The Biological Activity of Some Bacteria as Biocides to Protect Sesame Crop （Sesamum indicum） from Fungi Diseases

Two experiments were conducted during 2006-2007 in Complete Randomized Design （CRD） to test the biological activity of Pseudomonas bacteria as biocides to protect sesame crop from some fungi and to evaluate its efficiency as plant growth promoting First experiment investigated the effects of Pseudomonas putida2 and Pseudomonas fluorescens3 on germination and seedlings growth of sesame crop against Pythium, Alternaria and Fusarium under plastic house conditions. Second experiment conducted in large pots to investigate the effects of the two bacterial isolates on some morphological, productive and physiological characters of sesame plants against same fungi under normal conditions. Results showed very low germination and slowly seedlings growth in Pythium, Fusarium and Alternaria treatments respectively, but adding bacterial vaccine of Pseudomonas putida2 and Pseudomonas fluorescens3 as a Biocide to fungi treatments, increased the germination percent and seedlings growth of sesame crop significantly, 20 days after planting compared with control treatment. In the second experiment, control treatment scored germination by 52%, while vaccines of Pseudornonas putida2 and Pseudomonas fluorescence3 treatments increased germination percentage in Fusarium, Pythium and Alternaria treatments significantly in average more than 71%. Both isolates increased significantly Leaf number per plant, leaf area per plant, height of plant, branches number per plant, total dry weight of shoot per plant and chlorophyll content compared with other and control treatments. Similar significant effect for both isolates was recorded in seeds number per pod per plant, total weight of 1,000 seeds per plant and pods number per plant and percentage of N, P, K in total dry weight of shoot per plant and oil percentage in seeds per plant compared with other and control treatments. P. putida2 increased oil percentage in seeds by 43.3, 48.0 and 45.0% respectively while with P. fluorescens3 increased to 42.7, 44.0 and 43.7% respectively compared with control treatment （27.7%）. In general Pseudomonas putida2 increased most of growth characters much higher than Pseudomonas fluorescens3, it may related to siderophores compound and genetic factors.

Effect of silicon carbide-based iron catalyst on reactor optimization for non-oxidative direct conversion of methane

The conversion of methane to olefins,aromatics,and hydrogen(MTOAH)can be used to stably obtain hydrocarbons when the effect of the catalytic surface is optimized from the reaction engineering perspective.In this study,Fe/Si C catalysts were packed into a quartz tube reactor.The catalytic surfaces of Si C and the impregnated Fe species decreased the apparent activation energies(E_a)of methane consumption in the blank reactor between 965 and 1020℃.Consequently,the hydrocarbon yield increased by 2.4times at 1020℃.Based on the model reactions of ethane,ethylene,and acetylene mixed with hydrogen in the range of 500-1020℃,an excess amount of Fe in the reactor favored the C-C coupling reaction over the selective hydrogenation of acetylene;consequently,coke formation was favored over the hydrogenation reaction.The gas-phase reactions and catalyst properties were optimized to increase hydrocarbon yields while reducing coke selectivity.The 0.2Fe catalyst-packed reactor(0.26 wt%Fe)resulted in a hydrocarbon yield of 7.1%and a coke selectivity of<2%when the ratio of the void space of the postcatalyst zone to the catalyst space was adjusted to be≥2.Based on these findings,the facile approach of decoupling the reaction zone between the catalyst surface and the gas-phase reaction can provide insights into catalytic reactor design,thereby facilitating the scale-up from the laboratory to the commercial scale.

高效液相色谱法测定纺织品中氯甲酚类生物杀灭剂

建立同时测定纺织品中4-氯-3-甲基苯酚、4-氯-3,5-二甲基苯酚、2-苄基-4-氯苯酚和4-氯-2-[(5-氯-2-羟苯基)甲基]苯酚4种氯甲酚类生物杀灭剂的方法。样品经甲醇超声提取后,用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18反相色谱柱(5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm)进行分离,以乙酸铵-甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱,采用二极管阵列检测器(DAD)进行检测。在优化的试验条件下,在0.5~20.0 mg/L范围内,4种氯甲酚类生物杀灭剂的质量浓度与其色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(R2)均为0.999,方法的检出限(S/N=3)为0.34~0.73 mg/kg,定量限(S/N=10)为1.1~2.4 mg/kg。2.5 mg/kg、10.0 mg/kg、50.0 mg/kg三个水平加标回收率为84%~97%,相对标准偏差小于5%(n=6)。该方法简单、快速、准确,适用于纺织品中氯甲酚类生物杀灭剂的测定。

石油天然气工业微生物腐蚀的标准化现状

在油气田注水、水力压裂、油气集输与污水处理中,微生物腐蚀已经成为导致石油管材和设备腐蚀失效的主要原因之一。与常见的CO_(2)、H_(2)S和O_(2)等所造成的电化学腐蚀相比,微生物腐蚀具有独特性,它涉及到微生物的生命活动或代谢产物与金属的相互作用。从微生物来源、微生物腐蚀失效和微生物腐蚀标准化3个方面系统综述了石油天然气工业中微生物腐蚀的标准化现状。现有的微生物分析和杀菌剂评价方法和传统的腐蚀试验方法已然不能满足油气行业中微生物腐蚀控制的需求。在微生物及其生物作用的精准识别、微生物腐蚀试验流程的统一和杀菌剂对生物膜的使用效能评价方面存在较多问题。因此,建立微生物腐蚀失效分析程序和微生物腐蚀试验方法、开发微生物腐蚀控制用杀菌剂产品及其效能评价方法是石油天然气工业微生物腐蚀标准化的主要研究方向。

海生物杀生剂对花鲈幼鱼的急性毒性试验

为研究海生物杀生剂(其活性成分为双胍盐聚合物)对花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼的急性毒性作用,选择体长为(2.11±0.11)cm,体质量为(0.14±0.03)g的花鲈幼鱼作为试验对象,将其随机分为7组,包括6个不同浓度试验组和1个空白对照组。采用半静态法进行试验,观察并记录试验开始后1、8、16、24、48、72 h和96 h的死亡情况和中毒症状。结果表明,海生物杀生剂浓度为10 mg/L时未出现死亡现象,20 mg/L开始出现死亡情况,超过40 mg/L浓度时试验鱼全部死亡;根据试验数据计算得出,96 h的半致死质量浓度(96 h-LC_(50))约为20.05 mg/L,95%置信下限为15.61 mg/L,置信上限为24.45 mg/L,安全浓度为2.01 mg/L。

Direct experimental detection of hydrogen radicals in non-oxidative methane catalytic reaction

Non-oxidative conversion of methane to olefins,aromatics and hydrogen(MTOAH) has been reported recently over metal single sites such as iron and platinum.The reaction was proposed to involve catalytic activation of methane followed by gas phase C-C coupling of methyl radicals.This study using H atom Rydberg Tagging time-of-flight technique provides direct experimental evidence for the formation of hydrogen radicals during MTOAH reaction over a catalytic quartz wall reactor containing embedded iron species(denoted as Fe-reactor).Fe-reactor gives 7.3% methane conversion at 1273 K with 41.2% selectivity toward C2(ethane,ethylene and acetylene) and 31.8% toward BTX(benzene,toluene and xylene),respectively.The enhancing effects of hydrogen radicals on overall MTOAH performance are validated by cofeeding hydrogen donor benzene,which provides an additional route of methane activation apart from catalytic activation.

Synthesis of Some More New Sulfur-containing Heterocyclic Compounds as Biocidal Agents- Part II： Synthetic of 2-thioxo thiazole/thia diazole and 3-thioxo-1,3,4-triazole Derivatives

Some new 2-thioxo thiazole, 2-thioxo 1,3,4- thiadiazole and 3-thioxo-1,3,4-triazole derivatives （3-17） have been synthesized through ring closure reactions ofdithioic formic acid hydrazones 2 with functional reagents in different medium. Former structures of the products have been established by the help of elemental and spectral analysis. Most of the obtained targets showed a moderate activity towards some microbes in comparison with two antibiotics Pipercillin and Mycostatine.

Synthesis of Some More New Sulfur Compounds Bearing Heterocyclic Systems as Biocidal Agents - Part I ： Synthetic of 2-Thioxo Thiadiazinone Derivatives

Some more new sulfur compounds bearing heterocyclic systems mainly 2-thioxo-1,3,4-thiadiazinone derivatives 2-7 and 3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazole derivatives 9 have been synthetic via alkylation, acylation and condensation of dithioic formic acid hydrazide 1 through ring closure reactions with α,β-bi functional groups compounds. Most of the obtained target showed a highly activity towards some microbial in compare with two references antibiotics, Pipercillin and Mycostatine. The structures of the products have been established from their elemental and spectral analysis.

High Temperature Properties and Microstructures of Si_3N_4 with AZ-Type Non-Toxic, Non-Oxide Additives

A new type of Si3N4 ceramics (ZAN) is developed in our laboratory. Densification of ZAN is promoted by non-toxic, non-oxide AZ-type additives. In this work high temperature (HT) properties and microstructures of ZAN are investigated.

GLASS FORMATION AND STRUCTURE OF NON-OXIDE GLASSES

In this paper the characteristics of glass formation and structure of non-oxide glasses, have been summarized and some basic points have been discussed. The main points are as follows-Chemical bond nature is a deter-minative factor of formation and structure of glass ;Calcu-lation of glass formation ability by chemical bond paramiters; Classification of inorganic glass systems by characteristics of short range order of the glass structure; Structural models of non-oxide glasses.

Intrinsic kinetics of methane aromatization under non-oxidative conditions over modified Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts

The intrinsic reaction kinetics of methane aromatization under non-oxidative conditions over modified Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts was studied in the quartz pipe-reactor under ordinary pressure with the temperature ranging from 913.15 to 973.15 K and the space velocity from 700 to 2100 ml/（g·h）. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was chosen to describe the intrinsic kinetics while Levenberg-Marquardt method was selected to determine the parameters in the kinetic model. Statistical test and residual error distribution diagrams showed that experimental data were in good agreement with calculated data, and Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was suitable for the description of the intrinsic kinetics of methane aromatization under the reaction conditions discussed in this article.

Biocidal Effect of Gamma Radiation on the Ecology of Filamentous Fungal Populations Associated with Stone Deterioration

This study focused on the identification of the filamentous fungi associated with soapstone samples exposed to outdoor conditions and the biocidal effect of gamma radiations on isolated fungal populations in Minas Gerais State in Brazil. Two soapstone blocks were placed outdoors under tropical environmental conditions for 12 months. A total of 9 filamentous fungal populations were identified on their surfaces, namely Acremomium （cf.） alternatum, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillusfumigatus, Calcarisporium （cf.） arbuscula, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium equiseti and Penicillium citrinum. The gamma radiation assay was then carried out as a test of biocidal action by exposing all fungal populations to the ionizing radiation. The results showed that only the C. cladosporioides species was resistant to this biocidal agent, since it was able to increase its population post exposure. Scanning electron microscopy images identified the microbial colonization on the soapstone blocks and the stone elementar composition was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. After treatment, there was no structural and aesthetic alteration in the soapstone samples, and evidencing that gamma radiation can be used as a biocidal agent. However, the resistance of the black fungal population indicates caution in the choice of gamma irradiation as biocidal treatment.

Thermodynamic Properties of Non-Oxide Composite Refractories

For initiative application of non-oxides in refractories, it is essential to study thermodynamic properties of non-oxides. The stability and stable order of non-ox- ides under oxidized atmosphere are analyzed firstly and then a new process, “converse reaction sintering”, is proposed. The results of study on oxidation mechanism of silicon and aluminum nitrides indicate that the gaseous suboxides can be produced observably when the oxygen partial pressure is lower than “conversion oxygen partial pressure”. The suboxides can be deposited near the surface of composite to become a compact layer. This causes the material possessing a performance of “self-impedient oxidation”. Metal Si and Al are the better additives for increasing the density and width of compact layer and increasing the ability of anti-oxidation and anti-corrosion. The study on Si3 N4-Al2O3, Si3N4-MgO, Si3 N4-SiC systems is also enumerated as examples in the paper. The experimental results show that the converse reaction sintering is able to make high performance composites and metal Si and Al not only can promote the sintering but also increase the density and width of compact layer.

Research Status of Non-oxides in Resin-bonded Al-Al2O3 Refractories with TiO2 Added

Ti(C,N)is a raw material for refractories with excellent properties.The preparation of Ti(C,N)by reducing TiO2 has the characteristics of low cost and simple process.In this paper,the research status of resin-bonded Al-Al2O3 refractories containing TiO2 under high temperatures and low oxygen partial pressure was introduced.

文物保护中杀菌剂与抗菌纳米材料应用研究进展

微生物极易附着并不断侵蚀各类文物,但用于高效去除或预防微生物损害的物理和化学方法却相对有限,通常很难有效清洁以及阻止微生物在露天环境文物上的重新定殖。在文物保护领域,使用抗菌纳米材料近年来逐渐成为一种新型环保技术。本工作总结了文物微生物退化防治的研究现状及发展趋势,梳理了杀菌剂、天然抗菌剂、精油熏蒸剂和新型纳米抗菌材料在文物保护中的应用研究,对比分析了不同类型杀灭剂的作用机制及其效果差异,指出了纳米材料的应用潜力及存在的不足。本研究结果可为文物保护修复中微生物病害防治提供参考和借鉴,对于文物微生物防控材料的研发和应用技术发展具有一定推动作用。

CHEMICAL DURABILITY OF NON-OXIDE GLASSES

This paper reviews the chemical durability of non-oxide glasses including fluoride, non-fluoride halide, chalcogenide and chalcohalide glasses. Their kinetics and mechanism of corrosion are described and discussed. (Author abstract) 14 Refs.

苯扎氯铵适应对食源性致病菌杀菌剂耐受性影响的研究进展

苯扎氯铵属于季铵盐类杀菌剂,在家庭、医疗环境以及食品加工环境中广泛使用,在食源性致病菌防控中发挥重要作用。然而生物被膜的存在或苯扎氯铵的不当使用易使食源性致病菌产生杀菌剂适应性,进而对同源和异源杀菌剂的耐受性产生一定影响。本文首先总结了苯扎氯铵适应与食源性致病菌直接耐受性的关系,从外排泵相关基因表达、细胞膜修饰及活的非可培养状态细胞形成等方面阐述了食源性致病菌苯扎氯铵直接抗性增强的原因;其次介绍了苯扎氯铵适应对食源性致病菌抗生素耐药性的影响,从生物被膜形成、自发性突变和基因水平转移及外排泵作用等方面探讨了抗生素耐药性增强原因。本文有助于了解致病菌在苯扎氯铵条件下的适应机制,并为杀菌剂的合理使用和致病菌防控提供参考。

长江中下游地区湖泊沉积物杀生剂污染特征及生态风险

杀生剂作为抑菌活性成分,广泛应用于药物、个人护理品、食品、农业及其他多种领域中。大量杀生剂会直接或者随污水处理厂出水进入地表水环境中,威胁人体健康和生态安全。本研究通过对长江中下游地区61个湖泊进行调查,共检出11种杀生剂,包括5种杀菌剂、1种防污剂、3种尼泊金酯类防腐剂和2种消毒剂,总浓度达103 ng/g。其中,多菌灵和尼泊金甲酯的检出率大于50%,分别为100%和96.2%。多菌灵和尼泊金甲酯的平均浓度分别为(1.79±2.76)和(11.4±8.19)ng/g,其他杀生剂的平均浓度均低于1.0 ng/g。与国外许多河流湖泊相比,长江中下游地区湖泊沉积物中杀生剂污染处于中等偏低水平,总杀生剂浓度的平均值为(16.7±14.5)ng/g。氟康唑、咪康唑、三氯生和三氯卡班可能主要来自生活污水,多菌灵和涕必灵主要来自面源污染。尼泊金酯类防腐剂在沉积物中的分布特征与沉积物总有机碳含量密切相关。采用风险商值法对湖泊沉积物中杀生剂的生态风险进行了评价,发现多菌灵、尼泊金甲酯和三氯卡班在部分采样点具有高风险。有必要重点关注高风险污染物和高风险区域,并采取适当的措施来减少杀生剂对湖泊生态环境的影响,尤其是对饮水水源地的污染。

三苯基季膦盐杀菌剂的制备及在海上油田的试验

以三苯基膦和卤代烷烃为原料,制备一种季膦盐杀菌剂,并研究了不同卤代烷烃和摩尔比例以及温度和反应时间等反应条件对产品杀菌性能的影响。结果表明:采用溴丙烷和三苯基膦,按照1.2∶1的摩尔比例,在140℃反应13 h,得到的杀菌剂PSJ-1D-4d杀菌效果最佳,瓶试加量为50 mg/L时,杀菌率达到99.97%。在海上某油田采取冲击式加药的方式,加注量为200 mg/L,冲击4 h后,可以完全杀灭SRB细菌,并且控制油田细菌5 d不超标,明显优于在用药剂S-29。