Anomalous metastable hcp Ni nanocatalyst induced by non-metal N doping enables promoted ammonia borane dehydrogenation

Developing high-performing non-noble transition metal catalysts for H_(2) evolution from chemical hydrogen storage materials is of great significance for the hydrogen economy system, yet challenging. Herein,we present for the first time that anomalous metastable hexagonal close-packed Ni nanoparticles induced by heteroatom N doping encapsulated in carbon(N-hcp-Ni/C) can exhibit admirable catalytic performance for ammonia borane(AB) dehydrogenation, prominently outperforming conventional fcc Ni counterpart with similar morphology and favorably presenting the state-of-the-art level.Comprehensive experimental and theoretical studies unravel that unusual hcp phase engineering of Ni together with N doping could induce charge redistribution and modulate electronic structure, thereby facilitating H_(2)O adsorption and expediting H_(2)O dissociation(rate-determining step). As a result, AB dehydrogenation can be substantially boosted with the assistance of N-hcp-Ni/C. Our proposed strategy highlights that unconventional crystal phase engineering coupled with non-metal heteroatom doping is a promising avenue to construct advanced transition metal catalysts for future renewable energy technologies.

Recent advances in non-metal doped titania for solar-driven photocatalytic/photoelectrochemical water-splitting

Photocatalytic (PC) / Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting under solar light irradiation is considered as a prospective technique to support the sustainable and renewable H_(2) economy and to reach the ultime goal of carbon neutral. TiO_(2) based photocatalysts with high chemical stability and excellent photocatalytic properties have great potential for solar-to-H_(2) conversion. To conquer the challenges of the large band-gap and rapid recombination of photo generated electron-holepairs in TiO_(2), non-metal doping turns out to be economic, facile, and effective on boosting the visible light activity. The localized defect states such as oxygen vacancy and Ti^(3+) generated by non-metal doping are located in the band-gap of TiO_(2), which result in the reduction of band-gap, thus a red-shift of the absorption edge. The hetero doping atoms such as B^(3+), I^(7+), S^(4+)/S^(6+), P^(5+) can also act as electron donors or trap sites which facilitate the charge carrier separation and suppress the recombination of electron-hole pairs. In this comprehensive review, we present the most recent advances on non-metal doped TiO_(2) photocatalysts in terms of fundamental aspects, origin of visible light activity and the PC / PEC behaviours for water splitting. In particular, the characteristics of different non-metal elements (N, C, B, S, P, Halogens) as dopants are discussed in details focusing on the synthesis approaches, characterization as well as the efficiency of PC and PEC water splitting. The present review aims at guiding the readers who want quick access to helpful information about how to efficiently improve the performance of photocatalysts by simple doping strategies and could stimulate new intuitive into the new doping strategies.

Modelling and Dynamic Characteristics for a Non-metal Pressurized Reservoir with Variable Volume

With the increasing demand to reduce emissions and save energy,hydraulic reservoirs require new architecture to optimize their weight,space,and volume.Conventional open reservoirs are large,heavy,and easily polluted,and threaten the operation of hydraulic systems.A closed reservoir provides the advantages of small volume and light weight,compared to open reservoirs.In this study,a non-metallic pressure reservoir with variable volume is designed and manufactured for closed-circuit hydraulic systems.The reservoir housing is made of rubber,and the Mooney-Rivlin model is chosen based on the rubber strain properties.The FEA simulation for the reservoir is performed using ANSYS Workbench to obtain the structural stiffness.The major contribution is the establishment of mathematical models for this reservoir,including the volume equation changing with height,flow equation,and force balance equation,to explore the output characteristics of this reservoir.Based on these results,simulation models were built to analyze the output characteristics of the reservoir.Moreover,the test rig of a conventional hydraulic system was transformed into a closed-circuit asymmetric hydraulic system for the reservoir,and preliminary verification experiments were conducted on it.The results demonstrate that the designed reservoir can absorb and discharge oil and supercharge pump inlet to benefit system operation.The changes in the volume and pressure with displacements under different volume ratios and frequencies were obtained,which verified the accuracy of the mathematical models.Owing to its lightweight design and small volume,the reservoir can replace conventional open reservoirs,and this lays a foundation for future theoretical research on this reservoir.

Enhancing visible-light photocatalytic activity of α-Bi_2O_3 via non-metal N and S doping

In recent years, some important research indicated that the visible-light activity of photocatalysts could be enhanced via incorporating p-block non-metal elements into the lattice. In this paper, we investigated the electronic structures of pure and different non-metal （C, N, S, F, Cl, and Br） doped α-Bi2O3 using first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory. The band structures, the electronic densities of states, and the effective masses of electrons and holes for doped α-Bi2O3 were obtained and analyzed. The N and S dopings narrowed the band gap and reduced the effective mass of the carriers, which are beneficial for the photocatalytic performance. The theoretical predication was further confirmed by the experimental results.

Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Chemometric Analysis for Lard Differentiation in Meat Samples

One of the most pressing concerns for the consumer market is the detection of adulteration in meat products due to their preciousness.The rapid and accurate identification mechanism for lard adulteration in meat products is highly necessary,for developing a mechanism trusted by consumers and that can be used to make a definitive diagnosis.Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)is used in this work to identify lard adulteration in cow,lamb,and chicken samples.A simplified extraction method was implied to obtain the lipids from pure and adulterated meat.Adulterated samples were obtained by mixing lard with chicken,lamb,and beef with different concentrations(10%–50%v/v).Principal component analysis(PCA)and partial least square(PLS)were used to develop a calibration model at 800–3500 cm^(−1).Three-dimension PCA was successfully used by dividing the spectrum in three regions to classify lard meat adulteration in chicken,lamb,and beef samples.The corresponding FTIR peaks for the lard have been observed at 1159.6,1743.4,2853.1,and 2922.5 cm−1,which differentiate chicken,lamb,and beef samples.The wavenumbers offer the highest determination coefficient R2 value of 0.846 and lowest root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC)and root mean square error prediction(RMSEP)with an accuracy of 84.6%.Even the tiniest fat adulteration up to 10%can be reliably discovered using this methodology.

甘草提取物对乳化猪油氧化稳定性的影响及乳化猪油在蛋糕中的应用

为促进乳化猪油在烘焙食品中的应用,分析了甘草提取物及其组分(甘草酸、光甘草定)对乳化猪油氧化稳定性的影响,同时将乳化猪油应用于蛋糕中,研究了乳化猪油的含油量对蛋糕品质的影响。结果表明:甘草提取物及其组分均能大幅延缓乳化猪油的氧化酸败,其中甘草提取物的延缓效果最显著;含有0.02%甘草提取物的乳化猪油(含油量80%)在40℃下储藏28 d,其酸值、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值与空白组相比分别下降了72.53%、47.45%、62.98%;含油量80%的乳化猪油制备的蛋糕的膨胀体积与含油量50%的乳化猪油制备的蛋糕相比增加了99.75%,硬度、弹性和咀嚼性分别降低了21.37%、14.58%、31.74%,但各指标均比猪油制备的蛋糕的差。综上,乳化猪油具有替代猪油应用于蛋糕制备的潜力,但仍需进一步深入探究乳化猪油组分与蛋糕中其他组分间的相互作用,进而提高蛋糕品质。

加热温度对猪油甘油二酯理化特性及风味的影响

为研究3种加热温度(95、120、145℃)对猪油甘油二酯(diacylglycerol,DAG)理化特性及风味的影响,测定猪油DAG的傅里叶变换红外光谱、融化和结晶特性、晶型、流变特性、热重、脂肪酸组成和挥发性组分等指标。结果表明:随温度升高,猪油DAG晶型由β’向β型转化;傅里叶变换红外光谱显示,加热改变了DAG的官能团分布;流变特性及热重分析表明,随温度升高,猪油DAG黏度增大、热稳定性降低;醛类、醇类等挥发性风味物质随温度升高逐渐增多、不饱和脂肪酸含量先上升后降低。不同加热温度对DAG理化特性及风味产生影响,120℃是猪油DAG较适宜的热加工温度。

Effects of Lard Enriched with n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Serum Lipid Composition in Rats

This study evaluated the lard enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs)on serum lipid composition in rats.The experiment contained two parts:(A)20 crossed pigs(Landrace×Min,60±2 kg)were assigned randomly into two dietary groups:a control group and a group fed the diet added 10%linseed based on the control diet.This part lasted 56 days and the results showed that the levels of the total n-3 PUFA in lard were improved approximately 2-fold(p<0.05),when pigs were fed 10% flaxseed compared to a control diet of corn.The lard taken from pigs was melted and preserved for rat experiment;(B)45 Sprague-Dawley rats at day 36 were randomly fed one of three diets for 42 days:the diet without added fat,the diet contained 10% common lard from pigs fed a conventional corn ration and the diet contained 10% lard enriched with n-3 PUFA from pigs fed 10% flaxseed.Rats fed lard significantly increased(p<0.05)serum cholesterol levels compared with rats maintained on a diet without lard.However,rats fed the lard enriched with n-3 PUFA significantly decreased the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum(p<0.05)and better hepatic antioxidant defense capacities,when compared with rats fed common lard(p<0.05).The results showed that pigs fed diet with n-3 PUFA produced lard enriched with n-3 PUFA and thus provided positive health benefits to the consumers.

Optimization and kinetic modeling of waste lard methanolysis in a continuous reciprocating plate reactor

Continuous biodiesel production from a waste pig-roasting lard,methanol and KOH was carried out in a reciprocating plate reactor(RPR)using a factorial design containing three process factors,namely methanol/lard molar ratio,catalyst loading,and normalized height of the reactor.The main goals were to optimize the influential process factors with respect to biodiesel purity using the response surface methodology and to model the kinetics of the transesterification reaction in order to describe the change of triacylglycerols(TAG)and fatty acid methyl esters(FAME)concentrations along the RPR height.The first-order rate law was proved for both the reaction and the mass transfer.The model of the changing reaction mechanism and mass transfer of TAG was also applicable.Both kinetic models agreed with the experimental concentrations of TAG and FAME determined along the RPR height.

Principal Component Analysis （PCA） on Multivariate Data of Lard Analysis in Cooking Oil

Discrimination of fatty acids （FAs） of lard in used cooking oil is important in halal determination. The aim of this study was to find the information related to the changes FAs of lard when frying in cooking oil. Quantitative analysis of FAs composition extracted from a series of experiments which involving frying cooking oil spiked with lard at three different parameters; concentration of spiked lard, heating temperatures and period of frying. The samples were analyzed using Gas Chromatography （GC） and Principal Components Analysis （PCA） technique. Multivariate data from chromatograms of FAs were standardized and computed using Unscrambler X10 into covariance matrix and eigenvectors correspond to Principal Components （PCs）. Results have shown that the first and second PCs contribute to the FAs mapping which can be visualized by scores and loading plots to discriminate FAs of lard in used cooking oil

High-Lard and High-Fish Oil Diets Differ in Their Effects on Insulin Resistance Development, Mitochondrial Morphology and Dynamic Behaviour in Rat Skeletal Muscle

Fish oil (mainly omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids), differently from lard (mainly saturated fatty acids) has been suggested to have anti-inflammatory effects associated with amelioration of insulin sensibility. An important role in skeletal muscle insulin resistance development has been recently attributed to mitochondrial dynamic behavior. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that frequently undergo fission/fusion processes and a shift toward fission process has been associated with skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance development. The present work aimed to evaluate if the replacement of lard with fish oil in high-fat diet positively affect skeletal muscle mitochondrial dynamic behavior in association with the improvement of insulin-resistance. Body weight gain, systemic insulin-resistance (glucose/insulin ratio), serum TNFα levels and skeletal muscle lipid content were assessed in rats fed a high-lard or high-fish-oil diet for 6 weeks. In skeletal muscle sections, immunohistochemical analysis were performed to detect the presence of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and tyrosine phosphorylated IRS1 (key factor in insulin signalling pathway) as well as to detect the main proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion (MFN2 and OPA1) and fission (DRP1 and Fis1) processes. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial ultrastructural features were assessed by electron microscopy. High-fish oil feeding induced lower body weight gain, systemic inflammation and insulin-resistance development as well as skeletal muscle lipid accumulation compared to high-lard feeding. Skeletal muscle sections from high-fish oil fed rats exhibited a greater number of immunoreactive fibers for MFN2 and OPA1 proteins as well as weaker immunostaining for DRP1 and Fis1 compared to sections from high-lard fed rats. Electron microscopy observations suggested a prominent presence of fission events in L rats and fusion events in F rats. The positive effect of the replacement of lard with fish oil in high-fat diet on systemic and skeletal muscle insulin sensibility was associated to changes in mitochondrial dynamic behavior.

Moderate quantity of lard mixed with sunflower oil attenuate lipid accumulation in mice

Lard,a fat rich in saturated fatty acids(SFAs),is regarded as a risk factor for metabolic diseases.In the present study,effect of different lard blended with sunflower oil diets on lipid accumulation in adipose tissue,liver,and serum by mouse model was researched.Body weight,body fat percentage,cross-sectional area of adipocytes,liver triglycerides(TGs),and oil red stained area in mice liver of lard blend sunflower oil(L-SFO)group were significantly lower than those of sunflower oil(SFO)group,whereas no significant differences were observed between mice of lard and L-SFO groups.Serum TG and free fatty acid levels were significantly lower in L-SFO group than in other two groups.Furthermore,data showed that sunflower oil decreased contents of hormonesensitive lipase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1(CPT-1)and increased fatty acid synthase activity in liver tissue.A mixture of lard and sunflower oil rather than only sunflower oil or lard might promote body fat loss and reduce lipid accumulation in adipose tissue,serum,and liver by promoting hydrolysis of TG,increasingβ-oxidation of fatty acids.These data suggested that mixing lard and vegetable oil(e.g.sunflower oil)for cooking,or alternate using lard and vegetable oil could be beneficial for reducing body fat.

Effect of mixing lard with soybean oil in cooking on hepatic antioxidative ability and renal metabolic activity

A simulate daily oriental dietary pattern(a blend of lard and soybean oil)was performed in this research to investigate influence on liver and kidney function.Sixty mice were randomly divided into 6 groups with diets of different fat added oils respectively for 12 weeks.Malondialdehyde and uric acid contents in mice fed with blended oil were significantly lower than in those fed only with soybean oil and lard due to the improved activities of antioxidant enzymes.Daily use of a blend of lard with soybean oil significantly increased antioxidant capacity,reduced lipid peroxidation of liver and serum uric acid production,thus protected liver and renal function.It also suggests that the oriental dietary pattern might reduce the risk of gout.

Metal derivative(MD)/g-C_(3)N_(4) association in hydrogen production:A study on the fascinating chemistry behind,current trend and future direction

Metal derivative/graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))association is found promising in providing sustainable hydrogen production by photocatalytic water splitting process.Number of works reported on the synthesis and application of various metal based g-C_(3)N_(4)composites are increasing day by day.Mechanism of charge separation varies according to the metal candidate that gets couple with g-C_(3)N_(4).The present article thus explores the interesting chemistry behind various metal based heterojunction and demonstrates the charge separation route.A thorough investigation has been done on the current research trend in the area.As many metal free g-C_(3)N_(4)composites are reported nowadays as an alternative to metal derivatives,here compares metallic and metal free derivatives of g-C_(3)N_(4)based on four critical requirements of an industrial catalyst,ie,activity,stability,cost and toxicity.Challenges and future direction in the area are also discussed with significance.The systematic discussion and schematic illustration of charge transfer process in different heterojunctions with reference to the reported systems,given in the article can definitely contribute to the design and development of more efficient g-C_(3)N_(4)based heterojunctions in future for hydrogen production application.

没食子酸丙酯对猪油的抗氧化效果研究

目的研究不同浓度的没食子酸丙酯(propyl gallate,PG)对猪油抗氧化效果的影响。方法以酸价(acid value,AV)、过氧化值(peroxide value,PV)、茴香胺值(ρ-anisidine value,ρ-AnV)、1,1-二苯代苦基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力和脂肪酸组成为指标,采用Schaal法检测猪油抗氧化性能,结合Rancimat法测得高温下的氧化稳定性指数(oxidation stability index,OSI),比较了不同浓度(0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08、0.10g/kg)的PG对猪油的抗氧化效果,通过主成分分析得出PG在猪油中应用的最佳浓度。结果PG能够有效延缓猪油各项氧化基础指标的升高,且对其脂肪酸组成无显著影响(P>0.05),可作为一种安全高效的抗氧化剂应用于猪油中。主成分分析结果表明,添加0.10g/kg为PG在猪油中应用的最佳浓度,其AV(1.83 mg/g)和PV(1.30 g/100 g)在Schaal烘箱实验15 d后最低,ρ-AnV为18.33,DPPH自由基清除能力为12.44μmol TE/kg,OSI为0.96 h,抗氧化保护系数为1.45。结论PG可有效提高猪油的氧化稳定性,浓度对PG在猪油中的抗氧化效果有影响,其中浓度在0.10g/kg时效果最佳。本研究可为PG在动物油中的应用提供指导依据,具有重要的理论和应用价值。

猪脂肪控制氧化及挥发性氧化产物研究

通过单因素试验和正交试验研究以热反应制备肉味香精前体物为目的的猪脂肪控制氧化工艺条件。以过氧化值(POV)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)和酸值(AV)表征油脂的氧化状态。结果表明,猪脂肪控制氧化的较佳工艺条件为:反应温度120℃、反应时间2h、氧气流速0.025m3/h。采用固相微萃取-气质联用技术对猪脂肪控制氧化产物中的挥发性成分进行分析,共鉴定出32种化合物,其中醛类化合物占52.52%,为猪脂肪控制氧化产物中的主要挥发性成分。

蓝莓花色苷提取物抗油脂氧化能力的研究

以乙醇为溶剂从圣云蓝莓果中提取得到蓝莓花色苷。研究蓝莓花色苷对猪油和脂质体的抗氧化活性。结果表明蓝莓花色苷对猪油具有较强的抗氧化,且具有剂量效应关系,以添加0.4%精制花色苷抗氧化效果最佳,但不如BHT效果好;另外抗坏血酸等对蓝莓花色苷具有明显的协同抗氧化作用。蓝莓花色苷对脂质体过氧化有显著的抑制作用,并且高于抗坏血酸对脂质体过氧化的抑制作用,精制蓝莓花色苷的IC50为165.97μg/mL,粗蓝莓花色苷的IC50为278.16μg/mL。

猪油溶剂法分提产物性质分析

选取精制猪油为原料,采用溶剂法分提改性,对精制猪油和分提产物进行了碘值、熔点测定以及脂肪酸组成、固体脂肪含量等性质的分析,对分提液脂中1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)含量进行了测定。结果表明:分提液脂熔点降低,碘值升高,而分提固脂熔点升高,碘值降低;精制猪油和分提产物的脂肪酸种类一致,都以油酸、棕榈酸为主,分提液脂中的不饱和脂肪酸含量明显提高,饱和脂肪酸含量下降,分提固脂则与之相反;精制猪油、分提液脂和分提固脂的Sn-2位脂肪酸分布都以棕榈酸为主,分别占68.74%、63.70%、78.01%;分提液脂中OPO含量为30.43%,相比分提前精制猪油(OPO含量22.60%)有一定程度的富集;热力学性质分析结果与理化指标测定结果以及脂肪酸分析结果趋势一致。分析结果为分提固脂和分提液脂在食品工业中的应用提供了理论基础。

苜蓿黄酮抗氧化性研究

将紫花苜蓿黄酮粗提物以0.02%,0.05%,0.2%,0.5%,1%的比例加入到猪油中,70℃恒温保藏,定期取样用Na2S2O3-I2滴定法测定POV值,并与0.02%BHT、0.05%VC的抗氧化效果进行比较。结果表明:添加苜蓿黄酮粗提物对猪油具有良好的抗氧化作用,其中以添加0.2%者抗氧化效果最佳,但不如BHT和VC效果好;另外VC和VE等对苜蓿黄酮粗提物具有明显的协同抗氧化作用,效果优于单独添加0.2%黄酮粗提物和VC、BHT。

茶多酚-猪油乳化体系的抗氧化效果

抗氧化剂茶多酚（TP）难溶于油脂的特性，限制了其在油脂食品中的应用。本文采用乳化方法形成茶多酚－猪油均匀分散体系的新方法，显著地增加了TP与油脂的作用界面，充分发挥其抗氧化作用。对猪油抗氧化试验表明：磷脂是理想的乳化剂；TP对猪油抗氧化的最佳作用量是400ppm。