Laboratory Design Criteria for Monitoring Biostimulated Bioremediation of a Crude Oil Contaminated Soil in Niger Delta Using Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon

The remediation of crude oil-impacted soil has always been a challenge in different soil environments and climatic conditions. Bioremediation technology has offered a breakthrough in restoring crude oil-impacted soil/sediment in muddy, dry soil and wetlands. Though, there have been varied environmental conditions that have hampered the success of the bioremediation process. This study has evaluated the effectiveness of a biostimulated bioremediation of crude oil-impacted soil using some design criteria—nutrient amendment (NPK fertilizer) and moisture content. Soil sample sets—A, B, C, D, E, F, and G were impacted with crude oil at a ratio of 10 g/kg and amended with varying amounts of nutrient 30, 60, and 80 g of N.P.K fertilizer. The medium for the inoculation of the nutrient was water and the volume of water applied varied from 30% to 80% saturation. The soil sample sets were harvested at an interval of 3 months for 180 days to determine the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon left in the soil. The analysis of the total petroleum hydrocarbon was achieved using a GC-FID with a capillary column and autosampler. Soil samples were extracted with mixed solvent dichloromethane and acetone at a 1:1 ratio. The total petroleum hydrocarbon results show that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soil sample sets with low moisture content (30% water saturation) and moderate nutrient amendment. The biodegradation of the sample sets with high water saturation and a high nutrient amendment was slow with a higher amount of total hydrocarbon content at the end of the 180 days. The variability in the hydrocarbon degradation pattern of contaminated soil shows that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soils with low moisture content than in soil environments with high water content (saturation). More so, nutrient overdosing of the substrate hampered the effectiveness of the remediation process.

Evaluation of Total Hydrocarbons Levels and Traces Metals in Water and Sediment from Main Outfall Drain in Al-Nassiriya City/Southern Iraq

This study was conducted during Dec2011-Nov2012 on three stations located in the south sector of Main Outfall Drain (MOD) River. Station 1 was near Al-Holandee Bridge which was the general carriage way in the center of Al-Nassiriya city, station 2 was 20 km far from the first station, while station 3 was in the beginning of the new branch. This study reveals the Seasonal Variation of Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in both surface waters, sediment and it is related with trace metals nickel and vanadium in water (dissolved, particulate) and sediment (residual and exchangeable) phases. Also, the study shows the relationships between the concentration of Ni and V with Total Organic Carbon (TOC%) in the sediment.

Comparison on Determination Results of Methane and Total Hydrocarbons by Glass Syringe Method and Air Bag Method

Samples at different setting time were determined by glass syringe method and air bag method, and their results were analyzed. The results showed that concentrations of methane and total hydrocarbons obviously declined with the prolonging of setting time by glass syringe method, and recovery rate of sample declined to 60% after 8 h. In air bag method, analysis results of methane and total hydrocarbons were stabler, and recovery rate of sample was 93% after 8 h.

Orderly coexistence and accumulation models of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons in Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation,Mahu sag,Junggar Basin

By using the latest geological,seismic,drilling and logging data,this article studies the basic conditions for the formation of the total petroleum system and the orderly coexisting characteristics and accumulation models of conventional&unconventional reservoirs in the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Junggar Basin.Controlled by thermal evolution,hydrocarbon generation and expulsion process of the high-quality source rocks in alkaline lake as well as the characteristics of multi-type reservoirs(conglomerate,sandstone,dolomite and shale),conventional structure-lithologic reservoirs and tight oil and shale oil reservoirs controlled by source-reservoir structure have been formed.On the plane,mature conventional reservoirs,medium-high mature tight oil,and medium-high mature shale oil reservoirs coexist orderly from the slope area around Mahu sag to the sag.Based on the orderly coexisting characteristics of conventional and unconventional reservoirs in the Fengcheng Formation,it is clear that oil and gas in the Fengcheng Formation accumulate continuously over a large area in three accumulation models:integrated source-reservoir,source-reservoir in close contact,and separated source-reservoir model.The three accumulation models differ in relationship between source-reservoir structure,reservoir lithology and spatial distribution,hydrocarbon migration,oil and gas type.It is pointed out that the conventional&unconventional oil and gas should be explored and developed as a whole to achieve an overall breakthrough of the total petroleum system.This study is expected to enrich the geological theory of oil and gas enrichment in continental basins and to provide an analogy for exploration and research in other hydrocarbon-rich sags.

The Impact Of Oil Spill To The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon(Tph)Concentration In Fishes At North Coastal Of Karawang Regency,West Java Province

The coastal area is one of the areas that is quite vulnerable to the threat of pollution caused by human activities,including pollution caused by oil spills(hydrocarbons)in the sea.The incident can be caused by several factors including the explosion,leakage of petroleum pipelines on the seabed,leakage of tanks or petroleum tankers at sea and disposal of waste petroleum products into the environment.Oil spills continuously can cause environmental contamination and pollution both aquatic and terrestrial.If the petroleum hydrocarbons enter sea waters,some of them will be absorbed by aquatic organisms because the nature of the petroleum hydrocarbons is difficult to decompose in waters.The intentional and unintentional entry of hazardous and toxic substances into marine ecosystems such as petroleum hydrocarbons and chemical solvents resulting from industrial wastes has become a serious problem for human health and the environment.The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon(TPH)contained in fish in coastal waters of Karawang Regency,West Java Province.This research was conducted in September-November 2019 by taking several fish samples at Ciparage Jaya Fish Auction Place,Betok Mati and Sungai Buntu Rive with a total sample of 24 fish,and taking seawater samples in the three study sites.TPH analysis was carried out at the Integrated Chemistry Laboratory,Bogor Agricultural University.TPH values in fish at Ciparage-1,Ciparage-2,Betok Mati and Sungai Buntu stations,in general,have different mean values but are almost uniform,each at 6.82;6.82;7.45 and 5.12 mg/kg.Based on the average TPH concentration in fish,it can be said that the average TPH in fish at Betok Mati station is relatively higher compared to other stations.TPH values in all fish samples exceed the safe threshold,which is a maximum of 0.002 mg/kg.Based on the results of the Bioaccumulation factor(BAF)analysis showed that the average TPH in fish was 6.55 mg/kg and the average TPH in the waters was 11.23 mg/l,so the BAF value was 58.35 which means that the absorption rate of TPH by fish organisms against the concentration of TPH in the waters of 58.35%.The analysis shows that the value of Ecological Hazard Assessment(EHA)is 3743.33 which means that the level of influence of the hazard on ecosystems and organisms is 3743.33.This value exceeds the recommended threshold according to the European Union,which is a maximum of 0.002 mg/l.

Assessing Earthworm Influence on Remediating Potentials of Soil Micro-Organisms, and Bioavailable Hydrocarbon Pollutant in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

In the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, oil explorations and exploitations abound, causing environmental pollution with serious consequences on soil ecosystem and its biodiversity. In spite of the relationship between microbes and fauna in soil ecosystem, such that both organisms can metabolize certain range of petroleum hydrocarbon substrates with the fauna influencing the remediation potentials of bacteria, yet soil fauna is still not fully considered in bioremediation. The influence of earthworm;Lumbricus terrestris on the remediating potentials of soil bacteria in petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils was investigated. Eighteen pots were filled with 700 g of soil each, with nine treated with mixture of 3 levels crude oil and remediated with earthworm, while the other nine had no earthworm. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), soil physical, nutrient compositions, and TPH degrading bacteria biodiversity were determined before contamination or commencement of study and thirty days after. The results showed a decrease in TPH concentration of 55.58%, 62.57% and 67.07% in 1 ml, 2 ml and 3 ml crude oil contaminated soil, respectively. Species richness and abundance of bacteria organisms increased with high relative abundance in soils remediated with earthworms, hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria increased from less than 0.1 cfu/g to 0.4 cfu/g, and total heterotrophic bacteria 1.6 cfu/g at the end of the study. Earthworms increased rate of remediation potentials of bacteria, such that within 30 days post remediation treatment, 34.14% of reduced concentration was achieved over soil samples without earthworms at 3 ml, and 25.14% at 2 ml concentration. Reduction in pH levels in remediated soils was between 6.39 to 6.17 and 6.74 to 6.72 in unremediated soils, while moisture content was 6.73% to 6.77% unremediated and 5.85% to 6.62% in earthworm remediated soils. Total organic carbon, nitrates in soils inoculated with earthworms were lower in concentration than those without earthworms. Reverse was the case with potassium, phosphate and phosphorous concentrations which were above those without earthworms. Results indicate statistically, significant difference between reduction in TPH in earthworm remediated soils and unremediated soils, pointing out that earthworm is a good candidate for facilitation of bacteria remediation-petroleum hydrocarbon contamination.

环境空气监测用氮中甲烷气体标准物质质量评估

为了解和掌握当前环境空气非甲烷总烃监测所使用的氮中甲烷气体标准物质的质量状况,通过对全国范围内开展环境空气非甲烷总烃监测的实验室中的99家进行使用情况调查,发现共涉及35家制造商。选择其中使用占比较高的10家,另外再随机选取6家,通过匿名采购等方式获取31瓶氮中甲烷气体标准物质。经两家测试单位分别测试后,采用归一化偏差(E_(n))法和相对偏差法两种方法评价所选标准物质的量值准确性和监测适用性,同时依照相关国家计量技术规范评估其证书完整性和规范性。结果显示,两种方法的评价结果一致。16家制造商中,14家的27瓶气体标准物质定值准确,2家的4瓶气体标准物质定值不准确;9家证书相对完整、规范,其余7家普遍存在缺少标准物质唯一标识等问题,部分制造商甚至存在涉嫌冒用证书、证书中的定值浓度超出认定范围等问题。鉴于氮中甲烷气体标准物质是保障非甲烷总烃监测结果准确性、可比性和可溯源性的重要基础,且制造商数量众多,建议使用者加强标准物质质量评估工作,并审查其所附证书的规范性。

燃煤机组烟气挥发性有机物排放特征

为了解不同容量燃煤机组烟气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特性和不同尾部空气污染物控制设备(APCDs)对VOCs的控制作用,在福建省国投云顶湄洲湾电力公司400 MW亚临界对冲燃烧机组和1 000 MW超超临界切圆燃烧机组进行在线法和离线法采样测试,获取烟气中甲烷、非甲烷总烃和其他VOCs的全流程浓度。结果表明,1 000 MW机组SCR前的非甲烷总烃质量浓度(24.66 mg/m^(3))低于400 MW机组(33.36 mg/m^(3))。由于1 000 MW机组负荷和炉膛温度高,且煤在切圆燃烧炉内比对冲燃烧停留时间长,故煤燃烧更彻底。两机组SCR系统均能脱除超过70%的非甲烷总烃,400 MW和1 000 MW机组的SCR脱除效果分别为88.43%和74.32%。而在静电除尘过程(ESP)中,高压静电场可能会导致飞灰释放部分VOCs,增加烟气VOCs浓度。经所有APCDs后,400 MW机组和1 000 MW机组的VOCs排放质量浓度分别为8.40和8.47 mg/m^(3),整体脱除率为73.98%和63.02%,几乎未检出甲烷。离线测试结果:印尼煤燃烧后VOCs主要为正己烷、苯系物和苯甲醛。各固体样品(如煤、灰、石膏)有机物浓度分析显示,VOCs种类与机组大小无明显关联。这些发现有助于深入理解燃煤电厂对空气质量影响及优化污染控制设备设计。燃煤电厂实际运营中需依具体情况优化污染控制设备,以达到最大脱除效果,也需考虑机组大小和运行效率,有效控制VOCs排放。

沧东凹陷孔二段页岩生排烃效率及对含油性的影响

渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔二段页岩油资源潜力巨大,且通过水平井钻控获得了稳产工业油流。应用常规热解和分步热解技术,优化生排烃物质平衡法,提出了基于原始生烃潜力和现今残余生烃潜力的页岩生烃和排烃效率氢指数平衡计算方法,并探索成熟度以外孔二段页岩排烃效率的主控因素及其与含油性的关系。选取深度和成熟度较为接近的样品,以排除成熟度这一公认的生排烃效率指标的影响。结果表明,页岩有机质丰度和类型、微观孔隙结构和岩石类型等是控制其生排烃效率的重要因素。Ⅲ型干酪根产物以轻烃为主,排烃效率变化大且普遍高于Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型干酪根。Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型干酪根在TOC超过3%以后,排烃效率随TOC的增加而增大。墨水瓶型孔对液态烃的滞留能力强于狭缝型孔;对气态烃而言墨水瓶型孔反而是利于排烃的优势通道。纹层状页岩比薄层状页岩具有更低的排烃效率。生排烃共同控制着页岩的含油量,页岩中含油量与排烃效率整体呈负相关,但与生烃潜力、生烃效率和滞留烃率的乘积呈明显的正相关性,展示了生排烃效率计算方法的可靠性和实用性。

Geophysical prediction of organic matter abundance in source rocks based on geochemical analysis:A case study of southwestern Bozhong Sag,Bohai Sea,China

The Bozhong Sag is the largest petroliferous sag in the Bohai Bay Basin,and the source rocks of Paleogene Dongying and Shahejie Formations were buried deeply.Most of the drillings were located at the structural high,and there were few wells that met good quality source rocks,so it is difficult to evaluate the source rocks in the study area precisely by geochemical analysis only.Based on the Rock-Eval pyrolysis,total organic carbon(TOC)testing,the organic matter(OM)abundance of Paleogene source rocks in the southwestern Bozhong Sag were evaluated,including the lower of second member of Dongying Formation(E_(3)d2L),the third member of Dongying Formation(E_(3)d_(3)),the first and second members of Shahejie Formation(E_(2)s_(1+2)),the third member of Shahejie Formation(E_(2)s_(3)).The results indicate that the E_(2)s_(1+2)and E_(2)s_(3)have better hydrocarbon generative potentials with the highest OM abundance,the E_(3)d_(3)are of the second good quality,and the E_(3)d2L have poor to fair hydrocarbon generative potential.Furthermore,the well logs were applied to predict TOC and residual hydrocarbon generation potential(S_(2))based on the sedimentary facies classification,usingΔlogR,generalizedΔlogR,logging multiple linear regression and BP neural network methods.The various methods were compared,and the BP neural network method have relatively better prediction accuracy.Based on the pre-stack simultaneous inversion(P-wave impedance,P-wave velocity and density inversion results)and the post-stack seismic attributes,the three-dimensional(3D)seismic prediction of TOC and S_(2)was carried out.The results show that the seismic near well prediction results of TOC and S_(2)based on seismic multi-attributes analysis correspond well with the results of well logging methods,and the plane prediction results are identical with the sedimentary facies map in the study area.The TOC and S_(2)values of E_(2)s_(1+2)and E_(2)s_(3)are higher than those in E_(3)d_(3)and E_(3)d_(2)L,basically consistent with the geochemical analysis results.This method makes up the deficiency of geochemical methods,establishing the connection between geophysical information and geochemical data,and it is helpful to the 3D quantitative prediction and the evaluation of high-quality source rocks in the areas where the drillings are limited.

微型气体监测仪比对用非甲烷总烃采样装置

设计出一种微型气体监测仪比对用非甲烷总烃采样装置,并描述其具体结构和使用方法。该采样装置包括承接组件、导向组件和过滤组件。承接组件包括装配筒、承接辊,主要是对装置结构起到承接作用,外接进风管的装配筒内部设有电加热网和随动叶轮,可以对抽取的环境废气进行加热,规避温湿度的影响。导向组件包括导向环、弧形导向边、链轮传动组、传动杆和辅助辊,不仅起到定向导向作用,而且凸部的传感器能够触发驱动装置和链轮传动组,通过齿轮带动放卷辊和收卷辊的定向运动。过滤组件包括保护壳、清洁辊、控制器、齿轮组、放卷辊、收卷辊和滤网布,滤网布对从弧形采样口进入的气体进行过滤,当对应弧形采样口处的滤网布堵塞满杂质时,进而触发启动驱动装置使得放卷辊放卷滤网布,收卷辊收卷滤网布,从而更换滤网布的使用位置,避免对应弧形采样口处的滤网布产生堵塞,影响采样样品气体的质量。该采样装置整体结构简单、易操作,能够显著提高样品气体的采样质量。

基于鲸鱼算法的轻烃回收工艺能耗分析与优化

在天然气轻烃回收工艺的过程中,影响丙烷收率和总能耗的因素较多,且各因素之间相互影响、相互作用,常规的参数调节方法无法同时满足高收率、低能耗的要求。基于物料平衡理论,根据Horton-Franklin方程对丙烷收率公式进行了推导,在确定关键参数的基础上,利用HYSYS软件完成了影响因素分析,最后通过鲸鱼算法实现多目标函数决策变量的优化求解。结果表明:丙烷收率与原料气中丙烷流量、低温分离器液相丙烷流量、吸收剂流量、吸收剂中丙烷摩尔含量、吸收剂液相分率、原料气流量、相平衡常数、理论塔板数等参数关联;常规软件优化器无法对设备内参数进行调整,存在弊端;通过鲸鱼算法优化后丙烷收率从95.32%降至95.05%,总能耗从4 138 kW降至3 875 kW,液化石油气和稳定轻油也符合装车要求,工艺适应性大大加强。

柴达木盆地柴西坳陷古近系-新近系石油地质特征与油气环带状分布模式

柴达木盆地柴西坳陷古近系-新近系石油资源丰富,常规石油与页岩油分别占全盆地常规石油资源的82.4%和非常规页岩油资源的100%。通过研究沉积储层与石油地质特征,剖析柴西坳陷古近系-新近系沉积相和油气成藏特征,提出了油气环带状分布模式。研究认为:①柴西坳陷古近系-新近系沉积相带呈“环带状”分布。外环带为三角洲与滩坝相,以碎屑岩沉积为主,碳酸盐岩沉积较少,发育砾岩、含砾粗砂岩和中-粗砂岩储层。中环带以滨浅湖灰云坪、灰泥坪相沉积为主,发育细砂岩、粉砂岩、灰云岩及藻灰岩,藻灰岩是中环带最具特色且孔隙度最高的岩相类型。内环带以半深湖-深湖相细粒混积岩沉积为主,发育深灰、暗灰色细粒沉积岩,是古近系-新近系最主要的烃源岩发育区。②不同沉积相环带内油藏类型不同。外环带距离生烃灶较远,油气经断层输导在砾岩、粗砂岩等碎屑岩中聚集,形成构造油气藏。中环带紧邻主力生烃灶,油气经断层输导在藻灰岩等碳酸盐岩储层中储集,形成构造-岩性油气藏。内环带油气短距离运移或原位滞留在细粒混积岩中源-储一体,形成页岩油。柴西坳陷从源外到源内,构造-岩性油气藏与页岩油纵向上相互叠置,平面上构造油气藏、构造-岩性油气藏与页岩油呈环带状分布。

非甲烷总烃分析仪专用Co_(3)O_(4)/Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂的制备及性能研究

挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是引发霾和光化学烟雾等环境问题的重要原因,达到一定浓度会对人类健康造成威胁。非甲烷总烃(non-methane hydrocarbon,NMHC)作为VOCs总量统计的重要指标,在一定程度上可以简单、直观地反映VOCs污染状况,因此,监控NMHC对保护环境与人类健康具有重要意义。本文中制备了层状结构、球形结构和立方体结构3种不同形貌的Co_(3)O_(4)纳米材料,将纳米材料均匀负载于活性Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒表面作为NMHC分析专用催化剂。通过XRD、FESEM、BET和XPS技术对制备的Co_(3)O_(4)催化剂进行表征;并将催化剂用于NMHC的检测,对不同形貌催化剂的催化性能进行评价。结果表明,当煅烧温度为400℃、煅烧时间为3 h,催化剂具有较高的催化活性,其中立方体结构催化剂具有最高的催化活性,能在236℃将NMHC完全降解,层状结构与球形结构催化剂分别在261℃与257℃将NMHC完全降解。升高煅烧温度有助于催化活性的提高,因为煅烧温度的升高增大了催化剂中Co_(3)O_(4)的相对结晶度与O_(ads)/O_(latt)摩尔比,使得气体转移速度加快,因而使催化剂具有更高的催化活性。催化剂经过耐水性、热失重测试与催化循环测试后仍能保持较高的催化活性。

活化过硫酸盐氧化处理某深基坑土壤高浓度石油烃污染

石油烃是土壤修复场地中重点关注的有机污染物,存在高毒性和持久性。本文以上海普陀区实际土壤修复项目中的深层、高浓度石油烃污染土的氧化修复为案例,讨论了深基坑开挖的风险、应对技术,并通过小试探究了以过硫酸钠、生石灰为代表的高级氧化体系对石油烃的修复效果,小试及中试试验证明,在1%过硫酸钠及1%生石灰的投加量条件下,石油烃污染物的去除率可达到76%。本研究明确了实际大体量石油烃土壤修复过程中的氧化剂及激活剂的有效投加量,补充现有的工程应用数据,为后续相关修复项目提供参考。

总烃、甲烷和非甲烷总烃分析仪校准方法

建立总烃、甲烷和非甲烷总烃分析仪的校准方法,评定校准结果的不确定度。根据分析仪原理和使用情况,选取仪器的示值误差、重复性、转化效率作为校准项目,通过试验和参考其他技术规范给出了参考技术指标,示值误差为±10%,重复性不大于3%,转化效率不小于95%。利用校准实例对校准方法进行验证,该校准方法切实可行,参考技术指标合理。

废气中总烃、甲烷和非甲烷总烃测定因素探讨

根据《固定污染源废气总烃、甲烷和非甲烷总烃的测定气相色谱法》(HJ 38-2017),选择不同的采样容器及样品的保存时间,比较总烃、甲烷和非甲烷总烃在不同采样器中检测结果随样品保存时间的变化。实验结果表明,采用注射器作为采样容器,样品测试浓度随保存时间增加而快速减小,样品需在4 h内分析,检测结果才具有可靠的准确度,实际监测工作中,从样品采样到实验室分析,一般情况下4 h内不能完成分析;采用气袋作为采样容器,样品测试浓度随保存时间增加而相对稳定,样品可在2 d内分析,检测结果具有可靠的准确度,更能满足方法的要求,在实际工作中更具有操作性。

便携式非甲烷总烃检测仪校准方法

建立了一种便携式非甲烷总烃检测仪的校准方法。根据便携式非甲烷总烃检测仪的工作原理,提出了示值误差、重复性、漂移等校准项目,示值误差不大于±5%,定量重复性不大于2%,零点漂移不大于±2%,量程漂移不大于±3%。使用标准气体稀释装置将摩尔分数为3.0%的甲烷标准气体稀释至仪器满量程浓度的10%、40%、60%通入仪器,经过数据验证,该校准方法较为可行,可以用于便携式非甲烷总烃检测仪的校准。

催化氧化技术在橡胶干燥尾气治理中的应用

当前,我国的环境污染问题已经引起了全球的广泛关注。环境承载力已经达到或接近其极限,整体环境状况表现为环境质量较差、污染物排放量巨大。在石化行业中,挥发性有机物是主要的污染物,而在橡胶生产过程中,尾气的主要组分包括己烷和环己烷。本文着重介绍了贵金属催化氧化技术在橡胶尾气治理中的应用与实践,旨在为相关行业的尾气治理工作提供有价值的参考和借鉴。通过这项技术,我们期望能够有效改善环境状况,促进可持续发展。

采样容器对环境空气中非甲烷总烃检测结果的影响

随着工业化和城市化的发展,环境空气污染问题日益严重。非甲烷总烃是一类重要的大气污染物,其浓度反映了空气污染的程度。因此,准确地测定非甲烷总烃的浓度对于环境保护具有重要意义。然而,采样容器的选择对非甲烷总烃的检测结果有着重要影响。本研究选取了玻璃瓶、不锈钢容器、聚合物袋、积雪采集器和活性碳管作为采样容器,对比了它们对非甲烷总烃检测结果的影响,旨在为实际工作提供参考。