Spatial connectivity and distribution of landscape type in the natural secondary forests of eastern mountainous region,northeast China——a case study of Mao'ershan region in Heilongjiang Province

Mao'ershan region is representative in the natural secondary forested region of the eastern mountainous region, northeast China. The landscape nearest neighbor index and landscape connectivity index were calculated with ARC/INFO software for Mao'ershan region. The spatial distribution of the landscape of the region was analyzed. The results showed that the landscape connectivity index of non-woodland was significantly higher than that of woodland. The landscape connectivity index of natural forest was nearly equal to zero, which means its fragmentation degree is high. The nearest neighbor index of plantation was lower than that of natural forest and non-forestland. Among the man-made forests, the distance index of the coniferous mixed plantation is the lowest, and its pattern is nearly glomeration. The landscape pattern of natural forest presented nearly random distribution. Among non-forest land, the distance index of cut blank was the lowest, and its pattern was also nearly glomeration. Keywords Landscape type - Landscape pattern - Nearest neighbor index - Landscape connectivity index - Natural secondary forest - Northeast China CLC number S759.92 Document code A Foundation item: This paper was supported by the Key Project of State Department of Science Technology (2002BA515B040).Biography: LI SHu-juan (1977), female. Lecture in Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong

The Research of Natural Landscape and Spiritual Development in Enoch Arden

Enoch Arden is a narrative poem by Alfred Tennyson,which turns out to be the record of the process of its hero's spiritual journey and can be interpreted from the perspectives of the description of natural landscape.

Quantitative assessment of the impact of earthquakeinduced geohazards on natural landscapes in Jiuzhaigou Valley

Many natural landscapes that lie in high mountain regions are highly susceptible to geological hazards, and their values and integrity are strongly threatened by the hazards. A preliminary framework was proposed to undertake a quantitative assessment of the impact of earthquake-induced geological hazards on the natural landscapes. Four factors reflecting the aesthetic value, ecological value, integrity of landscapes were selected to assess their vulnerability. The impact of earthquake-induced geological hazards on the landscapes is quantitatively expressed as the product of their vulnerability and resilience. The assessment framework was applied to Jiuzhaigou Valley which was severely struck by the Ms 7.0 earthquake on August 8, 2017. Field survey, satellite image interpretation, high-resolution DEM and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) reconnaissance were used to retrieve the values of the assessment factors. Twenty seven World Heritage Sites in the valley strongly influenced by the earthquakeinduced geohazards were evaluated. The impact values of two sites of them(Sparking Lake and Nuorilang Waterfall) are up to 8.24 and 4.65, respectively, and their natural landscapes were greatly damaged. The assessment results show a good agreement with the actual damages of the heritage sites.

Landscape pattern and its effect on ecosystem functions in Seoul Metropolitan area:Urban ecology on distribution of the naturalized plant species

During land transformation process in the human history, naturalized plants were introduced to several land use patterns by the different ways of plant itself. Including some naturalized plants that had been contribute to land restoration, many naturalized plants have been invaded to original habitat or landscape for native plants. Once the plants were colonized, they extend their area and population size. Urban developed areas often give an important role of source habitat for naturalized plants and expanding their population size. In recent, this situation is appearing as one of environmental problems about the urban landscape management controlling the naturalized plants that invaded in the developed area and conserving the native vegetation. This paper is focusing on relationships between distribution of habitat of naturalized plants and landscape patch in urban area in Seoul. Gangdong-Gu, one of the administrative areas in Seoul was selected for this study. We examined the recent land use change using LANDSAT TM data and spreading of the representative naturalized plants (Robinia pseudoacacia and Eupatorium rugosum) by Seoul Biotope Mapping Project and field survey in 1999. As a result, these two species were often occurred in the same habitat and distributed in forest edge disturbed by man. Their distribution patterns were related to landscape indices (patch size and shape) in the forest edge.

NATURAL LANDSCAPES AND STRATEGIES OF REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EBINUR LAKE REGION IN XINJIANG

Changes and natural landscape Characteristics in Ebinur lake region are described in this paper. Based on analybog limiting factors to affect sustainable development in Ebinur lake region, strategies of regional protection, resource exploitation , environmetal harnessing and sustainable developmental hamessing and sustainable development in future are put forward.

Division of Ecosystem Sensitivity of Natural Landscape in Lower Reaches of Tarim River

By choosing aerial and satellite remote sensing images of the year 1959, 1973, 1989, 2000 and 2008 as data source, combining ground investigation, landscape in lower reaches of Tarim River was classified and landscape classification map was promoted by using GIS technique and landscape ecology theory. Finally landscape classification maps of the five years would be converted into gray scale images which would be used for overlay analysis, and based on this, landscape ecosystem sensitive zone had been identified. The result showed that the extremely sensitive zone took up 10.18% of the study area and sensitive zone occupied 17.95% of the study area. Ecological system of natural landscape in the lower reaches of Tarim River was superior to ecological system of artificial landscape in terms of resistance to wind, dust, salt and drought. Study on division of ecosystem sensitivity area of natural landscape not only provided scientific reference for the formulation of regional policies to prevent and treat ecological environmental problems, but also was beneficial for people to identify treatment focus of ecological environmental problems in different regions and propose countermeasures ameliorating regional ecological environment.

Landscape Pattern Analysis of Hainan Natural Meadow in China Based on Fragstats and Thematic Mapper

In order to study landscape pattern of Hainan natural meadow, the interpretation has been conducted on TM of natural meadow by using ArcGIS 9.3 and the vector data of natural meadow types in the test site have been obtained, which have been transformed into grid data in ArcView 3.3. Nine indexes have been selected for calculation based on Fragstats 3.3 and Excel 2007, including largest patch index, mean patch size, edge density, shape index, Simpson's diversity index, Simpson's evenness index, fragmentation index, dominance index and separation index. The results show that landscape patch shape of natural meadow is simple, fragmentation index and landscape diversity are high and landscape indexes are highly correlated.

Evaluating Value of Natural Landscapes in China

Natural landscapes consist of the natural substances, environment, and phenomena, all of which provide many benefits to people, including a sense of place, sightseeing, relaxing, and recuperating. However, the economic value of natural landscapes has only been recognized in recent decades, and the resulting large-scale decline and degradation of ecosystems now severely threatens the sustainable provision of their services to society. There is an emerging consensus that natural capital should be incorporated into the current socioeconomic accounting system. Many studies valuated natural resources at local and regional scales, but there are very few empirical studies at a national level. To provide a benchmark for natural landscape management on a national scale, we use the travel cost method(TCM) and the contingent valuation method(CVM) to determine the economic value and the spatial distribution of natural landscapes across China. Our results show that the total economic value of China′s natural landscape was 9.75 × 10^(11) U.S. dollars(USD) in 2012. Of this value, the highest proportion was in the eastern and southwestern regions of China, which accounts for 23.7% and 18.3%, respectively. The provinces of Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, and Heilongjiang were the top five in terms of the largest number of natural landscapes and largest economic values. Together, these five provinces accounted for 32.9% of the total number of natural landscapes and 29.4% of the total economic value in 2012. We believe this study will increase awareness of the value of natural landscapes, and more importantly provide a scientific basis for resolving conflicts between development and resource conservation.

Have some landscapes in the eastern Canadian boreal forest moved beyond their natural range of variability?

Background: In the contxt of ecosystem management, the present study aims to compare the natural and the present-day forested landscapes of a large territory in Quebec(Canada). Using contemporary and long-term fire cycles, each natural forst landscape is defined according to the variability of its structure and composition, and compared to the present-day landscape. This analysis was conducted to address the question of whether human activities have moved these ecosystems outside the range of natural landscape variability.Methods: The study encompassed a forested area of 175 000 km2 divided into 14 landscapes. Using a framework that integrates fire cycles, age structure and forest dynamics, we characterized the forest composition and age structures that resulted from three historical fire cycles(110,140, and 180 years) representative of the boreal forest of eastern Canada. The modeled natural landscapes were compared with present-day landscapes in regard to the proportion of old-growth forests(landscape level) and the proportion of late-successional forest stands(landscape level and potential vegetation type).Results: Four landscapes(39%) remain within their natural range of variability. In contrast, nine landscapes(54%)show a large gap between natural and present-day landscapes. These nine are located in the southern portion of the study area, and are mainly associated with Abies-Betula vegetation where human activities have contributed to a strong increase in the proportion of Populus tremuloides stands(early-successional stages) and a decrease of oldgrowth forest stands(more than 100 years old). A single landscape(7%), substantially changed from its potential natural state, is a candidate for adaptive-based management.Conclusion: Comparison of corresponding natural(reference conditions) and present-day landscapes showed that ten landscapes reflecting an important shift in forest composition and age structure could be considered beyond the range of their natural variability. The description of a landscape's natural variability at the scale of several millennia can be considered a moving benchmark that can be re-evaluated in the context of climate change.Focusing on regional landscape characteristics and long-term natural variability of vegetation and forest age structure represents a step forward in methodology for defining reference conditions and following shifts in landscape over time.

A Brief Analysis of the Influence of Mountain and Water Elements in Chinese Classical Gardens on the 18th Century British Natural Landscape Gardens

In the 18^(th)century,British gardens began to transform from a classical to a natural landscape style.During this period,they were influenced by the economy,local nature,as well as foreign cultures.The 18^(th)century was the golden period of cultural exchange between China and the West which gave Britain the opportunity to absorb the cultures of Chinese classical gardens.British gardeners had used various elements of Chinese classical gardens as their point of reference which promoted the development of British natural landscape gardens.

Cartographic-Environmental Analysis of the Landscape in Natural Protected Parks for His Management Using GIS.Application to the Natural Parks of the“Las Batuecas-Sierra de Francia”and“Quilamas”(Central System,Spain)

In this work we report a methodological procedure with an integrated physical-perceptual approach that allows units of landscape in protected natural areas to be differentiated. First, indirect methods were applied by means of a mapping procedure, which identified the physical components of major relevance. We then generated maps of natural units, anlyzing the “printed” landscape of a territory. Secondly, we developed direct methods to identify and describe the reresentative elements of the landscape, analyzing the “perceived” landscape. The identification and delimitation of these landscape units with geographical information systems provide detailed maps facilitate the tasks of planning and management. The procedure was validated by means of its application in two protected natural spaces. The treatment used here considers landscape not only as an aesthetic element but also as something “live” elaborating maps that should be of use in land planning and management of natural areas.

Questions of Theory and Practice: To Synthesis, Analysis and Evaluation Natural Systems of Pacific Russia Based on Models of Landscape Geosystems

The results of long-term author’s scientific research in the field of geological and geographical study and landscape mapping of large regional links, such as Sikhote-Alinsky, Sakhalinsky, Kamchatsky, Anadyrsky, located in the Pacific landscape belt of Russia, are considered (Starozhilov, 2013). The studies were conducted at the medium scale (1:500,000) and were accompanied by landscape mapping (Starozhilov, 2016). The proposed article discusses the theory and practice of the overall results and the strategic vision of applying the landscape approach with selected examples. The wide range of possibilities of applying the landscape approach in studying the interaction of nature and society is emphasized. The importance and the indisputable need for the synthesis, analysis and assessment of natural systems based on the mapping of landscape geosystems to assess the environmental management of not only regional territories, but also of Pacific Russia as a whole are noted.

Karst Landscape, a Natural Wonder

IF grains of sand can build huge dunes and little strokes fell great oaks, what could be the result of billions of tons of water drops falling on the earth for billions of years? The answer can be found in China’s karst topography, with a notable preponderance in southern China.

Application of Natural Elements in Landscape Environment Optimization of Underground Garage

With the increase of car share in the city,the scale of underground garage construction is expanding,and the importance of underground garage space in people’s daily life is also increasing.However,the closed and dark space of the traditional underground garage obviously can not meet the modern life in the city,and landscape environment optimization of underground garage gradually enters people’s vision.In this study,the natural elements that can be introduced into the underground garage for landscape design were classifi ed and sorted,and the design methods were discussed with examples.Finally,the development of landscape environment design of underground garage was prospected.

Landscape Aesthetic Characteristics of Wulingyuan World Natural Heritage Property and Realization Path of Aesthetic Education Value

Wulingyuan is a world natural heritage property mainly dominated by rare quartz sandstone peak forest landscape at home and abroad and supplemented by karst landscapes,with a large number of geological and historical sites,biological and ecological landscape and unique cultural landscapes.Preserving the secluded and beautiful scenery environment,biological environment and ecosystem of subtropical zone,Wulingyuan presents a splendid and magnificent landscape,with high aesthetic value,and becomes an important practice base of aesthetic education.The aesthetic education value of Wulingyuan World Natural Heritage Property can be realized by systematically studying and presenting the aesthetic education value of Wulingyuan World Natural Heritage Property,developing a series of aesthetic education courses to lead tourists into the world of Wulingyuan aesthetic education,carrying out a series of popular science activities of“Wulingyuan World Natural Heritage Property Entering Campus”,and incorporating into the aesthetic education curriculum system of schools,etc.This paper analyzes the landscape aesthetic characteristics of Wulingyuan World Natural Heritage Property thoroughly,which indicates the direction for realizing the aesthetic education value of the property,and also provides a reference for realizing the aesthetic education value of similar world natural heritage property.

A Brief Analysis Of"Wild and Exquisite"British Natural Landscape Garden

Thanks for the opportunity that sent students to attend the short-term academic class at University of Wales Trinity Saint David at the end of 2019,the author took this opportunity to deeply experience the local customs,cultural customs and landscape of Britain.At the same time,as a landscape design researcher,the author elaborated the design methods and elements of the British natural landscape garden.Through literature reviewing and field feeling,and compared with classical Chinese gardens,the author analyzed their similarities and differences."Wild and exquisite"means"natural and worth thinking".The author analyzed the characteristics of several modern natural landscape garden visited and found out the moment of"wild and exquisite"in British natural landscape garden.

The Application of Natural Elements in Interior Landscape Design and its Principal Analysis

The rapid development of the decoration industry creates a good development space for interior decoration,and the public pays more attention to the integration of natural elements in the process of interior decoration.In this regard,this article introduces the ways in which natural elements are embodied in indoor landscapes,and expounds the principles of using natural elements in indoor landscapes,hoping to provide references for relevant personnel.

Analysis of Forest Landscape Pattern in Nanling National Nature Reserve,Guangdong

[Objective] The study was to analyze the forest landscape in Nanling Na- tional Nature Reserve to provide information for the protection of local forest ecosys- tems. [Method] With the documents of 1：10 000 topographic maps, updated Forest Resource Inventory Data, based on the GIS platform and Fragstats software, the paper analyzed the patterns and heterogeneity of forest landscapes by adopting the landscape ecological theory and the method of landscape index. [Result] The forest landscape types, in terms of area occupation from large to small, are in the order of evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous mixed forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, shrubs, mixed needle leaf forest, suitable land for forest deciduous broad-leaved forest and non-forest. [Conclusion] Overall, the Reserve had maintained sufficient forest landscape diversity with a low level fragmentation. The distribution of various types of forest landscape was extremely uneven, dominated by several types such as evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, etc.

Study on the Construction of "Near Nature" Waterfront Greening Landscape

The construction of 'Near Nature' waterfront greening landscape is a kind of waterfront construction model that complies with the nature and balances ecological landscape and regional development, which is of great significance to restore the healthy waterfront ecosystem and sustainable development. Starting from the conception and characteristics of 'Near Nature' waterfront greening areas, the design principles and construction schemes of waterfront greening landscape such as river, lake, canal and wetland were studied.

The Ecological Landscape with the Integration of Humanistic Culture and Nature Environment —A Case Study of Landscape Transformation in Baoyan Eco-Tourism Garden of Changshu City

Based on the landscape ecology theory,this paper analyzed the ecology concept and the existing misconceptions of landscape design from the perspective of ecology.The misconceptions included the excessive using of ecological concepts,undue emphasis on the natural features of ecology,and endowing landscape with human cultural blindly.Taking Baoyan eco-tourism garden landscape renovation as an example,this study analyzed the superior natural conditions of this garden,the negative status in the current development process which included the conservative development and construction,singleness of entertainment,cultural educational and the other activities,disorder of landscape structure,lack of cultural landscape,weakness of landscape features and the unremarkable competitive advantages.To construct an ecological landscape with integration of humanistic and nature features,this paper proposed "ecological gardens" as the theme,following the design concept which made full integration of creating cultural landscape with the improvement and protection of natural ecological environment.Finally,the author elaborated such kind of ecological landscape from the following 4 aspects,including the integration,protection,restoration,and creation of landscape.