS 4类甲状腺囊性皱缩结节诊断的临床应用

目的:探讨超声造影成像(CEUS)对TI-RADS 4类甲状腺囊性皱缩结节性质诊断效果.方法:选取2020年1月至2023年1月于本院就诊甲状腺结节患者中,被诊断为TI-RADS 4类甲状腺囊性皱缩结节的106例患者为研究对象,共112处病灶,纳入甲状腺囊性皱缩结节组(n=112).同期被同一家医院诊断的甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)患者101例作为对照,共105处病灶,纳入PTC组(n=105).采取回顾性分析法比较两组病灶的超声表现及CEUS特点,分析CEUS特异性指标诊断甲状腺囊性皱缩结节的效能.结果:甲状腺囊性皱缩结节组与PTC组整体、壁增强模式的CEUS结果比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);CEUS无增强模式诊断甲状腺囊性皱缩结节的灵敏度为95.11%,准确度为97.12%;壁增强模式诊断甲状腺囊性皱缩结节的灵敏度为55.26%,准确度为78.31%.结论:TI-RADS 4类甲状腺囊性皱缩结节超声表现与PTC存在一定相似度,但是CEUS鉴别诊断TI-RADS 4类甲状腺囊性皱缩结节可减少误诊,降低分类,避免不需要的手术和穿刺活检,值得临床广泛应用.

超声造影评估2型糖尿病肾病肾脏血流灌注的价值

目的探讨超声造影定量评估肾脏血流灌注辅助诊断2型糖尿病肾病的应用价值。资料与方法前瞻性纳入2017年5月—2019年12月解放军总医院第一医学中心41例伴肾功能异常拟行肾脏穿刺的2型糖尿病患者,均行肾脏超声造影检查。比较糖尿病肾病和局灶节段性肾小球硬化症造影参数(肾皮质达峰时间、峰值强度、平均渡越时间、肾血流量曲线下面积)的差异,并分析造影参数与病理结果的相关性。结果41例患者中,病理诊断为糖尿病肾病30例,局灶节段性肾小球硬化症11例。糖尿病肾病组峰值强度和曲线下面积明显低于局灶节段性肾小球硬化症[峰值强度:3837.16(2449.16,5929.16)比8508.00(4334.88,21201.00),Z=-2.766,P=0.006;曲线下面积:0.14±0.05比0.19±0.05,t=-3.135,P=0.003]。糖尿病肾病组峰值强度与肾小球全球硬化率呈负相关(r=-0.489,P=0.006)。结论超声造影能够定量评估肾脏的血流灌注,对于辅助诊断2型糖尿病肾病具有一定临床价值。

化学交换饱和转移磁共振对比剂及其影像学特性

目的:寻找具有合适化学交换位点的小分子化合物作为磁共振对比剂并探讨其CEST特性和潜在应用价值。方法:初步筛选18种小分子化合物,通过磷酸盐缓冲液制备成试管模型。利用7.0 T磁共振成像仪上的CEST序列进行数据采集。利用MATLAB平台上工程师编辑的程序脚本进行数据后处理。采用GraphPad Prism软件中的pearson相关性分析方法对数据结果进行统计学分析。结果:除生物素外,所测试的一系列小分子物质均具有CEST特性。L-苯丙氨酸、盐酸多巴胺和奥沙拉秦钠的最佳化学交换位点分别为2.65 ppm、2.6 ppm和9.8 ppm,CEST效应的大小与饱和能量呈正相关,与pH值呈负相关(P<0.05)。3-硝基-4氨基苯酚和硫普罗宁的化学位移偏移位点分别位于1.65 ppm和-2.5 ppm,其CEST效应的大小与pH值无显著相关性(P>0.05)。2,5-二羟基苯酚和5-氨基水杨酸具有2个化学交换位点,分别为1.8 ppm、8.5 ppm和1.0 ppm、8.0 ppm,最适pH值为6.8。其它小分子物质,如丙烯酰胺(2.75 ppm)、L-半胱氨酸(-2.75 ppm)、内消旋-2,3-二巯基丁二酸(-2.5 ppm)、血卟啉(-12.5 ppm)、水杨酸(9.3 ppm)、环糊精(0.5 ppm)、透明质酸(1.0 ppm)、叶酸(1.8 ppm)、3,5-二羟基苯甲酰胺(1.8 ppm)和谷胱甘肽(-2.75 ppm和3.0 ppm),由于分子结构不同,各自的CEST特性亦不同。结论:我们通过一小群初步筛选的候选物,证明了具有CEST效应的一类小分子化合物具有作为非金属依赖性磁共振对比剂的潜力。水杨酸及其类似物是一类非常理想的外源性CEST对比剂候选物。总之,每种小分子物质都有其独特的CEST特性,未来可以有针对性设计其潜在应用价值。

对比剂脑病中国专家共识2023

对比剂脑病(CIE)是血管内使用对比剂后发生的一种少见的神经系统并发症,因其临床表现缺乏特异性,易被忽视。近年来,随着不同学科介入诊疗技术的广泛开展,关于CIE的报道逐年增加。目前,国内外尚无关于CIE的统一诊疗规范。中国医师协会神经介入专业委员会组织有关专家讨论并共同撰写该共识,旨在为各级、各学科医师在预防、识别和处理CIE方面提供建议和参考。