Liquid-liquid Extraction System Based on Non-ionic Surfactant-salt-H_2O and Mechanism of Drug Extraction

Extraction behavior of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) and procaine hydro- chloride (PCN) in the system described in the title was studied. Research shows that the extraction efficiency of CPZ can amount to 96% by twice extraction, while that of PCN is 77%. This system produces the distribution coefficients (KD) of 12.3 and 2.6 respectively for CPZ and PCN. Extraction mechanism is deduced according to ultraviolet and molecular fluorescence spectra variation of the drugs in the system studied.

Theranostic applications:Non-ionizing cellular and molecular imaging through innovative nanosystems for early diagnosis and therapy

Modern medicine is expanding the possibilities of receiving "personalized" diagnosis and therapies,providing minimal invasiveness,technological solutions based on non-ionizing radiation,early detection of pathologies with the main objectives of being operator independent and with low cost to society.Our research activities aim to strongly contribute to these trends by improving the capabilities of current diagnostic imaging systems,which are of key importance in possibly providing both optimal diagnosis and therapies to patients.In medical diagnostics,cellular imaging aims to develop new methods and technologies for the detection of specific metabolic processes in living organisms,in order to accurately identify and discriminate normal from pathological tissues.In fact,most diseases have a "molecular basis" that detected through these new diagnostic methodologies can provide enormous benefits to medicine.Nowadays,this possibility is mainly related to the use of Positron Emission Tomography,with an exposure to ionizing radiation for patients and operators and with extremely high medical diagnosticscosts.The future possible development of non-ionizing cellular imaging based on techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance or Ultrasound,would represent an important step towards modern and personalized therapies.During the last decade,the field of nanotechnology has made important progress and a wide range of organic and inorganic nanomaterials are now available with an incredible number of further combinations with other compounds for cellular targeting.The availability of these new advanced nanosystems allows new scenarios in diagnostic methodologies which are potentially capable of providing morphological and functional information together with metabolic and cellular indications.

Ionizing and non-ionizing kerma factors in silicon for China Spallation Neutron Source neutron spectrum

The quantification of ionizing energy deposition and non-ionizing energy deposition plays a critical role in precision neutron dosimetry and in the separation of the displacement damage effects and ionizing effects induced by neutron radiation on semiconductor devices. In this report, neutrons generated by the newly built China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) are simulated by Geant4 in semiconductor material silicon to calculate the ionizing and non-ionizing kerma factors. Furthermore, the integral method is applied to calculate neutron-induced ionizing at the CSNS and non-ionizing kerma factors according to the standard neutron nuclear database and the incident neutron spectrum. In addition, thermoluminescence dosimeters are utilized to measure the ionizing energy deposition and six series of bipolar junction transistors are used to measure the non-ionizing energy deposition based on their neutron damage constants. The calibrated kerma factors that were experimentally measured agreed well with the simulation and integral calculation results. This report describes a complete set of methods and fundamental data for the analysis of neutron-induced radiation effects at the CSNS on silicon-based semiconductor devices.

A Simple and Rapid Method for the Detection of Non-Ionic Surfactants

A spectrophotometric approach for the detection of non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100) has been proposed in this paper. This method does not involve extraction of the ion-associate with harmful solvents, but employs adhesion of the ion-association of potassium/non-ionic surfactants complex and tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonic acid obtained by vigorous shaking. The adhered ion-associate was dissolved with water and its absorbance was measured. The sensitivity for Triton X-100 was determined to be 0.146 (expressed as absorbance of 1 mg/L solution). The adhesion tendency of ion-associate was found to be dependent on the water contact angle, which in turn was influenced by a high adhesion of the ion-associate and by low blank values. In this respect, a tetrafluo-roethylene vessel was found to be the most suitable for the detection of non-ionic surfactants. This spectrophotometrical method is simply and rapidly performed by a procedure based on mechanical shaking and can be employed to detect non-ionic surfactants containing more than 7 polyethylene oxide units.

Exposure to a 2.5 GHz Non-ionizing Electromagnetic Field Alters Hematological Profiles, Biochemical Parameters, and Induces Oxidative Stress in Male Albino Rats

Modern technology has witnessed milestone achievements in the telecommunication industry.However,the widespread application of telecommunication technology is believed to heighten electromagnetic field(EMF)‘pollution’in our environment[1]and subject living organisms to various sources of electromagnetic emissions.These emissions include;microwaves.

Non-ionizing energy loss calculations for modeling electron-induced degradation of Cu(In,Ga)Se_2 thin-film solar cells

The lowest energies which make Cu,In,Ga,and Se atoms composing Cu（In,Ga）Se_2（CIGS） material displaced from their lattice sites are evaluated,respectively.The non-ionizing energy loss（NIEL） for electron in CIGS material is calculated analytically using the Mott differential cross section.The relation of the introduction rate（k） of the recombination centers to NIEL is modified,then the values of k at different electron energies are calculated.Degradation modeling of CIGS thin-film solar cells irradiated with various-energy electrons is performed according to the characterization of solar cells and the recombination centers.The validity of the modeling approach is verified by comparison with the experimental data.

Cloud point extraction coupled with HPLC-UV for the determination of phthalate esters in environmental water samples

A method based on cloud point extraction was developed to determine phthalate esters including di-ethyl-phthalate （DEP）, di- （2-ethylhexyl）-phthalate （DEHP） and di-cyclohexyl-phthalate （DCP） in environmental water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography separation and ultraviolet detection （HPLC-UV）. The non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 was chosen as extraction solvent. The parameters affecting extraction efficiency, such as concentrations of Triton X-114 and Na2SO4, equilibration temperature, equilibration time and centrifugation time were evaluated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the method can achieve preconcentration factors of 35, 88, 111 and detection of limits of 2.0, 3.8, 1.0 ng/ml for DEP, DEHP and DCP in 10-ml water sample, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amount of phathalate esters in effluent water of the wastewater treatment plant and the lixivium of plastic fragments.

Synthesis of Y_2O_3 Nano-Powder from Yttrium Oxalate under Ambient Temperature

High purity Y_2O_3 nano-powders was synthesized directly from solution ofindustrial YCl_3 by method of oxalate precipitation through super-micro-reactors made by complexnon-ionic surfactant. The purity and diameter of Y_2O_3 particles were controlled by such processingparameters as concentration of YCl_3 and oxalic acid and complex non-ionic surfactant etc. TEMphotomicrographs show that Y_2O_3 particles are spherical in shape, with an average diameter of lessthan 30 nm. Test results certify that the purity and particle diameter as well as the dispersion ofY_2O_3 nano-powder depend on the concentrations of YCl_3, oxalic acid and complex non-ionicsurfactant. The optimum ranges of the concentrations for YCl_3 and complex non-ionic surfactant whenthe diameter of Y_2O_3 particles is smaller than 100 nm are 0.43 ～1.4 mol ? L^(-1) and0.031～0.112 mol·L^(-1) respectively, while the mass fraction range of oxalic acid is 10% ～18% .The purity of Y_2O_3 nano-powder tested by ICP-AES analysis is 99.99% .

EFFECTS OF NH_4Cl ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) AND IONIC SURFACTANTS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

The interaction of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)with the ionic surfactants,sodium dodecylsulfate(SDS)and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride(CTAC)respectively,in aqueous solutions containing a certain concentration of NH_4Cl, is studied by the viscosity measurement.It has been found that the ion-dipole interaction between PEO and ionic surfactants is changed considerably by the organic salt.For anionic suffactant of SDS,the addition of NH_4Cl into solution strengthens the interaction between PEO and the headgroup o...

Favourable and Unfavourable EMF Frequency Patterns in Cancer:Perspectives for Improved Therapy and Prevention

Carcinogenesis fits in a frequency pattern of electromagnetic field (EMF) waves, in which a gradual loss of cellular organization occurs. Such generation of cancer features can be inhibited by adequate exposure to coherent electromagnetic frequencies. However, cancer can also be initiated and promoted at other distinct frequencies of electromagnetic waves. Both observations were revealed by analyzing 100 different EMF frequency data reported in a meta-analyses of 123 different, earlier published, biomedical studies. The studied EM frequencies showed a fractal pattern of 12 beneficial (anti-cancer) frequencies, and 12 detrimental (cancer promoting) frequencies, that form the central pattern of a much wider self-similar EMF spectrum of cancer inhibiting or promoting activities. Inhibiting of the cancer process, and even curing of the disease, can thus be considered through exposure to the coherent type of EM fields. Stabilization of the disease can be understood by constructive resonance of macromolecules in the cancer cell with the externally appied coherent EMF field frequencies, called solitons/polarons. The latter, for instance, have been shown earlier to induce repair in DNA/RNA conformation and/or epigenetic changes. The field of EMF treatment of cancer disorders is rapidly expanding and our studies may invite further experimental and clinical studies in which systematically various potential EMF treatment protocols could be applied, with combined and modulated frequencies, to obtain even more efficient EMF anti-cancer therapies.

Seminal Antioxidant Capacity to Oxidative Stress Induced by Electromagnetic Waves Emitting from Cellular Phones on Sperm Quality: An <i>in Vitro</i>Simulation Model

With the increasing use of electronic gadgets, the effects of electromagnetic waves on sperm quality have been reported. This study evaluated the capacity of seminal antioxidants to protect spermatozoa from the effects of exposure to non-ionizing cellular phone radiation on markers of semen quality and DNA integrity in an in-vitro model. A total of seventy-three (73) patients attending a fertility centre in Sakumono, Tema metropolis were recruited for this study. About 2 - 3 mls of freshly ejaculated semen was neatly collected by masturbation with consent and analysed according to the 2010 WHO standard semen analysis. A portion of Semen was exposed to non-ionizing cellular phone radiation for three (3) hours. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity levels and DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were determined before and after exposure. Data was entered and analysed using SPSS version 20.00 and Graph pad prism. DFI was positively associated with immobility (r = 0.233;p = 0.05) and negatively associated with percentage progressive motility (r = -0.258;p = 0.028), percentage total motility (r = -0.233;p = 0.05) and SOD levels (r = -0.270;p = 0.028). There was a significant positive linear relationship between SOD and progressive motility (r = 0.451;p < 0.0001), vitality (r = 0.725;p < 0.0001) and total motility (r = 0.705, p = 0.05). Higher seminal SOD level is protective against the damaging effects of electromagnetic waves on sperm quality.

Evaluation of the Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields in Computer Labs of Schools

Personal computers, apart from being ubiquitous in our everyday activity, very often have been object of study for eventual negative health consequences. During the recent years, a great number of schools in Albania are equipped with lab rooms for teaching computer skills. This has motivated us to carry out a campaign of measuring the intensity of electric and magnetic fields is such places in the schools of Gjirokastra. This paper presents the results of such a study for the evaluation of the possible hazard related to the exposure to this “electro-smog” of the students and teachers. This is done by comparing the measured values of physical quantities with the respective limits and standards recom-mended by scientists and established by European directives such as 2004/40/CE and 1999/519/CE.

Adaptability of Polymer-Containing Sewage Corrosion Inhibitor

The polymer content in the produced water from Tuoliu Station is about 20 mg/L. Cationic imidazoline-type corrosion inhibitor is used to corrosion control of sewage. The corrosion inhibitor can react with the negatively charged materials such as anionic polymer and suspended substance by adsorption and merging to form complex aggregates, so that the suspended solids content increases, resulting in suspended solids content of exported sewage has been high. So a new type of non-ionic corrosion inhibitor has been developed and field trials have been performed. The results show that non-ionic corrosion inhibitor can effectively reduce the suspended solids content of wastewater while ensuring the corrosion rate of wastewater.

Disinfection of Microbes by Magnetized DC Plasma

A different combined effects for helium gas discharge such as: magnetic field strength, breakdown voltage, applied power, applied pressure, cathode fall thickness, edge effect, distribution of the electron temperature and density, and finally exposure time for Staphylococcus aureus substrate over slides at the cathode edge, are discussed under the influence of cold, nonthermal plasmas, ultra low pressure, and presence of the magnetic field for disinfection of bacteria for short exposure times, compatible to International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Health Phys (ICNIRP) for healing applications. Furthermore, analyses of the experimental data of initial and final densities of cells alive, using survival curves, showed an impressive inhibitory effect of plasma discharge to the remaining survival of bacterial ratio under the influence of the magnetic field.

Anti-cancer drugs targeting using nanocarrier niosomes-a review

In the last few decades numbers of review and research articles have been published on niosomes. This shows the relevant interest of academias & researchers in niosomes because of the advantages sponsored by them over other colloidal drug delivery systems. Niosomes formation occurs when non-ionic surfactant vesicles assemble themselves. Various antineoplastic agents are used in chemotherapy, but they have some drawbacks that these agents cause cell death in normal tissues as well. There are two approaches to overcome this limitation. First, to modify the structure of existing drugs, but this will not possible because it changes the properties of drugs. Second, the development of nano-carriers like liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, niosomes et al. Among all, niosomes (non-ionic surfactant vesicles) have more advantages besides all nano-carriers. Drugs either hydrophilic in nature or hydrophobic in nature, both can be incorporated in niosomes. And by embedding specific ligands over vesicular surface enables us to target the drug to specific cancer cells.

Influence of the 60 Hz Magnetic Field on the Airborne Microbial Distribution of Indoor Environments

The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of the magnetic field generated by the household appliances on the airborne microbial surrounding these equipment located on indoor environments with particular interest in the environmental fungi.A simultaneous environmental study was carried out in locals of three different geographical places of Havana,Cuba,which have televisions,computers and an electric generator.The air samples were made by a sedimentation method using Malt Extract Agar.The concentration of total aerobic mesophilic as well as fungi and yeasts were determined in rainy and little rainy seasons by applying as factors:exposure time of dishes(5 to 60 min)and distance to the wall(0 and 1 m)at a height of 1 m above the floor.The predominant fungal genera were Cladosporium,Penicillium and Aspergillus.In the dishes that were placed at 0 and 0.5 m from the emitting sources were observed that some bacteria colonies formed inhibition halos,a great diversity of filamentous fungi and an increase in the mycelium pigmentation as well as the pigments excretion.In the rainy season,the highest amounts of fungi were obtained in all samples.In the little rain season the count of the Gram-negative bacilli increased three times the Gram-positive cocci.

A New Method to Improve the Product Stability and Performance of Soap-based Cleanser at Two Different Temperatures

Foam cleanser is the most popular facial cleaning product in Asian market. However, soap-based product appears to be not physically stable under certain circumstance. For example, product viscosity decreases with the increase of temperature but goes up when the temperature goes down. More seriously, phase separation may occur for some products with time. Many efforts have been made to improve the stability of soap-based formulations mainly focusing on 1) adjust the fatty acids ratio;2) optimize saponification level;3) addition of thickeners and surfactants. Improvements have been made upon recent reports. However, required stability of the formulations at both high and low temperature is not satisfied yet. In this work, we introduced one type of non-ionic emulsifier to the soap-based formulation, through which to regulate the microstructure. It is seen that the stability is significantly improved at both high and low temperature, and the using performance is enhanced in the meantime.

MRI and CT into Pathology Tumor and Liver Bile Duct

Background: Tumor pathologies of the liver and bile ducts are relatively commonly diagnosed and the primary goal is to differentiate these lesions in the fastest possible time which determines the apropriate method of treatment. Aims and Objectives: Aim of this study is tracking and diagnostic imaging correlation of tumor pathologies of liver and bile ducts and determining the early diagnostic approach. Data obtained from this study are important for treatment procedures and succes of treatment. All cases with liver tumor pathologies from period 2012-2016 were examined with CT and MRI followed by other complementary imaging methods. Methods: CT examination was performed according to standard triple-phase protocol: non-enhanced phase, arterial phase and porto-venous phase, and in some cases with late phase after 5 minutes. In MRI examinations, standard protocol was performed: coronal T2 single-shot fast spin-echo (coronal T2 SSFs), Axial T2 respiratory-triggered fast spin-echo (axial T2-FRE)/or breath-hold fast-recovery fast spin-echo T2 body coil sizes XL, (axial T2-FRFSE-XL), Axial in-phase/out-of-phase, Axial/ coronal three-dimensional liver acquisition with volume acceleration (3D coronal pre lava). Results: For comparation, only patients with liver focal lesions were included in the study, and and patient were examined with both diagnostic imaging modalities (CT and MRI). 168 patients with liver tumor pathologies and biliary tree tumor pathologies are included in the study. Gender ratio was 85 males and 83 female (M/F ratio 1.03:1). Average age of patients was 58.41 years, (minimum age 1.5 years old and maximum 88 years of age). The most frequent age on diagnosis was 61 - 70 years (total of 49 patients or 29.16%). Benign tumors were found with 93 patients (55.35%) and malignant tumors in 79 patients (47.02%). Distribution in liver parenchyma was found in 113 patients (67.26%), while in 49 patients (29.17%) pathology was found in the biliary tract. The most affected liver segment was the fifth segment in 35 patients (20.83%), while the less affected segment was the second liver segment in 8 patients (4.73%). most of patients (62 patients or 36.90%) had more than two affected segments in time of diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria in this study require further future evaluation. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of are tumors remains a real challenge and has great impact in the survival rate of patients. Finally, our study showed that for our country’s institutions that there was no significant difference between both CT and MRI modalities in liver focal lesions assessment.

Non-ionic surfactant on particles removal in post-CMP cleaning

The effect of a non-ionic surfactant on particles removal in post-CMP cleaning was investigated. By changing the concentration of the non-ionic surfactant, a series of experiments were performed on the 12 inch Cu pattern wafers in order to determine the best cleaning results. Then the effect of the surfactant on the reduction of defects and the removal of particles was discussed in this paper. What is more, the negative effect of a non-ionic surfactant was also discussed. Based on the experiment results, it is concluded that the non-ionic surfactant could cause good and ill effects at different concentrations in the post-CMP cleaning process. This understanding will serve as a guide to how much surfactant should be added in order to achieve excellent cleaning performance.

A new cleaning process combining non-ionic surfactant with diamond film electrochemical oxidation for polished silicon wafers

This paper presents a new cleaning process for particle and organic contaminants on polished silicon wafer surfaces.It combines a non-ionic surfactant with boron-doped diamond（BDD） film anode electrochemical oxidation. The non-ionic surfactant is used to remove particles on the polished wafer＇s surface,because it can form a protective film on the surface,which makes particles easy to remove.The effects of particle removal comparative experiments were observed by metallographic microscopy,which showed that the 1%v/v non-ionic surfactant achieved the best result. However,the surfactant film itself belongs to organic contamination,and it eventually needs to be removed.BDD film anode electrochemical oxidation（BDD-EO） is used to remove organic contaminants,because it can efficiently degrade organic matter.Three organic contaminant removal comparative experiments were carried out：the first one used the non-ionic surfactant in the first step and then used BDD-EO,the second one used BDD-EO only,and the last one used RCA cleaning technique.The XPS measurement result shows that the wafer＇s surface cleaned by BDD-EO has much less organic residue than that cleaned by RCA cleaning technique,and the non-ionic surfactant can be efficiently removed by BDD-EO.